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Tables of Contents for Human Sexuality Today
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xii
About the Author
xiii
Why a Course in Human Sexuality?
1
29
A Sexual Knowledge Quiz
3
3
Cross-Cultural Comparisons
6
5
Sexual Attractiveness
7
1
Sexual Behaviors and Attitudes
8
2
Cultural Diversity Within the United States
10
1
Historical Perspectives
11
5
Judaism
11
1
The Greeks and Romans
12
1
Christianity
12
2
Victorianism
14
2
The Sexual Revolution
16
1
Sex as a Science
16
3
Sigmund Freud (1856--1939)
17
1
Henry Havelock Ellis (1859--1939)
17
1
Alfred C. Kinsey (1894--1956)
18
1
Masters and Johnson
18
1
The National Health and Social Life Survey
19
1
Scientific Methodology
19
5
Surveys and Samples
19
2
An Example of Problems in Survey Studies: What Does ``Sex,'' ``Had Sex,'' and ``Sexual Relations'' Mean?
21
1
Correlation
22
1
Direct Observations
22
1
Case Studies
23
1
Experimental Research
23
1
Sexuality Education Today
24
2
Suggested Readings
26
1
Study Guide
26
4
Our Sexual and Reproductive Anatomy
30
27
External Female Anatomy
31
9
The Mons Veneris
32
1
The Labia
32
1
The Clitoris
33
1
The Vaginal Opening
34
1
The Urethral Opening
35
1
The Breasts
35
2
Box 2-A: Sexuality and Health: Breast Cancer and Examination
37
3
Internal Female Anatomy
40
5
The Vagina
40
2
The Uterus
42
1
The Fallopian Tubes
42
1
The Ovaries
42
1
Box 2-B: Sexuality and Health: Cancer of the Female Reproductive System
43
2
External Male Anatomy
45
4
The Penis: Outer Appearance
45
1
Box 2-C: Cross-Cultural Perspectives/Sexuality and Health: Male Circumcision
46
1
The Penis: Internal Structure
47
1
The Scrotum
47
2
Internal Male Anatomy
49
3
The Testicles
49
1
The Duct System
49
1
The Prostate Gland and Seminal Vesicles
49
1
Box 2-D: Sexuality and Health: Testicular Cancer and Self-Examination
50
1
The Cowper's Glands
50
1
Box 2-E: Sexuality and Health: Prostate Problems and Examination
51
1
The Brain
52
1
Our Sexual Bodies
52
1
Suggested Readings
53
1
Study Guide
54
3
Hormones and Sexuality
57
18
The Endocrine System
58
1
The Menstrual Cycle
59
2
Preovulatory Phase (Days 5 to 13)
59
1
Ovulation (Day 14)
60
1
Postovulatory Phase (Days 15 to 28)
60
1
Menstruation (Days 1 to 4)
60
1
Length of the Menstrual Cycle
61
1
Menstrual Synchrony and Pheromones
61
1
Menstrual Versus Estrous Cycle
62
1
Attitudes About Menstruation: Historical Perspectives
63
1
Attitudes About Menstruation Today
63
3
Box 3-A: Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Menstrual Taboos Versus Menstrual Celebrations
64
2
Menstrual Problems
66
3
Amenorrhea
66
1
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
67
1
Dysmenorrhea
68
1
Endometriosis
69
1
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
69
1
Regulation of Male Hormones
69
1
Hormones and Sexual Desire
70
2
Box 3-B: Sexuality and Health: Anabolic Steroids
71
1
Suggested Readings
72
1
Study Guide
72
3
Similarities and Differences in Our Sexual Responses
75
24
Measurement of Sexual Responses
76
1
Models of Sexual Response
77
1
Men's Sexual Response Cycle
77
4
Desire
77
1
Excitement (Arousal)
78
1
Plateau
78
1
Orgasm
79
1
Resolution
80
1
Women's Sexual Response Cycle
81
4
Desire
81
1
Excitement (Arousal)
82
1
Plateau
83
1
Orgasm
84
1
Resolution
84
1
Controversies About Orgasms
85
5
Are All Women Capable of Orgasm During Sexual Intercourse?
