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Tables of Contents for Understanding Digital Subscriber Line Technology
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xv
1
Acknowledgments
xvi
1
About the Authors
xvii
Chapter 1 DSL Fundamentals
1
22
1.1 Alternatives to DSLs: Fiber, Wireless, and Coax
2
1
1.2 Worldwide Extent
2
1
1.3 Voice-Band Modems and DSLs
3
5
1.4 Transmission Modes
8
4
1.4.1 Direction
8
1
1.4.2 Timing
9
1
1.4.3 Channels
10
1
1.4.4 Single and Multipoint Topologies
11
1
1.5 DSL Terminology
12
1
1.6 Rate Versus Reach
12
1
1.7 Crosstalk
13
3
1.8 Enabling and Disabling Forces
16
1
1.9 Applications
17
4
1.10 Evolution of Digital Transmission
21
2
Chapter 2 Types of DSLs
23
30
2.1 DSL Design Margin
23
1
2.2 DSL Precursors
24
1
2.3 Basic Rate ISDN
25
5
2.3.1 ISDN Basic Rate Origins
25
1
2.3.2 Basic Rate ISDN Capabilities and Applications
26
1
2.3.3 Basic Rate ISDN Rate Transmission
26
1
2.3.4 Extended-Range Basic Rate ISDN
27
2
2.3.5 Digital Added Main Line
29
1
2.3.6 IDSL
30
1
2.4 HDSL
30
11
2.4.1 HDSL Origins
30
1
2.4.2 HDSL Capabilities and Application
31
1
2.4.3 HDSL Transmission
32
3
2.4.4 Second-Generation HDSL
35
6
2.5 ADSL
41
8
2.5.1 ADSL Definition and Reference Model
41
1
2.5.2 ADSL Origins
42
1
2.5.3 ADSL Capabilities and Application
43
1
2.5.4 ADSL Transmission
43
3
2.5.5 ADSL's Future
46
3
2.6 VDSL
49
4
2.6.1 VDSL Definition and Reference Model
49
2
2.6.2 VDSL Origins
51
1
2.6.3 VDSL Capabilities and Applications
51
2
Chapter 3 Twisted-Pair Transmission
53
80
3.1 Twisted-Wire-Pair Origins
53
1
3.2 Telephone Network and Loop Plant Characteristics
53
10
3.2.1 Feeder Plant
54
1
3.2.2 Digital Loop Carrier
54
2
3.2.3 Distribution Plant
56
1
3.2.4 Wire Gauge
56
1
3.2.5 Bridged Tap
57
1
3.2.6 Loaded Loop
58
1
3.2.7 Loop Length Distribution
59
1
3.2.8 Customer Premises Configuration
60
3
3.3 Line Powering
63
1
3.3.1 Activation/Deactivation
63
1
3.4 Sealing Current
63
1
3.5 Transmission Line Characterization
64
21
3.5.1 "ABCD" Modeling
64
3
3.5.2 Transmission Line RLCG Characterization
67
7
3.5.3 Characterization of a Bridged-Tap Section
74
1
3.5.4 Loaded Coils -- Series Inductance
75
1
3.5.5 Computation of Transfer Function
75
3
3.5.6 Measurements for Computation of RLCG Parameters
78
6
3.5.7 Balance -- Metallic and Longitudinal
84
1
3.6 Noises
85
12
3.6.1 Crosstalk Noise
86
6
3.6.2 Radio Noise
92
2
3.6.3 Impulse Noise
94
3
3.7 Spectral Compatibility
97
8
3.7.1 Interference Between DSLs and Multiplexing
98
1
3.7.2 Self-Interference
99
1
3.7.3 Crosstalk FEXT and NEXT Power Spectral Density Models
100
4
3.7.4 Emissions from DSLs
104
1
3.8 More Two-Port Networks
105
14
3.8.1 Reciprocal and Lossless Two-Port Circuits
106
1
3.8.2 Analog Filter Design and T(s)
107
6
3.8.3 Lossless Realization of H(s)
113
1
3.8.4 Frequency/Magnitude Scaling and Frequency Transformations
114
2
3.8.5 Active Filters
116
3
3.9 Three-Port Networks for DSLs
119
10
3.9.1 POTS Splitters
120
8
3.9.2 Hybrid Circuits
128
1
References
129
4
Chapter 4 Comparison with Other Media
133
6
4.1 Fiber-to-the-Home
