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Tables of Contents for Public International Law
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Table of Cases
xvii
15
Abbreviations
xxxii
3
Preface
xxxv
3
Notes on Contributors
xxxviii
Chapter 1 The Nature of International Law
1
21
Sam Blay
1.1 Introduction
1
1
1.2 The Scope and Relevance of International Law
2
2
1.3 International Law Distinguished from Municipal Law
4
2
1.3.1 Political Considerations and International Law
5
1
1.4 Is International Law Real Law?
6
5
1.5 Why Do States Obey International Law?
11
2
1.6 The Theoretical Foundations of International Law
13
8
1.6.1 Positivism and International Law
13
3
1.6.2 Natural Law
16
5
1.7 Questions
21
1
1.8 Further Reading
21
1
Chapter 2 The Structure of the International Legal System
22
36
Ryszard Piotrowicz
2.1 Introduction
22
1
2.2 The UN and the International Legal System
22
19
2.2.1 Purposes of the UN
24
2
2.2.2 UN Institutions
26
10
2.2.3 The International Law Commission
36
1
2.2.4 Principles of the UN
37
1
2.2.5 Membership of the UN
38
3
2.3 The Actors in the International Legal Structure
41
13
2.3.1 States
42
3
2.3.2 Mandate and Trust Territories
45
1
2.3.3 International Institutions
46
5
2.3.4 Individuals
51
3
2.4 Other Instances of International Personality
54
2
2.4.1 Non-governmental Organisations
54
1
2.4.2 National Liberation Movements
55
1
2.5 Questions
56
1
2.6 Further Reading
57
1
Chapter 3 Sources of International Law
58
37
Donald W. Greig
3.1 Introduction
58
4
3.2 Customary International Law
62
7
3.2.1 What is State Practice?
62
1
3.2.2 The Need for Consistency
63
1
3.2.3 The Time Factor
64
1
3.2.4 The Generality of Practice
65
1
3.2.5 The Psychological Element: opinio juris
66
2
3.2.6 Dissent
68
1
3.3 Treaties as Law
69
6
3.3.1 As Sources of International Law
70
1
3.3.2 Treaties and Custom
70
4
3.3.3 Summation
74
1
3.4 General Principles of Law
75
4
3.4.1 Introduction
75
2
3.4.2 Fields of Application
77
2
3.5 The Role of International Organisations
79
10
3.5.1 Developing an Organisation's Internal Law
80
1
3.5.2 Developing the External Powers of an Organisation
80
1
3.5.3 Decisions Imposing Obligations upon States
80
1
3.5.4 Developing or Modifying General Rules of International Law
81
4
3.5.5 Soft Law: Soft Rules
85
4
3.6 Judicial Decisions and the Teachings of Publicists
89
5
3.6.1 Decisions of International Tribunals
90
2
3.6.2 Municipal Decisions
92
1
3.6.3 Writers on International Law
93
1
3.7 Questions
94
1
3.8 Further Reading
94
1
Chapter 4 The Law of Treaties
95
24
Jan Linehan
4.1 Introduction
95
1
4.2 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
95
16
4.2.1 What is Meant by `Treaty'?
97
1
4.2.2 Conclusion and Entry into Force
98
3
4.2.3 Reservations, Declarations and Understandings
101
3
4.2.4 Observance, Third States and Application
104
1
4.2.5 Invalidity of Treaties
105
2
4.2.6 Consequences of Invalidity/Waiver
107
1
4.2.7 Termination and Suspension
108
1
4.2.8 Implied Rights of Denunciation or Withdrawal
109
1
4.2.9 Material Breach
109
1
4.2.10 Supervening Impossibility of Performance/Fundamental Change of Circumstances
110
1
4.2.11 Other issues
111
1
4.3 Australian Treaty Practice
111
6
4.3.1 The Decision-makers
112
3
4.3.2 The Federal Dimension
115
1
4.3.3 Public Consultation
116
1
4.4 Conclusion
117
1
4.5 Questions
117
1
4.6 Further Reading
118
1
Chapter 5 International Law and Domestic Law
119
27
Rosalie Balkin
5.1 Introduction
119
2
5.2 Customary International Law
121
6
5.2.1 International Law as Part of Australian Law
121
4
5.2.2 Conflict with a Statutory Provision
125
1
5.2.3 Acts of State and Executive Certificates
125
1
5.2.4 A Matter of Priority
126
1
5.3 Treaties
127
17
5.3.1 Non-effect of Treaties in Australian Law
127
2
5.3.2 Manner of Incorporation
129
2
5.3.3 Forms of Legislation
131
1
5.3.4 Treaties and Statutory Interpretation
132
4
5.3.5 Treaties and Administrative Discretions
136
3
5.3.6 Legislative Competence under the Australian Constitution
139
5
5.4 Questions
144
1
5.5 Further Reading
145
1
Chapter 6 Pacific Settlement of Disputes in International Law
146
15
Stuart Kaye
6.1 Introduction
146
2
6.2 Negotiation
148
1
6.3 Mediation
149
1
6.4 Conciliation
150
1
6.5 Inquiry
151
1
6.6 Arbitration
152
3
6.7 Judicial Settlement
155
5
6.7.1 Jurisdiction
155
3
6.7.2 Operation
158
2
6.8 Questions
160
1
6.9 Further Reading
160
1
Chapter 7 Jurisdiction
161
32
Ivan Shearer
7.1 Introduction
161
1
7.2 Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Powers of States
162
3
7.3 The Bases of State Jurisdiction
165
10
7.3.1 The Territorial Principle of Jurisdiction
166
3
7.3.2 The Nationality Principle of Jurisdiction
169
1
7.3.3 The Protective Principle of Jurisdiction
170
1
7.3.4 The Universality Principle of Jurisdiction
171
3
7.3.5 The Passive Personality Principle of Jurisdiction
174
1
7.4 Extradition; Mutual Assistance in Civil, Commercial, and Criminal Matters; Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments
