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Tables of Contents for Textile Testing and Analysis
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Chapter 1 Introduction
1
12
1.1 Importance of Textile Testing and Analysis
2
3
1.2 Uses of Testing Information
5
6
1.2.1 Interactions Among Producers, Retailers, and Consumers
5
2
1.2.2 Performance Characteristics and Testing
7
3
1.2.3 Factors Influencing Quality Control
10
1
1.3 Summary
11
1
1.4 References and Further Reading
12
1
Chapter 2 Textile Testing: Methods and Performance Specifications
13
22
2.1 Reasons for Testing Textiles
14
2
2.1.1 Assessment of Product Performance
14
1
2.1.2 Research and Development
15
1
2.1.3 Quality Control
15
1
2.1.4 Comparative Testing
15
1
2.1.5 Analyzing Product Failure
16
1
2.1.6 Government Regulations
16
1
2.2 Standard Test Methods and Specifications
16
7
2.2.1 Standard Test Methods
16
4
2.2.2 Performance Specifications
20
3
2.3 Primary Organizations Involved in Textile Testing
23
9
2.3.1 International Organizations
23
4
2.3.2 Major American Organizations
27
2
2.3.3 United States Government Departments and Agencies
29
1
2.3.4 Other Non-Governmental Organizations
30
2
2.4 Summary
32
1
2.5 References and Further Reading
32
1
2.6 Questions
33
2
Chapter 3 Handling Data
35
24
3.1 Measurement Units and Scales
36
2
3.1.1 Units of Measurement
36
1
3.1.2 Measuring Scales
37
1
3.2 Significant Figures
38
4
3.3 Errors
42
4
3.3.1 Determinate Errors
42
2
3.3.2 Indeterminate Errors
44
2
3.4 Accuracy, Precision, and Sensitivity
46
4
3.4.1 Determining Accuracy
47
2
3.4.2 Determining Precision
49
1
3.5 Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation
50
2
3.5.1 Calculating the Standard Deviation
50
1
3.5.2 Calculating Coefficient of Variation
51
1
3.6 Precision of Test Methods
52
2
3.7 Sampling
54
2
3.8 Summary
56
1
3.9 References and Further Reading
56
1
3.10 Problems and Questions
56
3
Chapter 4 Environmental Conditions for Testing
59
12
4.1 Temperature and Humidity
60
3
4.1.1 Definition of Humidity Terms
60
1
4.1.2 Measurement of Humidity
61
2
4.2 Conditions for Textile Testing
63
2
4.2.1 Standard Conditions
63
1
4.2.2 Hysteresis
64
1
4.2.3 Use of Non-Standard Conditions
64
1
4.3 Moisture in Textiles
65
4
4.3.1 Measurement of Moisture Regain and Moisture Content
65
1
4.3.2 Moisture Sorption Capacity of Different Fibers
65
1
4.3.3 Effect of Moisture on Textile Properties
66
3
4.4 Summary
69
1
4.5 References and Further Reading
69
1
4.6 Problems and Questions
69
2
Chapter 5 Textile Properties that Influence Performance
71
26
5.1 Fibers
72
7
5.1.1 Fiber Structure
75
1
5.1.2 Testing Fiber Properties
75
4
5.2 Yarns
79
4
5.2.1 Yarn Structure
79
4
5.2.2 Yarn Testing
83
1
5.3 Fabrics
83
8
5.3.1 Fabric Structure
83
3
5.3.2 Fabric Testing
86
4
5.3.3 Quality Factors
90
1
5.4 Dyes and Finishes
91
3
5.5 Summary
94
1
5.6 References and Further Reading
94
1
5.7 Problems and Questions
94
3
Chapter 6 Tensile Properties
97
30
6.1 Description of Tensile Properties
98
8
6.1.1 Force Units
98
1
6.1.2 Force and Elongation
98
6
6.1.3 Breaking Strength and Tearing Strength
104
2
6.2 Fabric Characteristics Affecting Tensile Properties
106
2
6.3 Tensile Testing
108
4
6.3.1 Instruments for Tensile Testing
108
4
6.3.2 Testing Machine Parameters
112
1
6.4 Test Methods
112
9
6.4.1 Fiber and Yarn Testing
113
1
6.4.2 Fabric Test Methods
114
7
6.5 Interpreting Results
121
2
6.6 Summary
123
1
6.7 References and Further Reading
123
1
6.8 Problems and Questions
123
4
Chapter 7 Abrasion and Wear
127
30
7.1 Durability, Serviceability, Wear, and Abrasion
128
2
7.1.1 Abrasion and Friction
128
2
7.2 Types of Abrasion
130
2
7.2.1 Fabric Against Fabric Abrasion
130
1
7.2.2 Fabric Abrasion Against a Non-Textile Surface
130
1
7.2.3 Abrasion Between Fabric Components
130
1
7.2.4 Abrasion by Foreign Materials within the Fabric
131
1
7.3 Fabric Configuration During Abrasion
132
3
7.4 Properties Affecting Abrasion Resistance
135
3
7.4.1 Fabric Properties
135
3
7.4.2 Other Factors in Abrasion Resistance
138
1
7.5 Abrasion Testing
138
8
7.5.1 Abrasion Instruments and Methods
141
4
7.5.2 Variability in Abrasion Testing
145
1
7.6 Snagging
146
1
7.7 Carpet Abrasion and Wear
146
1
7.8 Aesthetics of Abrasion and Wear
147
4
7.8.1 Color Changes Caused by Abrasion
147
1
7.8.2 Pilling
148
3
7.9 Wear Testing
151
3
7.10 Interpreting Results
154
1
7.11 Summary
154
1
7.12 References and Further Reading
155
