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Tables of Contents for Writing Argumentative Essays
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Alternate Table of Contents
xiii
4
Preface
xvii
PART ONE Engaging with Argument for Reading and Writing
1
120
1 A Perspective on Argument
3
26
What Is Your Current Prespective on Argument?
4
1
Developing a Broad Perspective on Argument
5
3
Forms of Argument
6
2
Under What Conditions Does Argument Work Best?
8
4
Under What Conditions Does Argument Fail?
12
2
Engaging with Issues
14
3
Some Examples of Arguable Issues
17
1
How Should You Engage with Issues?
17
4
EXERCISES AND ACTIVITIES
21
1
ESSAYS AND ANALYSIS
22
5
Davidson Goldin
Some College Costs Should Be Tax Deductible A student's view on how to make the college financial aid burden more equitable.
22
1
Beverly G. Hudnut
William H. Hudnut 3d
We're Good Republicans--and Pro-Choice A businesswoman and her husband, an ex-mayor and now a Presbyterian minister, describe how their personal experiences have influenced their views on abortion.
23
4
Jeanna Fuston
Issue Proposal on Affirmative Action A student issue proposal.
27
1
QUESTIONS ON THE CHAPTER
27
1
QUESTIONS ON THE ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
28
1
2 Develop Your Personal Argument Style
29
32
Individual Styles of Argument
30
1
Do Early Training and Role Models Influence Argument Style?
31
1
Do Men and Women Argue Differently?
31
4
Does Culture Influence Argument Style?
35
6
Do Different Countries Have Different Styles of Argument
41
6
Nilesh Bhakta
Argument in Zimbabwe A student essay.
42
3
Nadejda Michoustina
From Shoes to Fists to Glasnost: Argument in Russia A student essay.
45
2
EXERCISES AND ACTIVITIES
47
2
ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
49
11
Shirlee Taylor Haizlip
We Knew What Glory Was The daughter of a black Baptist minister describes her church going experiences as a child and contrasts them now with the effects of recent church burnings in the South.
49
3
Chancellor Chang-Lin Tien
A View From Berkeley The Chancellor of the University of California at Berkeley expresses his views on affirmative action.
52
3
Ernest Martinez
Giving People a Second Chance The author, a prison vocational trainer, claims that prisoners who have been rehabilitated and who have had vocational training deserve a job when they leave prison.
55
1
Judy Brady
Why I Want a Wife Brady suggests that anyone would want a wife so long as the wife's job is to do all of the chores no one else wants to do.
56
2
Reiko Hatsumi
A Simple "Hai" Won't Do Hai, or "yes," in Japan means different things depending on the context.
58
2
QUESTIONS ON THE CHAPTER
60
1
QUESTIONS ON THE ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
60
1
3 A Process for Reading Argument
61
30
Recognizing Written Argument
61
2
How Do You Read Now?
63
1
How Can You Organize a Process for Reading Argument?
64
2
Prereading Strategies
66
3
Reading Strategies
69
4
Examples of Analysis of the Rhetorical Situation
73
2
Example 1: "Some College Costs Should Be Tax Deductible"
73
1
Example 2: "We're Good Republicans--and Pro-Choice"
74
1
Strategies for Reading Difficult Material
75
1
Postreading Strategies
75
1
Examples of Summaries and Simplified Outlines
76
3
Example 1: Summaries and an Outline for "Some College Costs Should Be Tax Deductible"
76
1
Example 2: Summaries and an Outline for "We're Good Republicans--and Pro-Choice"
77
2
EXERCISES AND ACTIVITIES
79
1
ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
80
10
Sara Rimer
Jobs Illuminate What Riots Hid: Young Ideals Not all young African-Americans in South-Central Los Angeles meet the popular stereotype.
80
3
Roberta Israeloff
Don't Know Much About History The author complains that her young son is learning far less in his history class than she did at his age.
83
3
Mark Slouka
The Road to Unreality This article suggests that modern technology may be changing people's experiences of reality.
86
4
QUESTIONS ON THE CHAPTER
90
1
QUESTIONS ON THE ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
90
1
4 A Process for Writing Argument
91
30
How Do You Write Now?
