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Tables of Contents for Politics in States and Communities
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
PREFACE
xiii
1 POLITICS IN STATES AND COMMUNITIES
1
26
A Political Approach to States and Communities
1
1
A Comparative Approach to States and Communities
2
5
State Political "Cultures" and Ethnic Influences
7
4
Liberalism and Conservatism in the States
11
3
Race and Ethnicity
14
2
The Politics of Immigration The Politics of Immigration
16
2
The "Nationalization" of the States
18
1
Policy Responsibilities of States and Communities
19
2
"States," "Districts," and "Territories"
21
3
Trivia: What's in a Name
24
3
2 DEMOCRACY AND CONSTITUTIONALISM IN THE STATES
27
28
Constitutional Government in the States
27
6
State Constitutions: An Overview
33
3
Constitutional Change in the States
36
2
Democracy in the States
38
3
Direct Versus Representative Democracy
41
2
The Politics of State Initiatives
43
4
Term Limit Battles
47
3
Politics of Constitutional Revision
50
1
Politics of State Constitutional Ratification
51
1
Trivia: Hawkeyes, Hoosiers, and the Lone Star
52
3
3 STATES, COMMUNITIES, AND AMERICAN FEDERALISM
55
36
What Is Federalism?
55
1
Why Federalism?
56
2
Federalism's Faults
58
1
The Structure of American Federalism
59
5
Battles in the States over Constitutional Amendments
64
4
Constitutional and Historical Development of Federalism
68
3
How Money Shifted Power to Washington
71
2
How Congress Raised the Drinking Age
73
3
The Politics of Grants-in-Aid
76
2
Federalism: Variations on the Theme
78
2
The Old "New Federalism"
80
2
Coercive Federalism: Mandates and Preemptions
82
2
Representational Federalism
84
2
"Devolution": The New New Federalism
86
2
Interstate Relations--Horizontal Federalism
88
1
Trivia: The Most Livable States
89
2
4 PARTICIPATION IN STATE POLITICS
91
28
The Nature of Political Participation
91
1
Explaining Voter Turnout
92
4
Voting in the States
96
2
Securing the Right to Vote
98
6
Voting and American Youth
104
1
Women in State Politics
105
1
Interest Groups in State Politics
106
3
Functions and Tactics of Interest Groups
109
4
Comparing Interest Group Power in the States
113
3
Protest as Political Participation
116
3
5 PARTIES AND CAMPAIGNS IN THE STATES
119
26
American Political Parties in Disarray
119
3
Republican and Democratic Party Fortunes
122
1
Party Competition in the States
123
2
The Policy Effects of Party Competition
125
3
The Party Activists
128
2
State Party Organizations
130
3
Parties and Primaries
133
3
Professional Mass Media Campaigns
136
3
Money in State Politics
139
6
6 LEGISLATORS IN STATE POLITICS
145
40
Functions of State Legislatures
145
1
The Making of a State Legislator
146
6
Getting to the State Capitol
152
3
The Great Incumbency Machine
155
1
The Unpopularity of Legislatures
156
2
Legislative Apportionment and Districting
158
4
Legislative Organization and Procedure
162
4
Informal Rules of the Game
166
1
Legislative Committees
167
3
Legislative Institutionalization
170
4
Leadership and Roll-Playing in Legislatures
174
2
Party Politics in State Legislatures
176
2
Are Legislators Responsible Policy Makers?
178
2
Lobbying in State Legislatures
180
2
Trivia: Songs, Flowers, Birds, and Trees
182
2
Legislatures in State Politics
184
1
7 GOVERNORS IN STATE POLITICS
185
31
The Many Roles of a Governor
185
2
The Making of a Governor
187
2
Gubernatorial Politics
189
5
Executive Power in State Government
194
2
The Governor's Managerial Powers
196
5
The Governor's Fiscal Powers
201
2
The Governor's Legislative Powers
203
4
Divided Government: Governor Versus the Legislature
207
1
Impeachments and Investigations
208
1
The Governor as Political Leader
209
3
Other Executive Offices
212
2
Trivia: States and Their Capitals
214
2
8 COURTS, CRIME, AND CORRECTIONAL POLICY
216
44
Politics and the Judicial Process
216
2
The Lawyering of America
218
2
The New Judicial Federalism
220
1
The Structure of Court Systems
221
3
The Making of a Judge
224
4
Judicial Decision Making: Trial Courts
228
1
Judicial Decision Making: State Supreme Courts
229
2
Crime in the States
231
3
The War on Drugs
234
4
Federalism and Law Enforcement
238
1
Police Protection in the States
239
2
Police and Law Enforcement
241
3
The Politics of Prosecution
244
1
Crime and the Courts
245
2
Crime and Deterrence
247
3
State Prisons and Correctional Policies
250
6
The Death Penalty
256
2
Trivia: Packing a Gun in the States
258
2
9 COMMUNITY POLITICAL SYSTEMS
260
31
Communities as Settings for Politics
260
3
Eighty-Six Thousand Governments: What They All Do
263
1
County Governments: Rural and Urban
264
2
The Structure of County Government
266
6
Cities as "Municipal Corporations"
272
3
Forms of City Government
275
4
Types of Cities and Forms of Government
279
3
Nonpartisan Elections
282
3
At-Large and District Elections
285
3
Trivia: The 100 Largest Governments in the United States
288
3
10 STYLES OF COMMUNITY POLITICS
291
26
Machines and Bosses
291
3
Machine and Reform Politics in Chicago
294
5
Reformers and Do-Gooders
299
3
The Triumph of Reform?
