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Tables of Contents for The Irony of Democracy
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
To the Student
xi
To the Instructor
xiii
The Irony of Democracy
1
24
The Meaning of Elitism
2
3
The Meaning of Democracy
5
2
Elitism in a Democracy
7
5
Mass Distrust of America's Elite
8
4
The Meaning of Pluralism
12
2
How Elitism and Pluralism Differ
14
2
Elite and Mass Threats to Democracy
16
5
The Unpolitics of College Students
19
2
An Elitist Theory of Democracy
21
4
Notes
23
1
Selected Readings
23
2
The Founding Fathers: The Nation's First Elite
25
34
Elites and Masses in the New Nation
26
1
Elite Preferences: Inspiration for a New Constitution
27
4
Formation of a National Elite
31
5
Elite Consensus in 1787
36
2
An Elite in Operation: Conciliation and Compromise
38
4
The Constitution as an Elitist Document
42
5
Elitism and the Structure of the National Government
47
6
Suppressing Majority ``Factions''
50
3
James Madison
Ratification: An Exercise in Elite Political Skills
53
6
Summary
56
1
Notes
57
1
Selected Readings
57
2
The Evolution of American Elites
59
34
Hamilton and the Nation's First Public Policies
60
2
Rise of the Jeffersonians
62
1
Republicans in Power: The Stability of Public Policy
63
2
Rise of the Western Elites
65
1
Elite Cleavage: The Civil War
66
5
Rise of the New Industrial Elite
71
4
Liberal Establishment: Reform as Elite Self-Interest
75
4
Elites in American History
77
2
Vietnam: Elite Failure to Lead
79
6
The Gulf War: Elite Leadership Restored
85
8
Summary
89
2
Notes
91
1
Selected Readings
91
2
Elites In America
93
36
The Concentration of Corporate Power
94
4
Corporate Merger Mania
97
1
Corporate Elites
98
4
The Global Elites
102
5
Greed in the Boardroom
104
3
Governing Elites
107
1
Elite Recruitment: Getting to the Top
108
11
The Friends of Bill and Hillary
112
7
The Liberal Establishment
119
3
Elite Attitudes toward Mass Governance
121
1
The Conservative Mood
122
7
Where to Find the Establishment
122
2
Summary
124
2
Notes
126
1
Selected Readings
127
2
Masses In America
129
34
Elite Gains, Mass Losses
130
6
Inequality in America
136
3
Mass Disaffection from Politics
139
2
Antidemocratic Attitudes among the Masses
141
4
Are the Masses Becoming More Democratic?
145
4
Mass Political Ignorance
149
5
What If the People Voted on National Issues?
152
2
Mass Political Apathy
154
1
How Does Democracy Survive?
154
2
The Dangers of Mass Activism
156
7
Summary
160
1
Notes
161
1
Selected Readings
161
2
Elite-Mass Communication
163
24
The Newsmakers
163
2
The Media's Political Funtions
165
3
Bashing America for Fun and Profit
168
4
Liberal Bias in Television News
172
2
The Hollywood Liberals
173
1
Bias and Slander: Freedoms of the Press
174
2
Media Campaigns
176
4
Media Coverage of Presidential Elections
177
3
Assessing Media Impact
180
7
Summary
184
1
Notes
185
1
Selected Readings
185
2
American Political Parties: A System In Decay
187
24
The Responsible Party Model in Disarray
187
2
Democratic and Republican Parties: Consensus or Competition?
189
4
Declining Mass Attachments to Parties
193
2
Are Democrats Liberal and Republicans Conservative?
195
4
Mass Perceptions of the Parties
196
3
Political Parties as Oligarchies
199
2
Presidential Primaries and the Deterioration of Parties
201
3
Realignment or Dealignment?
204
2
Independent and Third-Party Politics
206
5
Summary
209
1
Notes
210
1
Selected Readings
210
1
Elections, Money, And The Myths of Democracy
211
34
The Myth of the Policy Mandate
212
1
The Myth of the Policy-Oriented Voter
213
2
The Group Basis of Voting
215
3
The Economic Basis of Voting
218
1
Candidate Image Voting
218
4
Creating a Winning Image
220
2
Bill Clinton
Money Drives Elections
222
10
The Clinton Money Chase
230
2
The Unlikely Prospects for Reform
232
2
Staying Home on Election Day
234
3
Elections as Symbolic Reassurance
237
8
Summary
241
1
Notes
242
1
Selected Readings
242
3
Organized Interests: Defenders of The Status Quo
245
24
Interest Groups: Democratic or Elitist?
