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Tables of Contents for Origins of Neuroscience
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Introduction
xvii
Part I: Theories of Brain Function
1
62
The Brain in Antiquity
3
15
Head Injuries in Early Hominids
3
1
Trepanation
4
2
Egyptian Medical Records
6
3
Illness and Mythology in Ancient Egypt
9
2
Mesopotamian Medicine
11
1
Ancient India
11
1
Ancient China
12
1
The Greek Elements and the Hippocratic Revolution
12
2
The Heart or the Head?
14
1
Galen and the Brain
15
3
Changing Concepts of Brain Function
18
14
Ventricular Localization
18
1
The Middle Ages
19
1
The Renaissance
20
3
Willis and His Contemporaries
23
2
Cartesian Mechanics and the Brain
25
1
The Eighteenth Century
26
1
The Discovery of the Respiratory Center
27
1
The Bell-Magendie Law
27
2
Some Remarkable Premonitions
29
3
The Era of Cortical Localization
32
19
Gall and Phrenology
32
2
The Reaction against Phrenology
34
2
Speech and the Frontal Lobe
36
2
Experimental Confirmation of a Motor Cortex
38
2
Ferrier's Experiments
40
1
Electrophysiological Recordings
41
1
Cytoarchitectonics
42
1
``Neuron Doctrine'' and Localization
43
8
Holism and the Critics of Coritical Localization
51
12
Cortical Equipotentiality and the Challenge from Phrenology
52
1
Challenges in the Post-Broca Era
52
1
Nerve Nets and Holistic Function
53
1
The Brain According to Goltz
54
1
Localization for Some But Not All Functions
55
1
Matters of Logic
56
1
Holism and the Gestalt Movement
57
1
The Holism of Monakow and Head
57
1
Franz and the American School
58
1
Lashley's Experiments and Theories
59
2
Conclusions
61
2
Part II: Sensory Systems
63
128
Vision: From Antiquity through the Renaissance
65
11
Visual Disturbances in Ancient Egypt
65
1
Assyro-Babylonian Ophthalmology
65
1
Ancient India
66
1
Greek Anatomy and Metaphysical Theories of Vision
66
2
Roman Theories of Vision
68
1
Arabic Cultures
69
3
Renaissance Optics and Physiology
72
4
Post-Renaissance Visual Anatomy and Physiology
76
20
The Discovery of the Blind Spot
76
1
Leeuwenhoek's Microscopy of the Retina
76
1
The Projections of the Optic Nerve in the Seventeenth Century
77
1
Some Eighteenth-Century Advances
77
1
The Discovery of the Stripe of Gennari
78
1
Rods, Cones, and Duplicity Theory
79
2
Boll's Discovery of Rhodopsin
81
1
Further Studies of Retinal Structure
82
1
The Optic Chiasma
82
1
Brainstem Terminations of the Retinal Projections
83
2
Early Hints of an Occipital Cortical Region for Vision
85
1
Ferrier's Studies with Monkeys
86
1
Munk's ``Discovery'' of the Visual Cortex
87
1
The Experimentalist Response to Munk's Ideas
88
2
Myelination and the Visual Area
90
1
Clinical Confirmation of the Occipital Localization
90
1
The Birth of Visual Electrophysiology
91
1
The Parastriate and Peristriate Areas
92
1
Some Unanswered Questions
93
3
Color Vision
96
12
Newton's Theory of Light
96
1
Color Vision in the Eighteenth Century
97
1
Early Descriptions of Color Blindness
98
1
Young's Trichromatic Theory
99
1
Helmholtz's Modifications of the Young Theory
100
1
The Color Science of Goethe
100
2
Purkyne and the Goethe Tradition
102
1
Hering and His Opponent Process Theory
103
1
Modifications by Ladd-Franklin and Donders
104
1
Phrenology, the Cerebral Cortex, and Color
105
1
Cortical Color Blindness
105
3
The Ear and Theories of Hearing
108
16
Greek Acoustics and the Implanted Air Theory
108
1
Roman Auditory Anatomy and Physiology
109
1
The Renaissance
109
2
The Seventeenth Century
111
2
The Eighteenth Century
113
1
Nineteenth-Century Physiology
114
1
Nineteenth-Century Anatomical Advances
115
1
Helmholtz and His Resonance Theory
116
1
Place Theories after Helmholtz
117
1
Pathology and Place Theories of Hearing
118
1
Frequency Theories
119
1
Auditory Electrophysiology and Theories of Hearing
120
4
Audition and the Central Nervous System
124
10
The Cochlear Nuclei
124
1
The Superior Olivary Complex
125
1
The Inferior Coliculus: A Reflex Center?