85
1
How Many Types of Female Orgasm Are There?
86
1
Do Women Ejaculate During Orgasm?
87
1
Box 4-A: Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Female Genital Mutilation
88
2
Can Men Have Multiple Orgasms?
90
1
Penis Size: Does It Matter?
90
2
Aphrodisiacs: Do They Help?
92
1
Sexuality and People With Disabilities
93
3
Suggested Readings
96
1
Study Guide
96
3
Sexually Transmitted and Sexually Related Diseases
99
41
What Are They and Who Gets Them?
100
1
Where Did They Come From?
101
1
Gonorrhea
101
2
Symptoms and Complications
102
1
Diagnosis and Treatment
103
1
Chlamydia and Nongonococcal Urethritis
103
2
Symptoms and Complications
104
1
Diagnosis and Treatment
104
1
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) in Women: A Likely Consequence of Untreated Chlamydia or Gonorrhea
104
1
Syphilis
105
2
Symptoms and Complications
105
2
Diagnosis and Treatment
107
1
Less Common Bacterial STDs
107
1
Herpes
108
4
Symptoms---Primary Attack
109
1
Recurrent Attacks
110
1
Asymptomatic and Unrecognized Infections
110
1
Serious Complications
110
1
Diagnosis and Treatment
111
1
The Personal Side of Herpes
111
1
Hepatitis
112
1
Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection
112
2
Molluscum Contagiosum
114
1
HIV Infection and AIDS
114
13
HIV and the Body's Immune System
115
1
Progression of HIV Infection
115
1
Where and When Did Human Immunodeficiency Virus Originate?
116
1
How Is HIV Spread?
117
1
Who Has HIV/AIDS?
118
1
Box 5-A: Cross-Cultural Perspectives/Sexuality and Health: AIDS in Africa: A Look Into the Future?
119
2
The Human Side of AIDS
121
1
Testing for HIV
121
1
Treatment for HIV/AIDS: Hope and Limitations
122
1
Public Reactions to AIDS
123
1
Box 5-B: Sexuality and Health: Assessing Your Risk for Getting HIV/AIDS and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases
124
2
The Effect of AIDS on Sexual Behavior
126
1
Parasitic Infestations
127
1
Vaginitis
128
3
Trichomoniasis (Trichomonal Vaginitis)
128
1
Box 5-C: Sexuality and Health: Vaginal Health Care
129
1
Moniliasis (or Candidiasis)
130
1
Bacterial Vaginosis
130
1
Cystitis and Prostatitis
131
1
Practicing Safer Sex
131
3
Box 5-D: Sexuality and Health: Impediments to Practicing Safer Sex
132
2
What to Do and Where to Go if You Have an STD
134
1
Positive Sexuality in the Era of AIDS
134
1
Suggested Readings
135
1
Study Guide
136
4
Birth Control
140
35
World Population
143
1
Evaluating Different Birth Control Methods
144
2
Contraceptive Myths
146
1
Relatively Ineffective Methods
146
1
Abstaining From Sex
147
1
Lactational Amenorrhea Method
147
1
Fertility Awareness: Abstaining From Sex During Ovulation
148
1
Calendar Method
148
1
Basal Body Temperature Method
148
1
Billings Method (Cervical Mucus or Ovulation Method)
149
1
Spermicides: Substances That Kill Sperm
149
1
Barrier Methods: Preventing Sperm From Meeting Egg
150
6
Male Condoms
150
3
The Female Condom
153
1
The Diaphragm
153
2
The Cervical Cap and Lea's Shield
155
1
The Contraceptive Sponge
155
1
Barrier Methods and Spontaneity
156
1
The IUD
156
1
Hormonal Methods of Contraception
157
5
Oral Contraception (The Birth Control Pill)
157
3
Injectable Contraception (``The Shot'')
160
1
Hormone Implants
160
1
The Newest Hormone Contraceptives
161
1
Emergency Contraception
162
1
Voluntary Sterilization
162
3
Box 6-A: Sexuality and Health: Contraceptive Methods That Help Prevent Sexually Transmitted Diseases
163
2
