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Tables of Contents for Business and Its Environment
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Part I: Strategy and the Nonmarket Environment
1
112
Chapter 1: The Market and Nonmarket Environments
3
26
INTRODUCTION
3
1
THE ROLE OF MANAGEMENT
4
1
THE MARKET AND NONMARKET ENVIRONMENTS
5
2
The Four I's
6
1
THE NONMARKET ENVIRONMENT OF THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
7
3
Safety
7
1
Fuel Economy Standards
7
1
Environmental Protection
8
1
International Trade
9
1
Antitrust
9
1
Competitiveness
9
1
Employee Relations
10
1
Tax Policy
10
1
The Media and the Public
10
1
THE NONMARKET ENVIRONMENT AND ISSUE AGENDA
10
5
Issues
10
1
Interests
11
1
Institutions
12
2
Information
14
1
The Nonmarket Issue Agenda
14
1
CHANGE IN THE NONMARKET ENVIRONMENT
15
2
ANTICIPATING NONMARKET ISSUES
17
1
THE NONMARKET ISSUE LIFE CYCLE
18
2
SUMMARY
20
2
CASES
22
7
GENERAL MOTORS LIKE A ROCK? (A)
22
3
AN EMERGING ISSUE
25
2
THE NONMARKET ENVIRONMENT OF McDONALD'S
27
2
Chapter 2: Integrated Strategy
29
26
INTRODUCTION
29
1
STRATEGY IN THE NONMARKET ENVIRONMENT
29
8
The Importance of Nonmarket Strategy
29
4
Integrated Strategy
33
2
Nonmarket Assets and Distinctive Competencies
35
1
Strategies and Borders
36
1
ANALYSIS OF NONMARKET ISSUES
37
2
The Level of Analysis
37
1
Disciplinary Foundations of Nonmarket Analysis
38
1
Time Frame
39
1
A FRAMEWORK FOR THE ANALYSIS OF NONMARKET ISSUES
39
2
CASE: CITIBANK AND CREDIT CARDS FOR UNDERGRADUATES
41
3
Application of the Framework
41
3
ORGANIZATION OF THE NONMARKET STRATEGY FUNCTION
44
1
SUMMARY
45
1
CASES
46
9
GLOBAL WARMING
46
2
BUFFALO SAVINGS BANK (A)
48
1
ENVIROTEST SYSTEMS CORPORATION (A)
49
6
Chapter 3: The News Media and Nonmarket Issues
55
26
INTRODUCTION
55
1
THE ROLE OF THE NEWS MEDIA IN NONMARKET ISSUES
55
2
MESSAGES AND THEIR INTERPRETATION
57
1
A THEORY OF THE NEWS MEDIA
58
4
Intrinsic Audience Interest
58
1
Societal Significance
59
1
Combining the Perspectives
60
2
EXTENDING THE THEORY
62
2
Newsworthiness
62
1
The Audience
63
1
The Cost of Coverage
64
1
THE NATURE OF THE NEWS MEDIA
64
3
The News Media as a Business
64
1
The Profession
65
1
Does the Media Treat Issues Selectively?