302
2
Reformism and Public Policy
304
2
Privatization as Reform
306
2
New Reforms: "Reinventing Government"
308
2
Political Corruption
310
4
The Radical Style: Politics in Berkeley
314
2
Trivia: The Most Livable Cities
316
1
11 PARTICIPATION IN COMMUNITY POLITICS
317
31
Citizen Participation
317
3
Big-City Politics
320
2
Getting into Community Politics
322
4
Women in Local Politics
326
1
Minorities in Local Politics
327
3
Council Members: Responsible Policy Makers?
330
2
City Councils and Public Policy
332
1
City Managers in Municipal Politics
333
2
Mayors in City Politics
335
3
Top Bananas in the Big Apple
338
4
Interest Groups in City Politics
342
4
The Power of Municipal Unions
346
2
12 METROPOLITICS: CONFLICT IN THE METROPOLIS
348
27
The Metropolis: Setting for Conflict
348
6
Cities Versus Suburbs
354
3
The Case for Metropolitan Consolidation
357
2
The Case for "Fragmented" Government
359
2
Metropolitan Government as Marketplace
361
1
"Solutions" to the Metropolitan Problem
362
4
The Politics of Metropolitan Consolidation
366
3
The Concentration of Social Problems in the Inner City
369
1
The Inner City: Racial Tensions and Rioting
370
4
Trivia: Urban Stress: Rating Metropolitan Areas
374
1
13 COMMUNITY POWER STRUCTURES
375
18
Models of Community Power
375
1
The Elite Model of Community Power
376
3
The Pluralist Model of Community Power
379
1
Different Approaches to the Study of Community Power
380
4
Systemic Power and Strategic Advantage
384
2
Economic Power in Communities
386
2
Political Power in Communities
388
1
Pluralism and Elitism Reconciled?
389
4
14 POLITICS AND CIVIL RIGHTS
393
31
From Protest to Power
393
2
The Struggle Against Segregation
395
2
State Resistance
397
2
Busing and Racial Balancing in Schools
399
3
Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Civil Rights Movement
402
2
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
404
2
Affirmative Action Battles
406
6
Hispanic Power
412
1
Native Americans and Tribal Government
412
5
Americans with Disabilities
417
1
Gender Equality
417
2
Battles over Abortion
419
5
15 THE POLITICS OF EDUCATION
424
32
Goals in Educational Policy
424
1
Educational Performance Measurement
425
3
Educational Reform
428
4
"Reinventing" Education
432
3
The Limited Federal Role in Education
435
2
Organizing Public Education in the States
437
1
Battles over School Finances
438
3
Governing Local Schools
441
1
The School District Superintendents
442
1
School Boards: Responsible Policy Makers?
443
2
The Politics of Higher Education
445
6
Reading, Writing, and Religion
451
2
Trivia: The "Best-Educated" State Populations
453
3
16 THE POLITICS OF PLANNING, HOUSING, AND TRANSPORTATION
456
24
Controlling the Use of Land
456
3
Planners in Politics
459
1
Planning: Instruments of Control
460
4
Planning Practices
464
1
No-Growth Politics
465
2
Housing and Community Development Policy
467
4
National Transportation Policy
471
4
State Transportation Politics
475
1
Metropolitan Transportation
476
2
Trivia: The Biggest Landowner in the States
478
2
17 THE POLITICS OF POVERTY, WELFARE, AND HEALTH
480
21
Poverty in America
480
2
Who Are the Poor?
482
1
Poverty as Inequality
483
3
Federalism and Welfare Policy
486
3
Overview of Welfare Policy
489
3
Welfare Politics in the States
492
2
Welfare Reform in the States
494
1
Health Care Policy
495
3
Politics and Health Care Reform
498
3
18 THE POLITICS OF BUDGETING AND TAXATION
501
24
An Overview of Government Finances
501
2
Types of Taxes and Tax Politics
503
4
Explaining State Tax Systems
507
2
Revolting Against Taxes
509
3
Explaining Tax Revolts
512
1
City Fiscal Stress and Cutback Management
513
3
The Politics of Budgeting
516
3
When Ends Don't Meet: State and Local Debt
519
3
Orange County Goes Bankrupt
522
1
When a City Goes Bust
523
2
PHOTO CREDITS
525
2
INDEX
527