175
4
7.5 Conflicts of Jurisdiction
179
2
7.6 Immunities from Jurisdiction
181
6
7.7 Admiralty Jurisdiction
187
2
7.8 Conclusions and Issues
189
1
7.9 Questions
190
1
7.10 Further Reading
191
2
Chapter 8 The Creation and Recognition of States
193
19
Gerald McGinley
8.1 Introduction
193
1
8.2 Characteristics of States in International Law
193
2
8.3 The Criteria of Statehood
195
7
8.3.1 Permanent Population
195
1
8.3.2 Defined Territory
196
1
8.3.3 Government
196
1
8.3.4 Capacity to Enter into Foreign Relations
197
1
8.3.5 Self-determination as a New Criterion of Statehood
198
3
8.3.6 Self-determination and Aboriginal People
201
1
8.4 Recognition in International Law
202
1
8.5 Recognition of States
202
3
8.5.1 Effect of Recognition
202
1
8.5.2 Is There a Duty to Recognise a State that Satisfies the Criteria of Statehood?
203
1
8.5.3 Is There a Duty Not to Recognise a State?
204
1
8.5.4 The Effect of Recognising a State
205
1
8.6 Recognition of Governments
205
5
8.6.1 Effect of Non-recognition of Governments in International Law
207
1
8.6.2 Effect of Non-recognition of Governments in Municipal Law
207
3
8.7 Questions
210
1
8.8 Further Reading
211
1
Chapter 9 State Responsibility
212
26
Nii Lante Wallace-Bruce
9.1 Introduction
212
1
9.2 State Responsibility
212
8
9.2.1 It is International Law that Decides
213
1
9.2.2 Theories of State Responsibility
214
1
9.2.3 Imputability or Attributability
215
2
9.2.4 Federal States and Component Entities
217
1
9.2.5 Acting Outside the Scope of Authority
217
1
9.2.6 Actions of Individuals
218
1
9.2.7 Actions of Revolutionaries and Mobs
218
1
9.2.8 Where There is No Government in Charge
218
1
9.2.9 Injured State
219
1
9.3 Reparation
220
3
9.3.1 Restitution in Kind
220
1
9.3.2 Cessation of Illegal Conduct
220
1
9.3.3 Monetary Compensation
221
1
9.3.4 Satisfaction
221
1
9.3.5 Declaration
221
1
9.3.6 Recommendation
222
1
9.4 Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness
223
1
9.5 The Treatment of Foreign Nationals
224
3
9.5.1 Types of Mistreatment of Foreign Nationals
225
1
9.5.2 Direct Injury to Foreign Nationals by State Officials
225
1
9.5.3 Mistreatment of Foreign Nationals in Lawful Custody
225
1
9.5.4 Failure to Punish Those Who Mistreat Foreign Nationals
225
1
9.5.5 Denial of Justice
225
1
9.5.6 The Applicable Standard
226
1
9.5.7 The Calvo Clause
226
1
9.6 Nationality of Claims
227
4
9.6.1 Nationality of Companies
230
1
9.6.2 The Exhaustion of Local Remedies
230
1
9.7 The Taking of Foreign-owned Property
231
5
9.7.1 The Nature of the Taking
231
2
9.7.2 Public Purpose
233
1
9.7.3 Non-discrimination
233
1
9.7.4 The Payment of Compensation
234
1
9.7.5 Determining `Appropriate Compensation'
234
1
9.7.6 The Current Position
235
1
9.7.7 The Internationalisation of Contracts