66
1
MEDIA BEHAVIOR AND PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD THE MEDIA
67
1
BUSINESS INTERACTIONS WITH THE NEWS MEDIA
68
2
The Need for Information
68
1
Media Strategies
68
1
Coverage and Responses
69
1
Developing Relationships with the Media
69
1
Media Interviews
69
1
STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING MEDIA ISSUES
70
2
Anticipatable Issues
70
1
Unanticipated Events
71
1
CASE: THE BODY SHOP
72
1
RECOURSE IN DISPUTES WITH THE MEDIA
73
2
Private Recourse
73
1
Recourse to the Law
73
2
SUMMARY
75
2
CASES
77
4
THE ALAR EPISODE (A)
77
1
ILLINOIS POWER COMPANY (A)
78
1
PROCTER & GAMBLE AND NEIGHBOR TO NEIGHBOR
79
2
Chapter 4: Private Nonmarket Action
81
22
INTRODUCTION
81
3
ACTIVIST STRATEGIES
84
2
ACTIVIST ORGANIZATIONS
86
2
Activist Organizations and Networks
86
1
The Center for Auto Safety
87
1
INTERACTING WITH INTEREST GROUPS AND ACTIVISTS
88
5
Strategy and Negotiations
90
3
SUMMARY
93
2
CASES
95
8
MONSANTO AND THE SYNTHETIC MILK HORMONE
95
2
DENNY'S AND CUSTOMER SERVICE (A)
97
2
NIKE AND THE OPERATION PUSH BOYCOTT (A)
99
4
Integrative Case Part I: Calgene, Inc. and Infrastructure Marketing
103
10
Part II: Nonmarket Strategies and Government Institutions
113
124
Chapter 5: Political Theory and Government Institutions
115
34
INTRODUCTION
115
1
MARKETS
115
3
The Role and Functioning of Markets
115
1
Consumer Surplus and Economic Rents
116
2
A CONNECTION BETWEEN THE MARKET AND NONMARKET ENVIRONMENTS
118
3
The Demand for Nonmarket Action
118
1
The Costs of Nonmarket and Collective Action
119
2
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DILEMMAS
121
2
The Prisoners' Dilemma
121
1
Dilemmas, Repeated Encounters, and Cooperation
122
1
MAJORITY RULE-BASED INSTITUTIONS
123
3
Properties of Majority Rule
123
1
Arrow's Impossibility Theorem and Political Institutions
123
1
Agendas
124
1
The Median Voter Theorem
125
1
Committees in Legislatures
126
1
Bargaining Versus Voting
126
1
INSTITUTIONS
126
12
Congress
127
1
The Organization of Congress
127
1
The Legislative Process
128
2
Committees
130
3
Committee and Individual Power
133
1
Bargaining in Political Institutions
134
1
Delegation
134
1
Legislators and Their Constituencies
134
1
Vote Trading and Pivotal Voters
135
1
Committee and Personal Staffs
135
1
State Governments
136
1
Parties
136
1
The Presidency and the Executive Branch
137
1
POLITICS AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST
138
1
THE POLITICS OF THE EXTENSION OF DAYLIGHT-SAVING TIME
138
5
The Nature of Political Explanations
138
1
The Legislative History of the Extension
139
1
The Politics of Daylight-Saving Time
140
2
The Role of Information
142
1
An Analytical Characterization of the Politics of Daylight-Saving Time
142
1
SUMMARY
143
2
CASES
145
4
STANFORD UNIVERSITY'S ON-CAMPUS HOUSING PROGRAM
145
1
THE REPEAL OF THE LUXURY TAX
145
1
AN ELECTORAL DILEMMA (A)
146
1
AN ELECTORAL DILEMMA (B)
147
2
Chapter 6: Political Analysis for Business
149
24
INTRODUCTION
149
1
A FRAMEWORK FOR THE ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL AND COLLECTIVE ACTION
150
8
Interests and Interest Groups
150
1
The Amount of Political Action
151
1
The Demand for Political Action
152
1
The Costs of Political and Collective Action
153
1
The Effectiveness of Group Action
154
1
The Distributive Politics Spreadsheet
154
1
The Nature of Political Competition
155
3
Institutions and Institutional Officeholders
158
1
MORAL DETERMINANTS OF COLLECTIVE AND POLITICAL ACTION
158
1
CASE EXAMPLE: BOEING IN A PICKLE
159
2
ANALYSIS OF THE CASE EXAMPLE
161
6
The Nonmarket Issue
161
1
Distributive Consequences
161
2
Boeing's Nonmarket Agenda and Objectives
163
1
The Nature of the Politics
163
2
Institutions and Institutional Officeholders
165
1
Nonmarket Strategy Formulation
166
1
The Outcome
167
1
SUMMARY
167
1
APPENDIX
168
2
The Distributive Consequences of Foreign Leasing
168
2
CASES
170
3
LOTUS DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION AND MARKETPLACE HOUSEHOLD
170
1
SCRUBBERS AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS
170
1
PIZZA HUT AND THE LEGAL DRINKING AGE
171
2
Chapter 7: Formulating Political Strategies
173
26
INTRODUCTION
173
1
RESPONSIBLE POLITICAL ACTION
173
4
Criticisms of Business Political Activity
174
3
POLITICAL STRATEGY FORMULATION
177
5
Managers and Political Strategies
177
1
An Approach to Strategy Formulation
177
5
EXAMPLES OF POLITICAL STRATEGIES
182
4
Toshiba and Trade Sanctions
182
2
Section 89 of the 1986 Tax Act
184
1
Merck and Pharmaceutical Price Regulation
185
1
THEORY AND STRATEGY FORMULATION
186
2
SUMMARY
188
3
CASES
191
8
DRUG EXPORTS
191
1
RBOC POLITICS (A)
192
2
THE SECTION 936 TAX CREDIT
194
5
Chapter 8: Implementing Political Strategies
199
30
INTRODUCTION
199
1
LOBBYING
199
4
Lobbying by Managers
199
1
The Nature of Lobbying
199
1
Persuasion or Information Provision?