245
2
The Business, Professional, and Class Bias of Interest Groups
247
4
How Well Do Groups Represent Members?
251
4
Leaders and Followers---The American Association of Retired Persons
254
1
Lobbying: How Organized Interests Influence Government
255
5
PAC Power
260
1
Conservative Influence of Organizations
261
8
The Business of the Business Roundtable
265
1
Summary
266
1
Notes
267
1
Selected Readings
268
1
The Presidency
269
34
The President as Symbolic Leader
269
3
The Presidency and the Masses
272
5
The President's Formal Powers
277
1
Presidential Powers of Persuasion
278
5
Up Close---Sex, Lies and Impeachment
278
5
Issues in Presidential Power: The War-Making Controversy
283
4
Watergate and the Limits of Presidential Power
287
2
The Dual Presidency
289
1
George Bush
Ambition and Ambivalence
290
7
Bill Clinton
Presidential Sex
295
1
Hillary ``Stand by Your Man''
296
1
Other Executive Elites
297
6
Summary
300
1
Notes
301
1
Selected Readings
302
1
The Bureaucratic Elite
303
32
Sources of Bureaucratic Power
304
3
Mass Attitudes toward Washington Bureaucracies
306
1
Organization of the Washington Bureaucracy
307
2
Presidential Control of the Bureaucracy
309
4
Bureaucratic Maneuvers
312
1
The Budget Maze
313
4
Elite Fiscal Responsibility?
317
4
Bureaucratic Power, Iron Triangles, and Revolving Doors
321
4
The Bureaucratic Elite
325
1
The Regulatory Quagmire
326
5
Regulation---Hiding the Costs of Government
330
1
Controlling the Bureaucracy: Congress and Courts
331
4
Summary
332
1
Notes
333
1
Selected Readings
334
1
Congress: The Legislative Elite
335
36
The Elite Bias of Congressional Recruitment
336
4
Whom Does Congress Really Represent?
340
2
Congress in Disrepute
342
4
The Elaborate Procedures of Legislative Elites
346
8
Elites Within Elites: The Congressional Establishment
354
5
The Troubled Speakership
356
3
Conflict and Consensus: Voting in Congress
359
5
Is ``Congressional Ethics'' an Oxymoron?
362
2
Congress and the President: An Unstable Balance of Power
364
7
Summary
367
1
Notes
368
1
Selected Readings
368
3
Courts: Elites in Black Robes
371
24
Judicial Review as an Elitist Principle
372
1
The Making of a Supreme Court Justice
373
3
The Special Style of Judicial Policy Making
376
5
Senate Confirmation as Sleazy Spectacle
378
3
The Structure of the Federal Court System
381
2
The Jurisdiction of the Federal Court System
383
1
Judicial Power: Activism versus Self-Restraint
384
6
The Supreme Court and Abortion
388
2
Do the Courts Rule the Nation?
390
5
Summary
391
1
Notes
392
1
Selected Readings
393
2
American Federalism: Elites In States And Communities
395
20
Federalism: The Original Division of Power Between Nation and States
396
3
Power Flows to the National Elite
399
2
Money and Power
401
1
The Evolution of American Federalism
402
3
Elite Structures in the States
405
3
Corporate Elite Structures in the States
407
1
The Old Community Economic Elites
408
2
The New Community Political Elites
410
5
Summary
412
1
Notes
413
1
Selected Readings
413
2
Elite Response to Mass Protest
415
32
The History of Black Subjugation
416
2
Twentieth-Century Black Responses
418
4
Continuing Inequalities Between Blacks and Whites
422
3
Battles over Affirmative Action
425
4
Elite Versus Mass Response to Civil Rights
429
2
Feminism in America
431
3
Women and Work
434
4
Feminism and Elitism
438
9
Elites, Masses, and Sexual Harassment
440
2
Summary
442
1
Notes
443
1
Selected Readings
444
3
Public Policy: How and What Elites Decide
447
28
Public Policy as Elite Preference
447
3
Agenda Setting and ``Nondecisions''
450
2
Economic Policy
452
10
The Elite Think Tanks
454
6
Sneaking Preferential Treatment into the Tax Laws
460
2
Social-Welfare Policy
462
7
Health-Care Policy
469
6
Summary
473
1
Notes
474
1
Selected Readings
474
1
Epilogue: What Can Students Do?
475
4
Appendix The Constitution of The United States of America
479
22
Index
501