92
1
How Can You Organize a Process for Writing Argument?
93
17
Prewriting Strategies
93
11
Writing Strategies
104
1
Postwriting Strategies
105
5
Practice the Process by Writing the Exploratory Paper
110
3
EXERCISES AND ACTIVITIES
113
ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
111
5
LynNell Hancock
Claudia Kalb
A Room of Their Own This exploratory article describes several perspectives on single-sex classes.
111
3
John Allen Paulos
Abortion Activists Bomb Clinic: Prohibitions and Arithmetical Arguments Paulos suggests some ways to arrive at original perspectives on issues and provides some examples.
114
3
Tanya Pierce
Trial by Jury, a Fundamental Right and a Flawed System This example of a student-written exploratory paper explains different perspectives on the jury system.
117
QUESTIONS ON THE CHAPTER
116
1
QUESTIONS ON THE ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
116
5
PART TWO Understanding the Nature of Argument for Reading and Writing
121
198
5 The Essential Parts of an Argument
123
37
The Outcomes of Argument: Probability versus Certainty
123
1
The Parts of an Argument According to the Toulmin Model
124
18
Claim
128
3
Support
131
4
Warrants
135
5
Backing
140
1
Rebuttal
140
1
Qualifiers
141
1
Why Is the Toulmin Model Valuable for Analyzing Argument?
142
1
EXERCISES AND ACTIVITIES
143
1
ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
144
15
Automobile Advertisement Practice finding the claim, support, and warrants in an advertisement for an automobile.
144
1
The Holy See / Voice of Sanity in a Sea of Madness Practice finding the elements of the Toulmin model in this statement by the Catholic League about its position on women and the family.
145
1
Hi and Lois Comic Strip Use the Toulmin model to analyze both what this comic strip says and what it suggests.
146
1
John Evans
What's Happened to Disney Films? This author claims that modern Disney films for children lack decency and are often offensive.
146
2
Rosemary Parker
Learning by Intimidation? Are public school athletic coaches unnecessarily harsh in disciplining and motivating young athletes?
148
2
Beth Brunk
Toulmin Analysis of "What's Happened to Disney Films?" A student example of a Toulmin analysis of an essay.
150
1
Rose M. Johnson
Toulmin Analysis: "Hi and Lois" Comic Strip A student example of a Toulmin analysis of a comic strip.
151
2
Richard Rieke
Malcolm Sillars
American Value Systems The authors argue that individuals have value systems that can be categorized and characterized and, thus, help with an understanding of value warrants
153
6
QUESTIONS ON THE CHAPTER
159
1
QUESTIONS ON THE ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
159
1
6 Types of Claims
160
34
Get a Sense of the Purpose and Parts of an Argument
160
1
Five Categories of Claims
161
13
Claims of Fact
162
1
Claims of Definition
163
2
Claims of Cause
165
3
Claims of Value
168
3
Claims of Policy
171
3
Claims and Argument in Real Life
174
2
How Are the Claims and the Claim Questions Valuable for Reading and Writing Argument?
176
1
EXERCISES AND ACTIVITIES
177
ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
163
28
Dinesh D'Souza
Black America's Moment of Truth The author claims there has been a breakdown of civilization in the African-American community.
163
2
William Safire
Family Values This article examines the political issues associated with the term "family values."
165
1
Susan Dentzer
Paying the Price of Female Neglect The author argues in favor of better treatment of women in developing nations.
166
3
Christopher Evans
The Men's Movement The author claims that men have problems but that the men's movement is not the solution.
169
3
William Casey
Computers in Class A number of issues concerning the use of computers in public school classrooms are discussed in this article.
172
6
Barbara Koenig
Gene Tests: What You Know Can Hurt You Discusses some of the problems associated with the "gene test."
178
1
Michele McCormick
We're Too Busy for Ideas This article describes the benefits of getting away, at least part of the time.
179
2
Adam Cadre
And a Purple Dinosaur Shall Lead Them This article compares the influence of Sesame Street and Barney on generations of children.