200
1
Access
201
1
Timing
202
1
Government Allies
202
1
Controls on Lobbying
202
1
GRASSROOTS STRATEGIES AND THE CONSTITUENT CONNECTION
203
2
Mobilization
203
1
Business Grassroots Campaigns
204
1
The Effectiveness of Grassroots Programs
205
1
COALITION BUILDING
205
4
Peak Associations
206
1
Trade Associations
206
1
Forming Ad Hoc Coalitions
207
1
Coalitions and Consensus
207
2
Responsibility
209
1
TESTIMONY
209
1
BUSINESS POLITICAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
210
1
ELECTORAL STRATEGIES
210
3
Election Financing Laws
211
1
The Pattern of Campaign Contributions and Expenditures
212
1
Purposes of Campaign Contributions
212
1
COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC ADVOCACY
213
1
JUDICIAL STRATEGIES
214
1
ADVISORY PANELS AND COMMITTEES
215
1
ORGANIZING FOR POLITICAL EFFECTIVENESS
215
1
SUMMARY
215
1
CASES
218
11
DREXEL BURNHAM LAMBERT AND JUNK BOND POLITICS
218
1
ENVIROTEST SYSTEMS CORPORATION (B)
219
2
CAFE STANDARDS 1990
221
8
Integrative Case Part II: Manufacturing Politics (A)
229
8
Part III: Government and Markets
237
136
Chapter 9: Antitrust: Economics, Law, Policy, and Politics
239
30
INTRODUCTION
239
1
ANTITRUST LAW AND ENFORCEMENT
240
7
The Antitrust Statutes
240
2
Exemptions
242
1
Government Enforcement of the Antitrust Laws
242
3
Private Antitrust Actions
245
2
Per Se Violations and the Rule of Reason
247
1
SCHOOLS OF ANTITRUST THOUGHT
247
5
The Traditional or Structural Approach
249
1
The Chicago School
250
2
The Strategic Approach
252
1
EXAMPLES OF THE DIFFERENCES IN ANTITRUST THOUGHT
252
4
Vertical Arrangements
252
2
Predatory Pricing and Entry Deterrence
254
2
Collusion and Price-Fixing
256
1
MERGERS AND MERGER GUIDELINES
256
2
STATE ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT
258
1
COMPLIANCE
258
1
THE POLITICS OF ANTITRUST
259
1
SUMMARY
260
2
CASES
262
7
APPLE COMPUTER AND MAIL-ORDER SALES
262
1
GOODYEAR TIRE AND RUBBER CO.