1
7.13 Problems and Questions
155
2
Chapter 8 Refurbishing, Shape, and Dimensional Stability
157
22
8.1 Care Labeling
158
3
8.2 Laundering
161
2
8.2.1 Soaps and Detergents
161
2
8.2.2 Standard Detergents
163
1
8.3 Dry Cleaning
163
1
8.4 Dimensional Change
164
5
8.4.1 Relaxation Shrinkage
164
2
8.4.2 Progressive Shrinkage
166
2
8.4.3 Growth
168
1
8.4.4 Thermal Shrinkage
169
1
8.5 Shape Retention
169
1
8.6 Testing for Dimensional Change
169
5
8.6.1 Standard Laundering Conditions
171
1
8.6.2 Dimensional Change in Home Laundering
172
1
8.6.3 Dimensional Change in Commercial Laundering
173
1
8.6.4 Dimensional Change in Wool Fabrics
173
1
8.6.5 Dimensional Restoration of Fabrics
173
1
8.6.6 Dimensional Change in Dry Cleaning
174
1
8.7 Testing for Thread Shrinkage
174
1
8.8 Testing for Skewness Change
174
2
8.9 Interpreting Results
176
1
8.10 Summary
177
1
8.11 References and Further Reading
177
1
8.12 Problems and Questions
178
1
Chapter 9 Appearance Retention: Wrinkle and Soil Resistance
179
18
9.1 Wrinkle Resistance and Recovery
180
1
9.2 Fabric Characteristics Affecting Wrinkle Resistance
181
2
9.3 Measuring Wrinkle Recovery and Appearance
183
7
9.3.1 Measuring Appearance
183
4
9.3.2 Wrinkle Recovery
187
2
9.3.3 Interpreting Results
189
1
9.4 Soiling and Staining
190
3
9.4.1 Evaluating Soiling and Staining
190
2
9.4.2 Carpet Soiling and Staining
192
1
9.4.3 Interpreting Results
193
1
9.5 Summary
193
1
9.6 References and Further Reading
194
1
9.7 Problems and Questions
194
3
Chapter 10 Color and Colorfastness
197
40
10.1 Color Appearance Attributes
198
3
10.2 Color and Light
201
7
10.2.1 Components of Color
201
4
10.2.2 Special Conditions of Light and Color
205
3
10.3 Color Theory and Measurement
208
8
10.3.1 Theories of Color Vision
208
1
10.3.2 CIELAB Color System
209
4
10.3.3 Color Measurement Instruments
213
3
10.4 Evaluation of Color and Colorfastness
216
16
10.4.1 Evaluation of Color
217
7
10.4.2 Colorfastness Tests
224
8
10.5 Interpreting Results
232
1
10.6 Summary
233
1
10.7 References and Further Reading
234
1
10.8 Problems and Questions
234
3
Chapter 11 Effects of Organisms and Weather
237
22
11.1 External Factors
238
3
11.1.1 Organisms
238
2
11.1.2 Atmospheric Contaminants
240
1
11.1.3 Weathering
240
1
11.2 Testing Resistance of Textiles to Organisms, Weathering, and Water
241
14
11.2.1 Testing Resistance to Organisms
241
3
11.2.2 Testing Resistance to Weathering
244
9
11.2.3 Testing Water Resistance and Repellency
253
2
11.3 Combined Effects of External Factors
255
1
11.4 Interpreting Results
256
1
11.5 Summary
257
1
11.6 References and Further Reading
257
1
11.7 Problems and Questions
258
1
Chapter 12 Fabric Hand and Drape
259
22
12.1 Fabric Hand
260
1
12.2 Fabric Drape
261
3
12.3 Measurement of Hand and Drape
264
10
12.3.1 Subjective Evaluation
264
2
12.3.2 Quantitative Measurement
266
3
12.3.3 Kawabata Evaluation System
269
5
12.3.4 FAST System
274
1
12.4 Interpreting Results
274
2
12.5 Summary
276
3
12.6 References and Further Reading
279
1
12.7 Problems and Questions
280
1
Chapter 13 Comfort and Related Physical Properties of Textiles
281
22
13.1 Physical Phenomena Affecting Thermal Comfort
282
11
13.1.1 Heat Transfer
283
5
13.1.2 Moisture Transfer
288
3
13.1.3 Water Resistance
291
1
13.1.4 Air Transfer
291
1
13.1.5 Porosity and Cover Factor
291
1
13.1.6 Electrostatic Propensity
292
1
13.2 Evaluation of Textile Properties Related to Comfort
293
7
13.2.1 Heat Transfer
294
2
13.2.2 Moisture Properties
296
1
13.2.3 Air Permeability
297
2
13.2.4 Porosity
299
1
13.2.5 Electrostatic Tests
299
1
13.3 Interpreting Results
300
1
13.4 Summary
300
1
13.5 References and Further Reading
301
1
13.6 Problems and Questions
302
1
Chapter 14 Safety Aspects and Protective Properties of Textiles
303
24
14.1 Textile Flammability
304
11
14.1.1 Flammability Standards
305
1
14.1.2 Properties Affecting Flammability
306
2
14.1.3 Flammability Testing
308
6
14.1.4 Interpreting Results
314
1
14.2 Toxicity
315
4
14.2.1 Formaldehyde Release
316
2
14.2.2 Dermatological Problems
318
1
14.3 Protective Clothing
319
4
14.3.1 Chemical and Biohazard Barrier Properties
319
4
14.3.2 Protection from UV Light
323
1
14.4 Summary
323
1
14.5 References and Further Reading
324
1
14.6 Problems and Questions
325
2
Appendix A Abbreviations and Acronyms
327
4
Appendix B ISO Members
331
18
Appendix C Primary United States and International Agencies and Organizations
349