125
1
The Medial Geniculate Body
126
1
Ferrier and the Discovery of the Auditory Cortex
126
1
The Great Debate
127
2
Three Competing Theories
129
1
Auditory Auras
129
1
Corticla Deafness in Humans
130
1
More Contemporary Lesion Studies
131
1
Multiple Cortical Areas and Their Organization
131
3
The Cutaneous Senses
134
14
Cutaneous Sensation: One Sense or Many?
134
1
Weber's Psychophysical Studies
134
1
The Law of Specific Nerve Energies
135
1
Sensory Spots on the Skin
136
1
Specific End Organs for Cutaneous Sensation
137
1
Peripheral Nerve
138
1
The Peripheral Nerve and Illusory Sensations
139
1
Dermatomes
140
1
Spinal Cord and Brainstem Projections
140
1
Somatosensory Cortex: Lesions in Laboratory Animals
141
2
Lesions Involving the Postcentral Gyrus in Humans
143
1
Astereognosis
144
1
Stimulation and Epilepsy of the Human Parietal Cortex
145
3
Pain
148
17
Pain as Penalty
148
1
Atoms, Humors, and Pain
148
1
Multiple Theories of Pain
149
1
Limiting the Definition of Pain
150
1
Sensory Sports and Receptors for Pain
150
1
Double Pain
151
1
Phantom Limbs
151
1
Causalgia
152
1
Spinal Pathways: Early Nineteenth-Century Studies
153
1
Brown-Sequard's Experiments on the Spinal Cord
153
1
Schiff's Two Projection Systems
154
1
The Cases of Gowers and Spiller
155
1
Attempts to Treat Pain by Cutting Nerves and Tracts
156
1
Thalamic Syndrome
157
2
Gate Control Theory
159
1
Cerebral Cortex
159
1
Early Anesthetics
159
1
The Surgical Use of Nitrous Oxide
160
1
The Surgical Use of Ether
160
5
Gustation
165
11
Early Conceptions of Taste
165
1
Basic Tastes
166
2
Chemistry of the Primaries
168
1
The Tongue as the Organ for Taste
168
1
Differential Sensitivity of the Tongue
169
1
Specificity of the Papillae
169
1
Taste Buds
169
1
Development and Degeneration of the Papillae and Taste Buds
170
1
Vibration as a Mechanism of Receptor Activation
171
1
Cranial Nerves
171
1
Central Projections
171
1
Cortical Lesions: Laboratory Animal Experiments
172
1
Gustatory Cortex: Human Clinical Data
172
1
Taste Psychophysics
173
1
Henning's Taste Tetrahedron
174
1
Control over the Stimulus and Testing Procedures
174
1
Electrical Tastes
174
2
Olfaction
176
15
Early History
176
1
From the Renaissance to Haller
177
1
Putrefaction, Aromatics, and Olfaction
177
1
Changing Nineteenth-Century Orientations to Olfaction
178
1
Olfactory Primaries
178
1
The Adequate Stimulus
179
1
Olfactory Receptors
180
1
Air Currents and Receptor Activation
181
1
Olfactory Nerve and Bulb
182
1
Central Projections
183
1
Case Studies of the Limbic Lobe and the Cerebral Cortex
183
1
Forebrain Lesions in Laboratory Animals
184
1
The Anosmias
184
1
Zwaardemaker and Olfactory Psychophysics
185
2
A Myriad of Techniques of Olfactometry
187
1
Henning's Prism
187
1
A Degenerating Sensory System?