263
1
THE MALT BEVERAGE INTERBRAND COMPETITION ACT
264
5
Chapter 10: Regulation: Law, Economics, and Politics
269
26
INTRODUCTION
269
1
PERIODS OF REGULATORY CHANGE
270
1
THE CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS FOR REGULATION
271
1
REGULATORY COMMISSIONS AND AGENCIES
272
1
THE NONMARKET ENVIRONMENT OF REGULATORY AGENCIES
272
2
DELEGATION, DUE PROCESS, AND DISCRETION
274
2
EXPLANATIONS FOR REGULATION
276
1
MARKET IMPERFECTIONS
276
6
Natural Monopoly
276
2
Externalities
278
1
Public Goods
278
1
Asymmetric Information
279
1
Moral Hazard
280
1
Transactions Costs
281
1
Destructive Competition
281
1
Government Imperfections
282
1
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF REGULATION
282
3
Cross-Subsidization
284
1
Cost-of-Service Regulation
284
1
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND REGULATORY CHANGE
285
3
Alternatives to Cost-of-Service Regulation
286
1
Other Regulatory Innovations
287
1
SUMMARY
288
1
CASES
289
6
SEARS AND THE LOCAL REGULATION OF ADVERTISING
289
1
THE FCC AND INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE RATES
290
2
AMR, CORP.
292
3
Chapter 11: Product Safety: Liability and Regulation
295
38
INTRODUCTION
295
1
THE PRODUCT SAFETY PROBLEM AND SOCIAL EFFICIENCY
296
2
ENTITLEMENTS, LIABILITY, AND SOCIAL EFFICIENCY
298
4
The Coase Theorem
298
1
Entitlements and Their Protection
299
1
Transactions Costs and the Limits of the Coase Theorem
300
1
The Assignment of Costs and the Choice Between Liability and Regulation
301
1
PRODUCTS LIABILITY LAW
302
10
Products Liability Cases
302
1
The Development of Products Liability
303
3
Allowable Defenses Under Strict Liability
306
1
Damages
307
1
Imperfections in the Liability System
308
1
Absolute Liability
309
1
Further Change and Revision of Products Liability
310
1
The Politics of Products Liability
310
2
PRODUCT SAFETY REGULATION
312
3
CHAIN SAW SAFETY
315
4
The Safety Issue
315
1
Market Imperfections
316
2
Channels of Distribution and Information Provision
318
1
The Consumer Product Safety Commission's Standard Setting Efforts
318
1
SUMMARY
319
2
CASES
321
12
DOMINO'S DELIVERS (A)
321
1
CALIFORNIA SPACE HEATERS, INC. (A)
322
3
PEPSI-COLA AND THE SYRINGE EPISODE
325
3
BIC DISPOSABLE BUTANE LIGHTERS
328
5
Chapter 12: Environmental Protection: Economics, Politics, and Management
333
32
INTRODUCTION
333
1
SOCIALLY EFFICIENT REGULATION OF POLLUTION EXTERNALITIES
334
5
Emissions Charges
334
1
Tradable Permits
335
1
Abatement Decisions
336
2
Distributive Consequences
338
1
Uncompensated Damages
338
1
Implementing Socially Efficient Regulation
338
1
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
339
4
Standard Setting and Engineering Controls
341
1
Incentive Approaches
342
1
Superfund
342
1
THE POLITICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
343
3
Changing Politics?
345
1
NIMBY
346
5
The 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act
347
1
Acid Rain and Tradable Permits
348
3
MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ISSUES
351
4
Internal Management Issues
352
1
McDonald's and Waste Reduction
353
1
Kodak and the Recycling of Single-Use Cameras
354
1
3M and Pollution Prevention Pays
354
1
SUMMARY
355
2
CASES
357
8
AMERICAN NUKEM, INC.
357
1
PROCTER & GAMBLE AND DISPOSABLE DIAPERS
358
3
WESTLANDS WATER DISTRICT
361
4
Integrative Case Part III: Calgene, Inc.: The FLAVR SAVR Tomato and the Regulatory Approval Process
365
8
Part IV: International Business and Nonmarket Issues
373
140
Chapter 13: Country Analysis: The Political Economy of Japan
375
24
INTRODUCTION
375
2
ISSUES
377
1
INTERESTS
377
1
INSTITUTIONS
378
9
The Diet (Parliament)
378
2
Political Parties and the Electoral System
380
3
The Bureaucracy
383
3
The Judicial System
386
1
The Anti-Monopoly Law and the Fair Trade Commission
386
1
INFORMATION
387
1
THE MEDIA
387
1
CULTURAL FOUNDATIONS
388
1
TYING THE COMPONENTS TOGETHER: A FRAMEWORK FOR POLITICAL EXCHANGE
389
5
Political Exchange
390
4
SUMMARY
394
1
CASES
395
4
THE BREAKUP OF NIPPON TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH?
