Contributors

Introduction

Are There Basic Emotions?

In the Eyes of the Beholder

James R. Averill

All Emotions Are Basic

Paul Ekman

The Basics of Basic Emotion

Jaak Panksepp

Toward a Concept of ``Modal Emotions''

Klaus R. Scherer

``You're Not Sick, You're Just in Love'': Emotion as an Interpretive System

Richard A. Shweder

Afterword

Paul Ekman

Richard J. Davidson

How Are Emotions Distinguished from Moods, Temperament, and Other Related Affective Constructs?

On Emotion, Mood, and Related Affective Constructs

Richard J. Davidson

Moods, Emotions, and Traits

Paul Ekman

Varieties of Affect: Emotions and Episodes, Moods, and Sentiments

Nico H. Frijda

Parsing the Emotional Domain from a Developmental Perspective

H.H. Goldsmith

Distinctions Among Emotions, Moods, and Temperamental Qualities

Jerome Kagan

The Stable and the Unstable in Emotion

Richard Lazarus

Basic Emotions Ramify Widely in the Brain, Yielding Many Concepts That Cannot Be Distinguished Unambiguously...Yet

Jaak Panksepp

Emotions, Moods, Traits, and Temperaments: Conceptual Distinctions and Empirical Findings

David Watson

Lee Anna Clark

Afterword

Richard J. Davidson

Paul Ekman

What Is the Function of Emotions?

Emotions Are Many Splendored Things

James R. Averill

Why Emotions Are Felt

Gerald L. Clore

Emotions Are Functional, Most of the Time

Nico H. Frijda

Human Emotions: A Functional View

Robert W. Levenson

Emotion Serves to Decouple Stimulus and Response

Klaus R. Scherer

Distinguishing Functional from Dysfunctional Affective Responses

Lee Anna Clark

David Watson

Afterword

Paul Ekman

Richard J. Davidson

How is Evidence of Universals in Antecendents of Emotion Explained?

It's a Small World, But a Large Stage

James R. Averill

Antecedent Events and Emotion Metaphors

Paul Ekman

Some Reasons to Expect Universal Antecedents of Emotion

Phoebe C. Ellsworth

Universal Antecedents Exist, and Are Interesting

Nico H. Frijda

Universal Antecedents of the Emotions

Richard Lazarus

Evidence for Both Universality and Cultural Specificity of Emotion Elicitation

Klaus R. Scherer

Afterword

Paul Ekman

Richard J. Davidson

What Are the Minimal Cognitive Prerequisites for Emotion?

Why Emotions Require Cognition

Gerald L. Clore

Levels of Thought and Levels of Emotion

Phoebe C. Ellsworth

Emotions Require Cognitions, Even If Simple Ones

Nico H. Frijda

Cognition Is One of Four Types of Emotion Activating Systems

Carroll E. Izard

Appraisal: The Long and the Short of It

Richard Lazarus

Cognitive-Emotional Interactions in the Brain

Joseph E. LeDoux

A Proper Distinction Between Affective and Cognitive Process Is Essential for Neuroscientific Progress

Jaak Panksepp

An Emotion's Occurrence Depends on the Relevance of an Event to the Organism's Goal/Need Hierarchy

Klaus R. Scherer

Afterword

Richard J. Davidson

Paul Ekman

Is There Emotion-Specific Physiology?

Complexities in the Search for Emotion-Specific Physiology

Richard J. Davidson

Three Fundamental Emotion Systems

Jeffrey A. Gray

Emotion-Specific Physiological Activity: Don't Forget About CNS Physiology

Joseph E. LeDoux

The Search for Autonomic Specificity

Robert W. Levenson

The Clearest Physiological Distinctions Between Emotions Will Be Found Among the Circuits of the Brain

Jaak Panksepp

Afterword

Richard J. Davidson

Paul Ekman

Can We Control Our Emotions?

Emotions Unbecoming and Becoming

James R. Averill

The Degree of Emotional Control Depends on the Kind of Personal System Involved

Joseph E. LeDoux

Emotional Control: Variations and Consequences

Robert W. Levenson

Afterword

Paul Ekman

Richard J. Davidson

Can Emotions Be Nonconscious?

Why Emotions Are Never Unconscious

Gerald L. Clore

Emotional Processing, but Not Emotions, Can Occur Unconsciously

Joseph E. LeDoux

Evidence for Nonconscious Emotions

Robert B. Zajonc

Afterword

Richard J. Davidson

Paul Ekman

What Is the Relation Between Emotion and Memory?

Some Relations Between Emotions and Memory

Gordon H. Bower

The Past and the Present in Emotion

Richard Lazarus

Memory Versus Emotional Memory in the Brain

Joseph E. LeDoux

Subjectivity May Have Evolved in the Brain as a Simple Value-Coding Process That Promotes the Learning of New Behaviors

Jaak Panksepp

Afterword

Richard J. Davidson

Paul Ekman

How Do Individuals Differ in Emotion-Related Activity?

Honoring Biology in the Study of Affective Style

Richard J. Davidson

Personality Dimensions and Emotion Systems

Jeffrey A. Gray

Individual Differences in Emotion

Richard Lazarus

Broad Dimensions of Temperament and Personality

Mary K. Rothbart

Afterword

Paul Ekman

Richard J. Davidson

What Develops in Emotional Development?

Two Aspects of Emotional Development: Expression and Elicitation

Linda A. Camras

Experience and Understanding of Emotions, Relationships, and Membership in a Particular Culture

Judy Dunn

Intersystem Connections

Carroll E. Izard

Meaning and Emotional Development

Richard Lazarus

Emotional Development Yields Lots of ``Stuff'' ... Especially Mind ``Stuff'' That Emerges from Brain ``Stuff''

Jaak Panksepp

Emotional Development: Changes in Reactivity and Self-Regulation

Mary K. Rothbart

Afterword

Richard J. Davidson

Paul Ekman

What Influences the Subjective Experience of Emotion?

I Feel, Therefore I Am--I Think

James R. Averill

Why Emotions Vary in Intensity

Gerald L. Clore

Emotional Experience Is an Output of, Not a Cause of, Emotional Processing

Joseph E. LeDoux

Evolution Constructed the Potential for Subjective Experience Within the Neurodynamics of the Mammalian Brain

Jaak Panksepp

The Vicissitudes of Mood: A Schematic Model

David Watson

Lee Anna Clark

Afterword

Paul Ekman

Richard J. Davidson

Epilogue--Affective Science: A Research Agenda

References

Index