181
3
Michel Marriott
Rap's Embrace of "Nigger" Fires Bitter Debate How does the meaning of the word "nigger" change with use?
184
3
Rachel Carson
A Fable for Tomorrow A well-known description of the relationship between humans and the environment.
187
2
Lyla Fox
Hold Your Horsepower Are students too eager to go to work and buy a car when they should be studying instead?
189
2
QUESTIONS ON THE CHAPTER
191
1
QUESTIONS ON THE ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
192
2
7 Types of Proof
194
52
The Traditional Categories of Proof
194
2
Some Types of Logical Proof: Logos
196
10
Argument from Deduction
197
1
Argument from Definition
198
1
Argument from Cause
199
1
Argument from Sign
200
1
Argument from Induction
201
1
Argument from Statistics
202
1
Argument from Historical, Literal, or Figurative Analogy
203
3
A Type of Proof that Builds Credibility: Ethos
206
1
Argument from Authority
206
1
Some Types of Emotional Proof: Pathos
207
2
Motivational Proofs
207
1
Value Proofs
208
1
How are Logos, Ethos, and Pathos Communicated Through Language and Style?
209
6
Language That Appeals to Logic
209
1
Language That Develops Ethos
210
2
Language That Appeals to Emotion
212
1
Ethics and Morality in Argument
213
2
The Fallacies or Pseudoproofs
215
4
Some Fallacies in Logic
215
3
Some Fallacies That Affect Ethos
218
1
Some Emotional Fallacies
218
1
How Are the Proofs Valuable for Reading and Writing Argument
219
1
EXERCISES AND ACTIVITIES
220
1
ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
221
23
Anthony Lewis
The Two Nations There is a wide disparity between upper-income Americans and everyone else, which can cause problems in a democratic society.
221
2
David Martin
The Whiny Generation People in their twenties should stop whining and accept reality, according to this author.
223
3
Thomas Jefferson
The Declaration of Independence Reasons are given for severing ties with England and establishing a new country.
226
3
Max Shulman
Love Is a Fallacy A young woman learns the concept of logical fallacies well and uses what she has learned to analyze her boyfriend's argument.
229
11
Kelly Dickerson
Minor Problems? A student-written position paper that illustrates how the Toulmin model, the claim questions, and the proofs can be used for invention.
240
4
QUESTIONS ON THE CHAPTER
244
1
QUESTIONS ON THE ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
244
2
8 Rogerian Argument and Common Ground
246
41
Rogerian Argument as a Means for Achieving Common Ground
247
2
Rogerian Argument as Strategy
249
2
Writing Rogerian Argument
251
1
Variations of Rogerian Argument
251
1
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Rogerian Argument
252
1
EXERCISES AND ACTIVITIES
252
1
ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
253
13
Sara Rimer
A Camp Sows the Seeds of Peace A Palestinian Arab and an Israeli Jew, both 16 years old, spend time together at a camp in the Maine woods
253
5
Marion Duchac
Doctor-Assisted Suicide: Is It Ever an Option? A student Rogerian argument provides a fair-minded version of the opposition's position before stating the favored position.
258
3
Lois Agnew
Special Education's Best Intentions A student Rogerian argument explains the problems associated with educating handicapped students; written for a hostile audience.
261
2
Taryn Barnett
Dear Mom A student Rogerian argument written in letter form that aims to persuade Mom to allow the author to stay in her apartment.
263
2
James Villas
Cigarettes Make the Meal The author argues in favor of a smoke after a great meal.
265
1
QUESTIONS ON THE CHAPTER
266
1
QUESTIONS ON THE ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
266
1
SYNTHESIS OF READING AND WRITING
266
21
A Call for Unity: Letter from Eight White Clergymen This letter written by eight white clergymen in Alabama prompted Martin Luther King, Jr.'s famous response.
271
1
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Letter from Birmingham Jail This is the letter King wrote in jail, justifying his participation in the civil rights movement.
272
15
9 Argument and Literature
287
32
Finding and Analyzing Arguments in Literature
288
4
What Is At Issue? What Is the Claim?