395
2
FUJITSU AND BUYING IN
397
2
Chapter 14: Nonmarket Strategy in the Japanese Political Economy
399
20
INTRODUCTION
399
1
CHARACTERISTICS OF BUSINESS
400
5
The Organization of Business
400
2
Business Attitudes Toward Shareholders and the Market for Control
402
1
Business Practices
403
2
BUSINESS-GOVERNMENT INTERACTIONS
405
5
The Organization of Business for Political Action
405
1
Political Strategies
405
1
Lobbying and Points of Access
406
2
Joint Ventures as a Mechanism for Accessing the Government
408
1
Information
408
1
Coalition Building
408
1
An Incident
409
1
CORPORATE POLITICAL STYLES
410
1
SUMMARY
411
1
CASES
412
7
SYNTEX: THE CHALLENGE IN JAPAN
412
4
TOYS (XXX) US IN JAPAN (A)
416
3
Chapter 15: The European Union
419
38
INTRODUCTION
419
1
THE UNION
419
3
The Single European Act
420
1
The Maastricht Treaty
421
1
NONMARKET ISSUES
422
1
THE INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
423
11
The European Commission
423
1
The Council of Ministers
424
1
The European Parliament
425
1
The Economic and Social Committee
425
1
The European Court of Justice
426
1
The EU Legislative Process
426
1
Competition Policy
427
3
Privatization and Market Opening
430
1
State Aids
431
1
Company Law
431
1
Social Charter
431
1
Social Democracy and Labor
432
1
Competition Among the States
432
1
Fortress Europe?
433
1
INTERESTS AND THEIR ORGANIZATION
434
1
NONMARKET STRATEGIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
435
3
GERMANY
438
5
Institutions: The Structure of Government
438
2
The Political Economy of Germany
440
1
Interests and Their Organization
441
2
SUMMARY
443
1
CASES
444
13
BENETTON, ADVERTISING PROTESTS, AND FRANCHISING
444
1
THE EUROPEAN AUTO INDUSTRY
445
6
PHILIPS N.V. AND THE CHALLENGE OF A SINGLE MARKET (A)
451
3
TOYS (XXX) US IN GERMANY
454
3
Chapter 16: The Political Economy of International Trade Policy
457
24
INTRODUCTION
457
2
THE ECONOMICS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
459
4
Competitive Theory
459
2
Strategic Trade Theory
461
2
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE POLICY
463
3
The Dual Nature of the Politics of International Trade
463
1
Asymmetries in the Politics
464
2
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
466
5
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization
467
1
The Uruguay Round (1986-1993)
468
2
Additional Issues
470
1
Dispute Settlement
471
1
OTHER MULTILATERAL AND BILATERAL AGREEMENTS
471
2
SUMMARY
473
1
CASES
474
7
THE SEMICONDUCTOR TRADE AGREEMENT: ROUND II
474
2
THE NEXT GATT ROUND: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?
476
1
ANTIDUMPING POLICY
477
4
Chapter 17: U.S. Trade Policy, Politics, and Negotiations
481
28
INTRODUCTION
481
1
U.S. TRADE POLICY
482
2
The Structure of U.S. Trade Policy
482
1
U.S. Trade Law and Its Administration
482
1
The International Trade Commission
483
1
The International Trade Administration
484
1
THE POLITICS OF PROTECTIONISM
484
4
Formal Policies
484
3
Channels of Protection
487
1
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF MARKET OPENING
488
3
The North American Free Trade Agreement
488
1
Market Opening and Client Politics
489
1
Market Opening Under the Threat of Retaliation: The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 and "Super 301"
490
1
TRADE NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN
491
2
Cellular Telephone Disputes
492
1
SUMMARY
493
1
APPENDIX
494
3
U.S. Trade Law
494
1
Section 201--The Escape Clause
494
1
Section 301--Presidential Retaliation
494
1
Section 731--Antidumping
495
1
Section 303--Countervailing Duties
495
1
Section 337--Intellectual Property
495
1
Trade Adjustment Assistance
495
2
CASES
497
12
CEMEX AND ANTIDUMPING
497
7
SUPERCOMPUTER POLITICS AND TRADE RELATIONSHIPS
504
1
THE CELLULAR TELEPHONE TRADE DISPUTE: ROUND III
505
2
ANOTHER TRADE DISPUTE?