Unwanted Pregnancies: The Final Options
165
3
Abortion
166
2
Future Technology
168
1
Choosing a Contraceptive Method
169
2
Suggested Readings
171
1
Study Guide
171
4
Pregnancy and Childbirth
175
31
Conception and Implantation
176
2
Problems With Implantation
177
1
Pregnancy
178
4
The First Trimester---The Mother
178
1
The First Trimester---The Embryo/Fetus
178
1
The Second Trimester---The Mother
179
1
The Second Trimester---The Fetus
179
1
The Third Trimester---The Mother
179
1
The Third Trimester---The Fetus
179
1
Sexual Intercourse During Pregnancy
179
3
Complications of Pregnancy
182
4
Diseases
182
1
Toxemia of Pregnancy
183
1
Smoking
183
1
Alcohol
183
1
Cocaine
184
1
Other Drugs
184
1
Rh Incompatibility
184
1
Detection of Problems in Pregnancy
184
1
Fetal Surgery
185
1
Miscarriages (Spontaneous Abortions)
185
1
Nutrition and Exercise During Pregnancy
186
1
Preparing for Childbirth
186
4
The Lamaze Method
187
2
The Bradley Method
189
1
The Leboyer Method
189
1
Home Birth, Birthing Rooms and Centers, and Modern Midwifery
189
1
Anesthetics or ``Natural'' Childbirth?
190
1
Childbirth
190
2
True Versus False Labor
190
1
Stages of Labor
191
1
Episiotomy and Prepping
192
1
Problems With Childbirth
192
2
Breech Births
192
1
Placenta Previa
193
1
Cesarean Sections
193
1
Preterm Infants
193
1
Afterwards
194
2
Breast-Feeding the Baby
194
1
Postpartum Depression
195
1
Sexual Intercourse After Birth
195
1
New Responsibilities
196
1
Spacing Pregnancies
196
1
Infertility and Impaired Fecundity
197
4
Infertility in Men
197
1
Infertility in Women
198
1
Assisted Reproductive Technology
199
1
Surrogate Mothers
200
1
Delayed Childbearing and Assisted Reproductive Technology
200
1
Superfertility
201
1
Suggested Readings
201
1
Study Guide
202
4
Communicating About Sex
206
22
Talking With Your Partner About Sexual Differences and Problems
207
8
Why Is It Difficult to Talk About Sex?
207
1
Box 8-A: Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Ethnic Differences in Communication Patterns
208
1
How Can My Partner and I Get Used to Talking About Sex?
209
1
What if I Am Uncomfortable With the Language of Sex---What Words Should I Use?
209
1
When (and Where) Should I Try to Talk to My Partner?
209
1
How Should I Approach My Partner With Concerns About Our Sexual Relationship?
210
1
What if I Think That My Partner Is to Blame---Can I Ever Complain?
210
1
How Should I Express My Needs and Desires?
211
1
How Can I Find Out About My Partner's Desires and Needs?
211
1
Is Listening Important? If So, How Can I Become a Better Listener?
212
1
Is It Possible to Communicate Nonverbally?
213
1
Dealing With Anger and Conflict: An Example
213
1
If I Want My Partner to Change and I Follow These Guidelines, How Soon Can I Expect to See a Change?
214
1
What if We Cannot Agree?
214
1
In the Future: Talking With Your Children About Sex
215
7
Which Parent Should Talk With the Children?
216
1
Does Telling Children About Sex Lead Them to Do It?
216
1
Why Should I Talk to My Child About Sex?
216
1
Will a Single ``Birds and Bees'' Talk Suffice?
217
1
When Should I Start Talking With My Child About Sexuality?
217
1
What Should I Tell My Children About AIDS and Other STDs?
218
1
How Detailed Should Sex Discussions Be?
218
2
What if I Feel Embarrassed?
220
1
How Should I Talk With My Child?
220
1
What About Morals? Aren't They Important Too?
221
1
Can My Behavior Affect My Child's Attitudes and Behavior?