288
2
Characters Making Arguments
290
2
Writing Arguments About Literature
292
2
EXERCISES AND ACTIVITIES
294
1
LITERATURE FOR ANALYSIS
294
21
POEM: Langston Hughes / Theme for English B A poem about a young Black student in Harlem who is assigned an English paper.
294
2
SHORT STORY: Ursula K. Le Guin / The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas Everyone in this town seems very happy, but are they?
296
5
PLAY: Susan Glaspell / Trifles A somewhat unusual twist on the "Who Done It?" plot.
301
11
ARGUMENT BY A LITERARY CHARACTER: Antony's Funeral Speech for Caesar from Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare Marc Antony restores Caesar's reputation in this famous oration.
312
4
Sara Orr
Marc Antony's Argument A student paper that employs argument theory to analyze Marc Antony's oration from Julius Caesar.
316
QUESTIONS ON THE CHAPTER
315
1
QUESTIONS ON THE LITERATURE FOR ANALYSIS
315
4
PART THREE Writing a Research Paper that Presents an Argument
319
90
10 Clarifying Purpose and Understanding the Audience
321
22
Understanding the Assignment and Getting Started
321
2
Shawn Farnsworth
Issue Proposal: Prison Labor Student sample.
322
1
Write a Claim and Clarify Your Purpose
323
1
Using Claim Questions to Plan Purpose and Claim
324
1
Some Preliminary Questions to Help You Develop Your Claim
324
3
Make a Preliminary Outline
327
1
Understand the Audience to Help You Achieve Successful Argument Outcomes
328
3
Some Ways to Analyze a Familiar Audience
331
2
Construct an Unfamiliar Audience
333
2
Using Information About Your Audience
335
1
EXERCISES AND ACTIVITIES
336
3
ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
339
2
New Yorker Cartoon
339
1
Bill Clinton
Text of Clinton Speech at Vietnam Memorial President Clinton commemorates those who died in Vietnam.
340
1
QUESTIONS ON THE CHAPTERS
341
1
QUESTIONS ON THE ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
342
1
11 Invention and Research
343
30
Use Burke's Pentad to Establish Cause
343
2
Use Chains of Reasons to Develop Greater Depth of Analysis and Detail
345
1
Use Argument Theory to Think Systematically About Your Issue
346
3
Consider Presenting Statistical Proof in Graphs and Charts
349
5
Use Organizational Patterns to Help You Think
354
1
Some Suggestions to Help You with Library and Computer Research
354
9
Evaluate Your Research Materials
363
1
EXERCISES AND ACTIVITIES
364
5
QUESTIONS ON THE CHAPTER
369
1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY A student-written example of an annotated bibliography about assisted suicide.
369
4
12 Organizing, Writing, and Revising
373
36
How Does Organization Help You and Your Reader?
373
3
How Can Organization Patterns Help You Think and Organize?
376
5
Outline the Paper and Cross Reference Note Cards
381
5
How to Incorporate Research into the First Draft
386
2
An Example of Incorporating Research Materials
386
1
A Common Student Error
387
1
Avoid Plagiarism
387
1
Cite Your Sources
388
1
Make Final Revisions and Prepare the Final Copy
388
1
EXERCISES AND ACTIVITIES
389
3
How to Document Sources Using MLA and APA Styles
392
How to Write In-Text Parenthetical Citations
393
1
How to Write the List of "Works Cited" (MLA) or "References" (APA)
394
ESSAYS FOR ANALYSIS
384
8
Johanne Mednick
The Highs of Low Technology This author enjoys her old bicycle in the age of high technology.
384
17
Tanya Pierce
The Importance of Jury Instructions A student paper about shortcomings in the current jury system, as an example of MLA style.
401
3
Darrell D. Greer
Alaskan Wolf Management A student paper that argues in favor of exterminating wolves to preserve the caribou and moose herds, as an example of APA style.
404
QUESTIONS ON THE CHAPTER
392
17
Synthesis of Chapters 1-10: Summary Charts
409
12
The Rhetorical Situation
410
1
The Processes: Reading and Writing
411
1
The Toulmin Model
412
1
Types of Proof and Tests of Validity
413
6
Types of Claims
419
2
INDEX
421