507
2
Integrative Case Part IV: Toys (XXX) US and Globalization
509
4
Part V: Ethics and Responsibility
513
Chapter 18: Corporate Social Responsibility
515
28
INTRODUCTION
515
2
THE ROLE OF BUSINESS IN SOCIETY
517
2
The Efficiency Perspective
517
1
Concerns About the Efficiency Perspective
518
1
Market Capitalism and Managerial Capitalism
518
1
The Social Responsibility Perspective
519
1
CONCEPTIONS OF THE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF BUSINESS
519
6
The Law
519
1
Corporate Social Responsibility as Market Value Maximization
520
2
The Business Roundtable Statement on Social Responsibility
522
1
An Example of the Difference Between Friedman and the Business Roundtable
523
1
The Stakeholder Concept
524
1
EXAMPLES OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY?
525
2
Unocal Corporation and the Dirty Car Bounty
525
1
ARCO and Gasoline Price Restraints
526
1
Aetna and Housing Rehabilitation
526
1
Shorebank and Community Development
527
1
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: MOTIVES AND CAUSALITY
527
4
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
531
4
Constituent Representation
531
1
Social Accountability
531
1
The Duties of Boards of Directors
532
2
The Market for Control
534
1
SUMMARY
535
1
CASES
536
7
WESTERN NATIONAL BANK
536
1
HEADQUARTERS RELOCATION: KIMBERLY-CLARK AND THE STATE OF WISCONSIN
536
4
RESPONSIBILITY FOR YOUR CUSTOMERS?
540
1
RESPONSIBILITY FOR YOUR SUPPLIERS?
541
2
Chapter 19: Ethical Systems and Management
543
28
INTRODUCTION
543
1
WHAT ETHICS IS AND IS NOT
544
2
Issue: Integrity Tests
545
1
THE METHODOLOGY OF ETHICAL ANALYSIS
546
1
THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG MORAL PHILOSOPHY, ETHICS, AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
547
1
CLASSIFICATION OF ETHICAL SYSTEMS
548
1
UTILITARIANISM: A CONSEQUENTIALIST SYSTEM
549
4
Consequences and Their Evaluation
549
2
Act and Rule Utilitarianism
551
1
Utilitarianism and Rights
552
1
Criticisms of Utilitarianism
552
1
DEONTOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
553
4
Kantian Maxims or Moral Rules
553
1
The Relationship Between Maxims and Rights
554
1
Criticisms of Kantian Rights
555
1
Neoclassical Liberalism
556
1
RAWLS' THEORY OF JUSTICE
557
4
The Framework for Justice as Fairness
557
1
The Principles of Justice
558
1
The Role of Incentives
559
1
Criticisms of Rawls' Theory
560
1
HIGHER ORDER STANDARDS FOR JUDGING RULES AND PRINCIPLES
561
1
CATEGORIES OF JUSTICE THEORIES
562
1
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
562
1
Compensatory Justice
563
1
SUMMARY
563
2
CASES
565
6
SEX-DIFFERENTIATED RETIREMENT BENEFITS
565
2
LIVING BENEFITS
567
1
GENETIC TESTING
568
3
Chapter 20: Ethical Reasoning in Management
571
30
INTRODUCTION
571
1
ETHICS AND PRIVATE INTERESTS
571
1
CASUISTRY
572
1
THE APPLICATION OF UTILITARIAN ANALYSIS
573
6
Categories of Situations
573
1
Methodology
574
1
Difficulties in the Implementation of Utilitarian Analysis
575
4
APPLIED RIGHTS ANALYSIS
579
6
Classes of Rights
580
1
Claimed and Granted Rights
580
1
A Method for Rights Analysis
581
1
Conflicts Among Rights
582
3
THE APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE
585
3
INTEGRATIVE EXAMPLE: RENGER GARDEN EQUIPMENT COMPANY
588
5
Analysis of the Renger Garden Equipment Company Example
589
1
Utilitarian Analysis
589
1
Rights Analysis
590
2
Justice and Fairness
592
1
RENGER SUMMARY
593
1
CASES
594
7
DELTA INSTRUMENTS, INC.