221
1
How Do I Know if I Have Succeeded?
222
1
Hope for the Future
222
1
Box 8-B: Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Ethnic Differences Within the United States in Parent-Child Communication
223
1
Suggested Readings for Couples
223
1
Suggested Sex Education References to Help Parents
224
1
Suggested Sex Education References for Children
224
1
Study Guide
225
3
Sexuality as a Social Concept
228
14
Sexuality as an Evolving Concept
229
3
Sexuality of Women
229
1
Sexuality of Children
230
1
Sex Education
231
1
Sexual Socialization: Agents
232
6
Religion
232
1
The Media
233
5
Sexual Socialization: Cause and Effect?
238
2
Suggested Readings
240
1
Study Guide
240
2
Becoming a Woman/Becoming a Man: Gender Identity and Gender Roles
242
30
Biological Influences on Gender Identity
243
1
The Role of Chromosomes
243
1
The Role of Hormones
244
1
Sexual Differentiation of the Brain
244
1
Variations in Development: Intersexed Individuals
244
4
Chromosome Variations
244
2
Hormonal Variations
246
1
Attempts to Reassign Sex at Birth
247
1
Gender and Sex as Social Constructs
248
1
Gender Identity ``Disorder''
249
3
Psychological Theories of Gender Identity Development
252
2
Freudian Theory
252
1
Social Learning Theory
252
1
Cognitive-Developmental Theory
253
1
Gender Roles
254
14
Theories of Gender Role
254
1
Box 10-A: Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Gender Roles
255
1
Gender-Role Development During Childhood
256
3
Gender-Role Development in Children Raised in Single-Parent Households
259
1
Role of the Media
260
1
What Causes Developmental Gender Differences?
260
1
Gender-Role Development in Adulthood
260
2
Gender Roles and Sexual Relations
262
1
Box 10-B: Cross-Cultural Perspectives: The Native American Two-Spirit and Samoan Fa'afafine
263
1
Sociocultural Theories of Gender-Role Development
264
2
Box 10-C: Opposing Points of View: Why I Want a Wife/Why I Want a Husband
266
2
Suggested Readings
268
1
Study Guide
268
4
Sexual Orientation
272
25
Prevalence of Homosexuality and Bisexuality
273
1
Defining Sexual Orientation: Another Look
274
1
Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Gender Roles
275
1
The Origins of Sexual Orientation
276
5
Psychoanalytic Explanations
276
1
Other Psychosocial Explanations
277
1
Biological Explanations
278
2
Conclusions
280
1
Homosexuality
281
12
History of Attitudes About Homosexuality
281
1
Sexual Prejudice Today
282
3
Coming Out
285
2
Homosexual Life Styles and Relations
287
2
Homosexuals and Marriage
289
1
Homosexuals as Parents
289
2
Box 11-A: Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Homosexuality in Other Cultures
291
1
Media Portrayal of Homosexuals
292
1
Can (Should) Sexual Orientation Be Changed?
293
1
National Support Groups
294
1
Suggested Readings
294
1
Study Guide
294
3
Life-Span Sexual Development
297
35
Early Infancy (Ages 0-1)
297
1
Early Childhood (Ages 2-6)
298
2
The Initial School-Age Years (Ages 7-11)
300
1
Puberty (Ages 7-15)
301
3
Changes in Girls
301
1
Changes in Boys
302
1
Precocious and Delayed Puberty
303
1
Sexual Behavior
304
1
Adolescence (Ages 13-17)
304
5
Masturbation
305
1
Petting
305
1
Sexual Intercourse
306
1
Peer Pressure
307
2
Emerging Adulthood (Ages 18-25)
309
1
Young Adulthood (Adults Aged 26-39)
310
6
Marriage
311
1
Living Together (Cohabitation)
311
1
Single Parenthood
312
1
Extramarital Sex---In Supposedly Monogamous Marriages
312
1
Extramarital Sex---Consensual Arrangements
313
1
Box 12-A: Cross-Cultural Perspectives: How Do People Select a Mate?