133
1
4.2 Coax and Hybrid Fiber Coax
134
2
4.3 Wireless Alternatives
136
1
4.4 Satellite Services
137
1
References
137
2
Chapter 5 Transmission Duplexing Methods
139
8
5.1 Four-Wire Duplexing
139
1
5.2 Echo Cancellation
140
2
5.2.1 Adaptive Echo Cancellation
142
1
5.3 Time-Division Duplexing
142
1
5.4 Frequency-Division Multiplexing
143
1
References
144
3
Chapter 6 Basic Digital Transmission Methods
147
36
6.1 Basic Modulation and Demodulation
147
8
6.1.1 The Additive White Gaussian Noise Channel
150
4
6.1.2 Margin, Gap, and Capacity
154
1
6.2 Baseband Codes
155
17
6.2.1 The 2B1Q Line Code (ISDN and HDSL)
155
4
6.2.2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation
159
2
6.2.3 Binary Transmission with DC Notches
161
5
6.2.4 4B3T Line Code
166
2
6.2.5 4B5B Modulation
168
1
6.2.6 Successive Transmission
169
3
6.3 Passband Codes
172
8
6.3.1 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
173
1
6.3.2 Carrierless AMPM
174
1
6.3.3 Other Quadrature Modulation Schemes
175
1
6.3.4 Constellations for QAM/CAP and Relation to VSB
176
2
6.3.5 Complex Baseband Equivalents
178
2
References
180
3
Chapter 7 Loop Impairments, Solutions, and DMT
183
114
7.1 Intersymbol Interference
183
22
7.1.1 Quantifying ISI
184
2
7.1.2 Equalization
186
10
7.1.3 Transmit Equalization
196
4
7.1.4 Partial-Response Detection
200
2
7.1.5 Maximum-Likelihood Detection (Viterbi Algorithm)
202
3
7.2 Multichannel Line Codes
205
51
7.2.1 Capacity of the AWGN Channel
205
1
7.2.2 Basic Multichannel Transmission
206
2
7.2.3 Loading Algorithms
208
9
7.2.4 Channel Partitioning
217
11
7.2.5 Equalization for Multichannel Partitioning
228
7
7.2.6 ADSL T1.413 DMT
235
1
7.2.7 Clipping and Scaling (Peak-to-Average Issues)
236
6
7.2.8 Fast Fourier Transforms for DMT
242
5
7.2.9 Multiplexing Methods for Multicarrier Transmission
247
4
7.2.10 Narrowband Noise Rejection
251
5
7.3 Trellis Coding
256
8
7.3.1 Constellation Partitioning and Expansion
256
6
7.3.2 Enumeration of Popular Codes
262
1
7.3.3 Shaping Effects
262
1
7.3.4 Turbo Codes
263
1
7.4 Error Control
264
24
7.4.1 Basic Error Control
265
5
7.4.2 Reed-Solomon Codes
270
4
7.4.3 Interleaving Methods
274
3
7.4.4 Concatenated Coding and Multilayer Coding
277
1
7.4.5 ADSL Special Case
277
4
7.4.6 CRC Checks
281
4
7.4.7 Scramblers
285
3
References
288
9
Chapter 8 Initialization, Timing and Performance
297
58
8.1 Initialization Methods
297
17
8.1.1 Activation
297
2
8.1.2 Gain Estimation
299
3
8.1.3 Synchronization (Clock, Frame)
302
1
8.1.4 First Channel Identification
303
8
8.1.5 Channel Equalization
311
3
8.1.6 Secondary Channel Identification and Exchange
314
1
8.2 Adaptation of Receiver and Transmitter
314
10
8.2.1 Receiver Equalization Updating
315
3
8.2.2 Transmitter Adjustment
318
6
8.3 Measurement of Performance
324
13
8.3.1 Test Loops and Noise Generation
325
8
8.3.2 Measure of Performance
333
4
8.4 Timing Recovery Methods
337
15
8.4.1 Basic PLL Operation
337
4
8.4.2 Open-Loop Timing Recovery
341
3
8.4.3 Decision-Directed Timing Recovery
344
2
8.4.4 Pointers and Add/Delete Mechanisms