594
1
AIRLINE SAFETY AND SPECIAL ISSUANCES
595
1
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
596
1
PRICING THE NORPLANT^R SYSTEM
597
4
Chapter 21: Implementing Ethics Systems
601
26
INTRODUCTION
601
2
MORAL DETERMINANTS OF NONMARKET ACTION
603
2
An Approach
603
2
TENSIONS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
605
3
Individual Actions and Responsibility for Their Consequences
605
1
Paternalism
606
1
Political Action and Restraint
607
1
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY REVISITED
608
1
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ETHICS IN PRACTICE
609
9
Statements of Commitment and Expectations
609
1
Core Principles and Their Evolution
610
1
Levi Strauss & Co. Business Partner Terms of Engagement
611
2
Process
613
1
Codes of Conduct
613
2
Competitive and Proprietary Information
615
1
Defense Contractors and Ethics Programs
615
1
Compliance
616
1
Examples of Implemented Policies
617
1
SOURCES OF UNETHICAL BEHAVIOR
618
2
SUMMARY
620
1
CASES
621
6
CIRCLE K CORPORATION AND EMPLOYEE HEALTH CARE COSTS (A)
621
1
FAIR COMPETITION
622
1
HONDA AND EXCESS DEMAND
623
2
LEVI STRAUSS & CO. TERMS OF ENGAGEMENT AUDITS
625
2
Chapter 22: Ethical Issues in the Employment Relationship
627
30
INTRODUCTION
627
1
EMPLOYMENT RIGHTS
627
4
The Evolution of Employment Rights
627
1
Employee Rights in Continuing Jobs
628
1
Employee Rights When Jobs Are Being Eliminated
629
1
Managerial Considerations
630
1
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
631
3
The Burden of Proof
633
1
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
634
4
Sexual Harassment
636
2
DIVERSITY
638
1
WOMEN IN MANAGEMENT
638
1
COMPANY PROGRAMS
639
1
ORGANIZED LABOR
640
2
PRIVACY AND DRUG TESTING
642
2
WHISTLE-BLOWING
644
2
SUMMARY
646
1
APPENDIX
647
1
The Principal Equal Opportunity Laws
647
2
CASES
649
8
AMERICAN AIRLINES AND WEIGHT STANDARDS
649
1
BEARDS
650
1
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY, INC. (ATI)
651
4
DRUG TESTING IN A COMPETITIVE INDUSTRY
655
2
Chapter 23: Ethical Issues in International Business
657
26
INTRODUCTION
657
1
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND INSTITUTIONS
658
1
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
659
1
HUMAN RIGHTS AND JUSTICE
660
2
Slave Labor in Saipan?
662
1
QUESTIONABLE FOREIGN PAYMENTS
662
6
Questionable Payments and Ethical Principles
663
1
The Lockheed Case
664
1
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
665
1
Company Codes
666
1
Cummins Practice
667
1
OPERATING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
668
2
ISSUE: TOBACCO EXPORTS
670
1
SUMMARY
671
2
CASES
673
10
COMPLICATIONS IN CAPRIOTA
673
1
MARKETING INFANT FORMULA IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
674
1
CIGARETTE PROMOTION IN INDIA
675
1
LEVI STRAUSS & CO. IN CHINA
676
4
UNIVERSITY GAMES, INC.
680
3
Integrative Case Part V: Levi Strauss & Co. Global Sourcing Guidelines
683