188
3
Part III: Motor Functions
191
50
The Pyramidal System and the Motor Cortex
193
15
Early Observations
193
1
Movement and the Cerebral Hemispheres before the Nineteenth Century
193
2
The Cerebral Hemispheres in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
195
1
Jackson and the Motor Cortex Concept
195
2
Fritsch and Hitzig's Discovery
197
1
Ferrier and the Motor Cortex
198
1
Electrophysiology and the Boundaries of the Motor Cortex
199
2
The Corticospinal Tract
201
1
Voluntary Action and the Motor Cortex
201
1
Cutaneous Sensation and the Motor Cortex
202
1
The Motor Cortex and the Kinesthetic Sense
203
1
The Frontal Eye Fields
204
1
Motor versus Premotor Cortex Functions
204
4
The Cerebellum and the Corpus Striatum
208
12
The Cerebellum
208
1
The Cerebellum through the Renaissance
208
1
Thomas Willis and His Influence
209
1
Competing Ideas in the Post-Willis Period
209
2
Rolando, Flourens, and Magendie
211
2
The Cerebellum Early in the Twentieth Century
213
1
The Corpus Striatum
214
1
Defining the Corpus Striatum
214
1
Early Ideas about the Corpus Striatum
215
1
The Corpus Striatum through the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
216
1
The Impact of the Discovery of the Motor Cortex
217
1
Infrahuman Primate Studies in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
218
2
Some Movement Disorders
220
21
Ergot Poisoning
220
2
Sydenham's Chorea
222
1
Parkinson's Disease
223
5
Huntington's Chorea
228
3
Athetosis
231
1
Tourette's Syndrome
232
4
The Strange Case of Samuel Johnson
236
5
Part IV: Sleep and Emotion
241
56
The Process of Sleep
243
13
Greco-Roman Theories of Sleep
243
1
Sleep in the ``Prescientific Era''
244
1
Measuring the Depth of Sleep
244
1
Sleep Deprivation in Humans
245
1
Sleep Deprivation in Animals
245
1
The Ability to Wake at Expected Times
245
1
A Plethora of Sleep Theories
246
1
Blood Flow and Anemia Theories
246
2
Chemical Theories
248
1
Deafferentation Theories
249
2
Evolutionary Theories
251
1
African Sleeping Sickness
252
1
Narcolepsy
253
3
The Nature of Dreaming
256
9
Ancient Egypt
256
1
Early Eastern, Biblical, and Spiritual Approaches to Dreaming
257
1
Greek Mythology and Medicine
258
1
Dreaming in Ancient Rome
258
1
From Church Doctrine through the Eighteenth Century
259
1
Dream Frequency
260
1
Stimulation and Dream Content
260
1
Dreaming among the Blind
261
1
Dreaming and Cerebral Dominance
262
1
Dreaming, the Unconscious, and Psychoanalysis
262
1
Eye Movements and Dreaming
263
2
Theories of Emotion from Democritus to William James
265
15
The Classical Period
265
1
Theories of Emotion in the Post-Renaissance Period
266
1
Bichat's Theories
266
1
The Muscles of Facial Expression
267
1
Darwin on Emotion
268
3
Darwin's Impact: Passion versus Reason
271
1
The Frontal Lobes and Emotion in Humans
272
2
The Frontal Lobes and Emotion in Animals
274
1
The James-Lange Theory
275
1
Criticisms of the James-Lange Theory
276
4
Defining and Controlling the Circuits of Emotion
280
17
The Early Concept of Sympathy and the Autonomic Nervous System
280
2
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems
282
2
The Hypothalamus and Emotional Expression
284
2
The Great Limbic Lobe of Broca
286
1
The Papez Limbic System
287
1
The Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
288
Expansion of the Limbic System Concept
28
262
Early Psychosurgical Interventions for ``Emotional'' Disorders
290
1
Moniz and Prefrontal Leucotomy
290
2
The Rise and Fall of Prefrontal Lobotomy
292
5
Part V: Intellect and Memory
297
72
Intellect and the Brain
299
17
Brain Size and Intellect
299
1
European Science and the Family of Man
300
2
Brain Size, Race, and Intellect in America
302
1
Mental Deficiency as an Atavistic Feature
303
1
Gender Differences
304
1
Criminality and the Apish Brain
305
1
Interpretive Dilemmas
305
1
The Call for the Best Brains
306
1
The Brains of the Elite
307
1
The Growing Concept of Association Cortex
308
2
Anthropology and the Frontal Association Areas
310
1
The Need for Objective Measures of Intelligence
311
1
From Craniometry to IQ
312
4
The Frontal Lobes and Intellect
316
16
The Frontal Cortex Defined and Divided
316
1
The Frontal Lobes in the Prescientific Era
317
1
Early Descriptions of Frontal Lobe Injuries and Tumors
318
1
From Swedenborg to Phrenology
318
2
Comparative Anatomy, Tumors, and Injuries before 1861
320
1
Hitzig's Experiments
321
1
Ferrier's Monkeys
321
1
Bianchi's Observations and Theories
322
1
Other Opinions from the Experimentalists
323
1
The Tumor Literature in the Era of Localization
323
1
The Brickner Case
324
1
Acute Frontal Lobe Damage in Humans
325
1
Pick's Disease
326
1
The Critics Speak Out
327
5
The Nature of the Memory Trace
332
17
Birdhouses and Wax Tablets in the Greco-Roman Period
332
1
Aristotle and the Laws of Association
333
1
Ventricular Localization of Memory
333
1
The Cultivation of Memory in the Middle Ages
334
1
Cartesian Mechanical Models of Memory
335
1
Willis on the Cerebrum
335
1
Hartley and the Associationists
336
1
Later Vibration Theories
337
1
Organic Memory: Another Questionable Theory
338
1
The Birth of Memory Science
338
1
Changes at the Synapse
339
1
Drainage and Irradiation Theories
340
2
Franz and Lashley
342
2
Pattern Theories
344
1
The Delayed Response Problem
345
1
Progress?