235
1
9.8 Time Limitation
236
1
9.9 Questions
236
1
9.10 Further Reading
237
1
Chapter 10 The Use of Force
238
33
Timothy McCormack
10.1 Introduction
238
1
10.2 Article 2(4) and the Prohibition on the Use of Force
239
5
10.2.1 The Historical Background
239
3
10.2.2 The Scope and Status of Article 2(4)
242
2
10.3 The Unilateral Use of Force
244
12
10.3.1 Scope of the Right of Self-defence
244
5
10.3.2 The Right of Collective Self-defence
249
2
10.3.3 Use of Force to Rescue Nationals
251
2
10.3.4 Humanitarian Intervention
253
2
10.3.5 Reprisals
255
1
10.4 Collective Enforcement Measures
256
8
10.4.1 The Security Council
256
3
10.4.2 The General Assembly
259
2
10.4.3 Regional Organisations
261
2
10.4.4 UN Peacekeeping Operations
263
1
10.5 Jus in Bello
264
4
10.6 Conclusion
268
1
10.7 Questions
269
1
10.8 Further Reading
270
1
Chapter 11 Human Rights
271
30
Penelope Mathew
11.1 The Human-rights Challenge to the International Legal Order
271
2
11.2 Development of Standards and Politico-philosophical Controversies
273
6
11.3 Mechanisms for Implementation and Enforcement
279
7
11.4 Regional Instruments and Institutions
286
4
11.5 Human Rights in Australia
290
8
11.6 Conclusion
298
1
11.7 Questions
299
1
11.8 Further Reading
299
2
Chapter 12 Refugees
301
24
Thomas Musgrave
12.1 Introduction
301
1
12.2 The Definition of Refugee Status
302
10
12.2.1 Outside the Country of Nationality
304
1
12.2.2 Well-founded Fear of Persecution
305
2
12.2.3 Certain Specified Reasons
307
5
12.3 Lack of Protection
312
1
12.4 Multiple Nationality
313
2
12.5 Cessation and Exclusion Clauses
315
1
12.6 Refugee Status: Declaratory or Constitutive?
315
1
12.7 Protections Granted to Refugees
316
2
12.8 Standards of Treatment to be Accorded Lawful Refugees
318
1
12.9 Reservations and Denunciation
318
1
12.10 Refugees in Australia
319
1
12.11 The Status of the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol in Australian Law
319
4
12.11.1 The Migration Act
320
1
12.11.2 Refugees and Quasi-refugees Admitted into Australia from Overseas
321
1
12.11.3 Australia's Domestic Refugee Program
322
1
12.11.4 The Refugee Review Tribunal
322
1
12.11.5 Judicial Review
323
1
12.12 Questions
323
1
12.13 Further Reading
324
1
Chapter 13 The Law of the Sea
325
30
Brian R. Opeskin
13.1 Introduction and Sources
325
5
13.1.1 Customary International Law
326
1
13.1.2 Codification Conventions
327
1
13.1.3 Other International Conventions
328
1
13.1.4 Opposability of Claims
329
1
13.2 Maritime Zones
330
10
13.2.1 Baselines
331
1
13.2.2 Internal Waters
332
1
13.2.3 Territorial Sea
333
1
13.2.4 Contiguous Zone
334
1
13.2.5 Continental Shelf
334
2
13.2.6 Exclusive Economic Zone
336
1
13.2.7 High Seas
337
2
13.2.8 Deep Sea Bed
339
1