346
2
8.4.5 Frame Synchronization
348
1
8.4.6 Discrete-Time VCO Implementation
349
3
References
352
3
Chapter 9 Operations, Administration Maintenance, and Provisioning
355
8
9.1 OAM&P Features
358
2
9.2 Loop Qualification
360
3
Chapter 10 DSL in the Context of the ISO Reference Model
363
6
10.1 The ISO Model
363
2
10.2 Theory and Reality
365
1
10.3 The Internet Protocol Suite
365
1
10.4 ATM in the Seven-Layer Model
366
3
10.4.1 Physical Layer Functions
367
1
10.4.2 Link and Higher-Layer Functions
367
2
Chapter 11 ADSL: The Bit Pump
369
12
11.1 ADSL System Reference Model
369
1
11.2 ATU-C Reference Model
370
2
11.3 ATU-R Reference Model
372
1
11.4 Specific Configurations to Support ATM
373
1
11.5 Framing
373
4
11.5.1 Superframe Structure
375
1
11.5.2 Fast Data Buffer Frame Structure
375
1
11.5.3 Interleaved Data Buffer Frame Structure
376
1
11.6 Operations and Maintenance
377
1
11.7 Initialization
378
1
Reference
379
2
Chapter 12 ATM Transmission Convergence on ADSL
381
4
12.1 Functions of ATM Transmission Convergence
381
1
12.2 Transmission Convergence in an ADSL Environment
382
2
Reference
384
1
Chapter 13 Frame-Based Protocols over ADSL
385
6
13.1 PPP over a Frame-Based ADSL
385
3
13.1.1 RFC 1662 -- PPP in HDLC-Like Framing
386
1
13.1.2 RFC 1661 -- The Point-To-Point Protocol
387
1
13.2 FUNI over ADSL
388
1
13.2.1 FUNI Frame Structure
388
1
13.2.2 Encapsulation
389
1
Reference
389
2
Chapter 14 ADSL in the Context of End-to-End Systems
391
20
14.1 An Overview of a Generic DSL Architecture
394
4
14.1.1 The Customer's Premises
394
1
14.1.2 The DSL Loop
395
1
14.1.3 Termination of DSL in the Carrier's Central Office or Remote Site
395
1
14.1.4 The Carrier's Back-End Data Network
396
2
14.1.5 The Interface to the Service Provider's Network
398
1
14.2 Potential ADSL Services and the Service Requirements
398
1
14.3 Specific Architectures for Deploying ADSL in Different Business Models
399
3
14.4 Several ADSL Architectures
402
8
14.4.1 A Packet-Based Architecture for Small Deployments
402
1
14.4.2 ATM Access Networks
403
2
14.4.3 RFC 1483
405
2
14.4.4 PPP over ATM
407
1
14.4.5 Tunneled Gateway Architecture
408
1
14.4.6 PPP Terminated Aggregation
409
1
References
410
1
Chapter 15 Network Architecture and Regulation
411
8
15.1 Private Line
411
1
15.2 Circuit Switched
411
1
15.3 Packet Switched
412
1
15.4 ATM
413
1
15.5 Remote Terminal
414
1
15.6 Competitive Data Access Alternatives
414
2
15.7 Regulation
416
3
Chapter 16 Standards
419
14
16.1 ITU
420
1
16.2 Committee T1
421
2
16.3 ETSI
423
1
16.4 ADSL Forum
424
1
16.5 ATM Forum
424
1
16.6 DAVIC
425
1
16.7 IETF
425
1
16.8 EIA/TIA
426
1
16.9 IEEE
426
1
16.10 The Value of Standards and Participation in Their Development
427
1
16.11 Standards Process
428
5
16.11.1 When to Develop a Standard
429
1
16.11.2 Is a Standard Needed?
430
1
16.11.3 Standard or Standards?
431
2
Appendix A Glossary
433
10
Appendix B Selected Standards and Specifications
443
4
Appendix C Selected T1E1.4 Contributions and ADSL Forum Technical Reports (found on CD-ROM)
447
18
Index
465