346
3
The Neuropathology of Memory
349
20
Early Descriptions of the Dementias
349
2
Alzheimer's Disease
351
4
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
355
2
Korsakoff's Psychosis
357
2
Wernicke's Encephalopathy and Korsakoff's Psychosis
359
1
The Lesions in Korsakoff's Syndrome
360
1
Avitaminosis
361
1
The Temporal Lobes and the Hippocampus
362
7
Part VI: Speech and Cerebral Dominance
369
44
Speech and Language
371
15
Early Descriptions of Loss of Speech
371
1
The Greco-Roman Period
371
1
From the Dark Ages through the Renaissance
372
1
The Seventeenth Century
372
1
The Eighteenth Century
373
1
Aphasia and Phrenology
374
1
Bouillaud and Localization Theory
375
2
Broca and the Revolution of 1861
377
1
Broca's Later Observations
378
1
The British Neurologists
379
1
Wernicke and the Circuitry of Language
379
1
German and Austrian Functional Approaches
380
2
The Search for the True Reality
382
4
The Emergence of the Concept of Cerebral Dominance
386
14
An Ancient Greek Theory of Brain Laterality
386
1
Mainstream Greek and Roman Science
386
1
The Symmetrical Brain and the Mind-Body Problem
387
1
Hemispheric Balance in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
387
2
Mental Illness and Hemispheric Dysfunction
389
2
Clinical Reports on Aphasia in the Period before Broca
391
1
The Marc Dax Manuscript of 1836
391
1
Broca's Case for Dominance
392
1
Wernicke's Impact
393
1
Jackson's Case for the Right Hemisphere
393
1
The Search for Anatomical Correlates of Cerebral Dominance
394
1
Theories of Personality, Emotion, and Insanity
395
2
Movements to Educate the Two Hemispheres
397
3
Expansion of the Concept of Cerebral Dominance
400
13
Acquired Alexia
400
1
Developmental Dyslexia
401
1
Prosopagnosia
402
1
One or Many Spatial Disorders?
403
1
Liepmann's Apraxias
404
1
Constructional Apraxia
404
1
Denial of Illness
405
1
Unilateral Inattention and Neglect
406
1
The Gerstmann ``Syndrome''
407
1
The Corpus Callosum Rediscovered
407
6
Part VII: Treatments and Therapies
413
28
Treatments and Therapies: From Antiquity through the Seventeenth Century
415
14
Ancient Egypt
415
1
Assyria
416
1
Ancient Greece
417
1
Ancient Rome
418
1
Mithridates and Universal Cure-Alls
419
1
Arabic Medicine before the Renaissance
420
1
Cures during the Pre-Renaissance Period in Europe
421
1
The Renaissance
421
5
Seventeenth-Century Treatments
426
3
Treatments and Therapies: From 1700 to World War I
429
12
Head and Brain Injuries in the Eighteenth Century
429
1
Cupping and Leeching in the Nineteenth Century
430
1
Animal Electricity and Electrotherapy before Galvani
431
1
The Roles of Galvani and Volta
432
2
The Early 1800s: From the Electrotherapy to Gothic Horror
434
1
Galvanism after 1850
435
1
Re-Education
435
2
Measuring the Effects of Therapy
437
1
The Birth of ``Modern'' Neurosurgery
438
3
Epilogue
441
2
Appendix: Dates of Birth and Death
443
8
Index
451