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Tables of Contents for A History of Civilization
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Boxes
xxi
Maps
xxiii
Preface
xxv
The Value of History
xxix
THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS---THE GREEKS---THE ROMANS---JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY
The First Civilizations
4
22
Before Writing
4
5
History and Prehistory
4
1
The Old Stone Age
5
2
The New Stone Age
7
2
The Valley Peoples and Iran
9
8
Mesopotamia and Elam
9
4
Egypt
13
4
Peoples Outside the Valleys
17
3
Hittites
17
1
Hurrians, Canaanites, Philistines, Phoenicians
17
1
Hebrews
18
2
Crete and Mycenae
20
5
Minoans before Mycenae
20
1
Mycenaeans and Minoans
21
1
Mycenae, 1400--1100 B.C.
22
2
The Dark Age: Homer
24
1
Summary
25
1
Critical Thinking
25
1
The Greeks
26
25
The Greeks before the Persian Wars
27
5
Revival after the Dark Age, 850 B.C.--650 B.C
27
1
The Polis and Colonization
27
2
Athens, from 632 B.C.
29
3
Persia and the Greeks, to 478 B.C.
32
2
The Persian Empire
32
1
The Ionian Cities, the Threat to Greece, Marathon
33
1
The Persian Wars
33
1
The Athenian Empire, 378--404 B.C.
34
2
Postwar Reorganization
34
1
From Alliance to Empire
34
1
The Second Peloponnesian War
34
2
The Fourth Century B.C. and the Hellenistic Age
36
5
Spartan Domination
36
1
Thebes Rises to Leadership
37
1
Macedon
37
2
A Hellenized Civilization
39
2
Religion, Writing, and Thought
41
8
The Gods of the Greeks
41
1
Tragedy
42
1
Comedy
43
1
History
44
1
Science and Philosophy
45
2
The Arts
47
2
Summary
49
1
Critical Thinking
50
1
The Romans
51
22
The Republic
52
3
Roman Expansion, 264 B.C.--133 B.C.
53
2
Crisis of the Republic
55
3
Political Generals: Marius, Sulla, Pompey, Caesar, 107 B.C.--59 B.C.
56
1
The First Triumvirate, 60 B.C.--43 B.C.
57
1
The Roman Empire
58
9
Augustus and His Immediate Successors, 27 B.C.--A.D. 68
58
3
From Nero to Marcus Aurelius, A.D. 68--180
61
4
The Downward Slide: Commodus to Diocletian, A.D. 180--284
65
1
Why Did the Empire Decline?
66
1
Religion, Writing, and Thought
67
4
Greek Influences
67
1
Religion
67
1
Literature
67
3
Law and Science
70
1
Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting
71
1
A Final Appraisal
71
1
Summary
71
1
Critical Thinking
72
1
Judaism and Christianity
73
21
The Importance of Religion in the Later Roman World
74
1
The Failure of Reason
74
1
Astrology
74
1
New Cults: Cybele, Isis, Mithra
74
1
Judea
75
4
The Roman Conquest
76
1
The Teaching of Jesus
77
1
The Early Christians: Judaeo-Christianity
78
1
Paul and Gentile Christianity
78
1
Christianity in the Pagan World
79
2
The Period of Persecution
79
1
The Conversion of Constantine
80
1
The Organization of the Church
81
3
Bishops and Their Duties: Church and State
82
1
Monasticism
83
1
The Development of Christian Thought
84
3
The Nicene Creed
85
1
The Debate over the Two Natures of Christ
86
1
Thought and Letters in the First Christian Centuries
87
4
The Rise of Christian Literature
87
1
Augustine
88
2
The Christian Triumph as a Historical Problem
90
1
Summary
91
1
Critical Thinking
91
3
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES IN WESTERN EUROPE---BYZANTIUM AND ISLAM---CHURCH AND SOCIETY IN THE MEDICAL WEST---THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SECULAR STATE---THE LATE MIDDLE AGES IN EASTERN EUROPE
The Early Middle Ages in Western Europe
94
21
The Breakdown of Roman Civilization
94
4
Visigoths, Vandals, Anglo-Saxons, 410--455
96
1
Huns, Ostrogoths, 451--526
97
1
The Franks: The Building of an Empire
98
4
Italy from Theodoric to Pepin, 527--768
98
2
Charlemagne and the Revival of Empire, 768--814
100
2
After Charlemagne: The Northmen
102
2
The Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms and the Danes, 871--1035
103
1
The Saxon Empire, 911--996
104
1
Europe about 1000
104
1
Feudal Europe
104
4
Feudalism: The Rulers
104
1
Vassals and Lords
105
1
Manorialism
106
2
The Civilization of the Early Middle Ages in the West
108
6
Latin Literature
108
2
Vernacular Literature: Beowulf
110
1
The Arts
111
3
Summary
114
1
Critical Thinking
114
1
Byzantium and Islam
115
20
Byzantium: The State
115
5
The Emperor
115
1
The Law
116
1