13.3 Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries
340
4
13.3.1 General Principles
340
2
13.3.2 Australia's Maritime Boundaries
342
2
13.4 Activities in the Sea
344
6
13.4.1 Navigation
344
2
13.4.2 Fishing
346
3
13.4.3 Pollution
349
1
13.5 Federal-State Issues
350
3
13.5.1 Seas and Submerged Lands Case
351
1
13.5.2 Offshore Constitutional Settlement
352
1
13.6 Questions
353
1
13.7 Further Reading
354
1
Chapter 14 International Environmental Law
355
27
Rosemary Rayfuse
14.1 Introduction
355
1
14.2 The `Sources' of International Environmental Law
355
2
14.3 The Historical Development of International Environmental Law
357
4
14.3.1 Pre-1972
357
1
14.3.2 1972-82
358
1
14.3.3 1982-92
359
1
14.3.4 UNCED, 1992
360
1
14.4 International Environmental Law: Concepts and Principles
361
5
14.4.1 The Duty to Prevent Environmental Harm
361
3
14.4.2 The Duty to Co-operate in Trans-boundary Situations
364
1
14.4.3 The Duty to Compensate
365
1
14.5 Air and Atmospheric Pollution
366
2
14.5.1 Ozone Pollution
367
1
14.5.2 Climate Change
368
1
14.6 Pollution from Nuclear Activities
368
1
14.7 Pollution of the Marine Environment
369
4
14.7.1 Land-based Sources of Marine Pollution
370
1
14.7.2 Oil Pollution
371
1
14.7.3 Ocean Dumping
372
1
14.8 Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes
373
1
14.9 Protection of Biological Diversity
374
6
14.9.1 Species Protection
374
3
14.9.2 Habitat Protection
377
2
14.9.3 Regional Approaches to Conservation
379
1
14.9.4 Global Approaches to Conservation
379
1
14.10 Questions
380
1
14.11 Further Reading
380
2
Chapter 15 Antarctica and International Law
382
26
Donald R. Rothwell
15.1 Introduction
382
1
15.2 Background to Antarctic Development
383
2
15.3 International Law and Antarctic Sovereignty
385
2
15.4 Status of Antarctic Territorial Claims
387
3
15.5 Antarctic Treaty 1959
390
6
15.5.1 Negotiation and Adoption
390
1
15.5.2 Treaty Provisions and Implementation
391
5
15.6 Antarctic Treaty System
396
6
15.6.1 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
396
1
15.6.2 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
397
2
15.6.3 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
399
3
15.7 Antarctica and the Law of the Sea
402
3
15.8 The Legitimacy of the Antarctic Treaty System
405
1
15.9 Conclusion
406
1
15.10 Questions
406
1
15.11 Further Reading
407
1
Chapter 16 Current Trends in International Legal Theory
408
11
Hilary Charlesworth
16.1 Introduction
408
1
16.2 New Theories of International Law
408
5
16.2.1 The New Haven School
408
2
16.2.2 The `New Stream'
410
3
16.2.3 Critiques of the `South'
413
1
16.3 Feminist International Legal Theories
413
4
16.4 Conclusion
417
1
16.5 Questions
417
1
16.6 Further Reading
417
2
Bibliography
419
6
Index
425