War
117
1
Diplomacy
118
1
The Economy
118
2
Byzantine Christianity and Relations with the West
120
2
Contrast with the West
120
1
Quarrels and Schism with the West
121
1
The Fortunes of Empire, 330--1081
122
2
Constantine to Leo III, 330--717
122
1
Leo III to Basil I, 717--867
123
1
Basil I through the ``Time of Troubles,'' 867--1081
123
1
Byzantium and the Slavs
124
2
Conversion of the Bulgarians
124
1
Conversion of the Russians
124
2
Kievan Russia
126
1
Byzantine Learning and Literature
126
2
The Arts
127
1
Islam Before the Crusades
128
6
Muhammad, c. 570--632
128
3
Expansion of Islam, 633--725
131
1
Disunity in Islam, 634--1055
131
1
Islamic Civilization
132
1
Science
132
1
Philosophy, Literature, and the Arts
132
2
Summary
134
1
Critical Thinking
134
1
Church and Society in the Medieval West
135
22
The Society and Its Economy
135
4
Trade and Town
136
1
Town and Countryside
137
1
The Changing Status of Women
138
1
The Medieval Church as Institution
139
2
The Church Universal
139
1
Theories of the Papal Monarchy
139
2
The Investiture Controversy
141
3
Saxon Administration and the German Church, 911--955
141
1
The Empire, 962--1075
141
2
The Investiture Controversy, 1046--1122
143
1
Papacy and Empire, 1152--1273
144
3
Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI, 1152-1192
145
1
Innocent III, 1198--1216
145
1
Frederick II, 1212--1250
146
1
The Church in Society
147
9
Augustinians and Cistercians
147
2
Friars: Dominicans and Franciscans
149
1
Education
149
1
The Question of Universals
150
1
Thomas Aquinas
151
1
Political Thought
152
1
Mysticism
152
1
The Arts
153
3
Summary
156
1
Critical Thinking
156
1
The Beginnings of the Secular State
157
16
The Development of France: From Hugh Capet to Philip the Fair
157
6
The Capetians, 987--1226
157
1
The Winning of the South
158
2
Royal Administration
160
1
St. Louis, 1226--1270
160
1
Philip the Fair, 1285--1314
161
2
The Development of England
163
6
The Norman Conquest 1066
163
2
Henry I and Henry II, 1100--1189
165
1
Richard I and John, 1189--1216
166
1
Magna Carta, 1215
166
1
The Origins of Parliament, 1258--1265
167
1
Edward I, 1272--1307
168
1
Science, Literature, and the Arts in the West
169
3
Science
169
1
Literature
170
2
Summary
172
1
Critical Thinking
172
1
The Late Middle Ages in Eastern Europe
173
21
The Crusades
173
7
Origins of the Crusades
173
2
The First Crusade, 1095
175
1
The Crusader States, 1098--1109
176
1
The Military Orders, 1119--1798
177
1
The Muslim Reconquest and the Later Crusades, 1144--1291
177
2
The Impact of the Crusades on the West
179
1
The Fall of Byzantium, 1081--1453
180
3
Byzantine Decline, 1081--1204
180
1
The Latin Empire, 1204--1261
181
1
Byzantium after 1261
181
1
The Advance of the Ottoman Turks, 1354--1453
182
1
The Ottoman Empire, 1453--1699
183
3
The Ottoman System
183
1
Ottoman Expansion and Retraction, to 1699
184
2
Russia from the Thirteenth to the End of the Seventeenth Century
186
5
Western and Northern Lands, 1386--1478
186
1
The Tatars, 1223--1400
186
1
The Development of the Muscovite State
187
1
Nobles and Serfs
188
1
The Reign of Ivan the Terrible, 1533--1584
188
1
The Time of Troubles, 1584--1613
189
1
The Role of the Zemski Sobor, 1613--1653
189
1
The Role of the Church
189
1
The Expansion of Russia, to 1682
190
1
Russia and the West
190
1
Summary
191
1
Critical Thinking
191
3
THE RISE OF THE NATION---THE RENAISSANCE---THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION---THE GREAT POWERS IN CONFLICT---EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION
The Rise of the Nation
194
22
A World Turned Upside Down
194
4
The Emerging National Monarchies
198
10
The Outbreak of the Hundred Years' War, 1337
198
1
The Estates General
199
1
Burgundians and Armagnacs, 1380-1467
199
2
The Burgundian Threat and King Louis XI, 1419-1493
201
2
England: Edward II and Edward III, 1307-1377
203
1
Richard II and Bastard Feudalism, 1377-1399
204
1
Lancaster and York, 1399-1485
205
1
Henry VII, 1485-1509
206
1
Spain, to 1492
206
2
Particularism in Germany and Italy
208
7
The Princes and the Empire, 1254-1493
208
1
Despots and Condottieri in Italy, 1268-1513
209
2
Milan, 1277-1535
211
1
Florence, to 1569
212
1
Venice in the Fifteenth Century
213
1
``The School of Europe''
213
2
Summary
215
1
Critical Thinking
215
1
The Renaissance
216
21
A Money Economy
217
3
Trade
217
1
Industry
218
1
Banking
219
1
Town and Countryside
219
1
Printing, Thought, and Literature
220
4
The Vernaculars and Latin
220
1
Writers of the Early Italian Renaissance
221
1
Classical Scholarship
221
3
Science and Religion
224
3
Invention, Technology, Medicine
224
2
Astronomy
226
1
Music
226
1
The Renaissance and the Church
227
1
The Fine Arts
227
5
Painting in Northern Europe
229
1
Sculpture
230
1
Architecture
231
1
The Art of Daily Living
232
3
Summary
235
1
Critical Thinking
235
2
The Protestant Reformation
237
19
Protestant Founders: Martin Luther, 1483-1546
238
4
Reasons for Luther's Success
239
2
A Conservative Revolutionary
241
1
Zwingli, Calvin, and Other Founders
242
3
Zwingli, 1484-1531
242
1
Calvin, 1509-1564
243
1
Henry VIII, 1509-1547
244
1
Anabaptists and Other Radicals, 1521-1604
244
1
Protestant Beliefs and Practices
245
2
Common Denominators
246
1
The Conservative Churches
246
1
Calvinism and Predestination
246
1
The Radicals
246
1
The Catholic Reformation
247
4
The Jesuits and the Inquisition, 1504-1556
248
2
The Council of Trent, 1545-1564
250
1
Protestantism and the Idea of Progress
251
3
How ``Modern'' Was Protestantism?
251
1
Contesting Views
252
1
Nationalism, Modernity, and the Reformation
253
1
Summary
254
1
Critical Thinking
254
2
The Great Powers in Conflict
256
26
A Long Duree
256
3
Renaissance Monarchies, 1450-1650
258
1
The Instruments of Foreign Policy
258
1
A Complexity of Wars
259
3
The Italian Wars of Charles VIII and Louis XII, 1483-1515
259
1
Francis I versus Charles V, 1515-1559
260
1
The Wars of Philip II and the Dutch Revolt, 1556-1598
261
1
The Catholic Monarchies: Spain and France
262
6
Spanish Absolutism, 1516--1659
262
1
The Spanish Economy
263
6
``The Spanish Century''
269
France: Toward Absolutism, 1547--1588
265
1
The First Bourbon King: Henry IV, 1589--1610
266
2
The Protestant States: Tudor England and the Dutch Republic
268
5
Henry VIII, 1509--1547
268
1
Edward VI and Mary, 1547--1558
268
1
Elizabeth I, 1558--1603
269
1
The English Renaissance
270
2
The Dutch Republic, 1602--1672
272
1
Germany and the Thirty Years' War
273
3
The Struggle over Bohemia and the Palatinate, 1618--1625
273
1
Intervention by Denmark and Sweden, 1625--1635
274
1
The Habsburg--Bourbon Conflict, 1635--1648
275
1
The Peace of Westphalia, 1648
276
1
Science and Religion
276
4
The Scientific Revolution
279
1
World-Machine and Rationalism
279
1
Summary
280
1
Critical Thinking
281
1
Exploration and Expansion
282
24
Exploration and Expansion
282
1
East by Sea to the Indies
283
7
Prince Henry and the Portuguese
283
3
New Encounters: Africa
286
1
India
287
1
China
288
1
Growth and Decline of the Portuguese Empire
289
1
West by Sea to the Indies
290
4
Columbus and Later Explorers
290
2
The Growth of the Spanish Empire
292
2
The North Atlantic Powers
294
4
English, Dutch, and Swedes in North America
294
2
The French in North America
296
1
The Two Indies, West and East: Areas of Conquest
296
1
Africa and the Far East: Areas of Influence
297
1
Russia
298
1
East by Land to the Pacific
298
1
North by Sea to the Arctic
298
1
The Impact of Expansion
298
4
Summary
302
1
Critical Thinking
302
4
THE PROBLEM OF DIVINE---RIGHT MONARCHY---THE OLD REGIMES---THE ENLIGHTENMENT---THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON
The Problem of Divine-Right Monarchy
306
31
Bourbon France
306
10
Louix XIII and Richelieu, 1610-1643
306
2
Mazarin
308
1
Louis XIV, 1643-1714
309
1
Divine-Right Monarchy
310
2
The Royal Administration
312
1
French Expansion
313
2
French Aggression in Review
315
1
Stuart England
316
9
James I, 1603-1625
317
1
Charles I, 1625-1642
317
2
The Civil War, 1642-1649
319
1
Cromwell and the Interregnum, 1649-1660
320
2
The Revolution in Review
322
2
The Restoration, 1660-1688
324
1
The Glorious Revolution and Its Aftermath, 1688-1714
324
1
Century of Genius/Century of Everyman
325
10
Progress and Pessimism
325
2
Literature
327
1
The Baroque Era
328
4
Social Trends
332
3
Summary
335
1
Critical Thinking
336
1
Suggested Readings
337
17
Index
354