314
2
Middle Age (Ages 40-59)
316
8
Frequency of Sexual Intercourse
317
1
Loss of a Mate by Divorce or Death
318
1
Female Sexuality: Physical Changes With Age
319
2
Box 12-B: Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Menopause in Different Cultures
321
1
Female Sexuality: Behavior
322
1
Male Sexuality: Physical Changes With Age
322
1
Male Sexuality: Behavior
323
1
The Elderly Years (Age 60+)
324
4
Box 12-C: Sexuality and Health: Sex and Heart Attacks
326
2
Suggested Readings
328
1
Study Guide
328
4
Adult Sexual Behaviors and Attitudes
332
20
What Is Normal?
333
1
Masturbation
333
3
Attitudes About Masturbation
333
2
Incidence of Masturbation
335
1
Methods of Masturbation
335
1
Functions of Masturbation
336
1
Nocturnal Orgasms
336
3
Box 13-A: Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Ethnic Differences in Sexual Behavior
337
2
Sexual Fantasies
339
1
Coital Positions and Locations
340
4
Oral-Genital Sex
344
3
Box 13-B: Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Positions of Sexual Intercourse
345
2
Anal Stimulation
347
1
Preferred Sexual Behaviors
348
1
The Sexually Healthy Person
348
1
Suggested Readings
349
1
Study Guide
349
3
Love and Relationships
352
26
History of Romantic Love
353
1
Friendship Versus Romantic Love
354
2
How Do I Know if This Is Really Love?
356
1
Companionate Love
357
1
Sex Without Love
357
1
Love Without Sex
358
2
Unconditional Love
358
1
Box 14-A: Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Love and Marriage
359
1
Prerequisites for Love
360
1
Self-Acceptance
360
1
Self-Disclosure
360
1
Theories of Love
361
1
Attachment Theory of Love
361
1
Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
362
1
John Lee's ``Many Colors of Love''
363
4
The Primary Colors
364
1
The Secondary Colors
364
2
Finding a Good Match
366
1
Which Theory Is Correct?
367
1
Jealousy
367
1
Maintaining a Relationship
368
6
The Decline of Passion
369
1
Growing Together/Growing Apart: Will Companionate Love Develop?
369
3
Coping With Breakups
372
1
Becoming More Intimate
373
1
Suggested Readings
374
1
Study Guide
374
4
Sexual Problems and Therapy
378
27
Individual Differences and Relationship Conflicts
379
2
Different Expectations
379
1
Different Assumptions
379
1
Differences in Desire
379
2
Differences in Preferred Behaviors
381
1
Relationship Conflict
381
1
Sexual Therapy
381
1
Sexual Therapy Techniques
382
2
Medical History
382
1
Sexual History
382
1
Systematic Desensitization
383
1
Self-Awareness and Masturbation
383
1
Sensate Focus
383
1
Specific Exercises
384
1
Male Sexual Problems
384
8
Classification of Sexual Disorders
384
1
Sexual Desire Disorders: Hypoactive Sexual Desire and Sexual Aversion
384
1
Sexual Arousal Disorder: Erectile Disorder
385
5
Orgasmic Disorders: Premature Ejaculation
390
1
Male Orgasmic Disorder
391
1
Sexual Pain Disorders
392
1
Female Sexual Problems
392
7
Classification of Sexual Disorders
392
1
Sexual Desire Disorders: Hypoactive Sexual Desire and Sexual Aversion
393
1
Sexual Arousal Disorder
394
1
Female Orgasmic Disorder
394
4
Sexual Pain Disorder
398
1
Hypersexuality: Compulsion, Addiction, or Myth?
399
3
Sexual Problems Among Homosexuals
401
1
Box 15-A: Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Sex Therapy
401
1
Suggested Readings
402
1
Study Guide
402
3
Paraphilias and Sexual Variants
405
19
Historical Perspective
406
2
Multiple and Related Paraphilias
407
1
The Courtship Disorders
408
3
Voyeurism
408
1
Exhibitionism
409
1
Obscene Phone Callers
410
1
Frotteurism
411
1
Pedophilia
411
1
Fetishism, Transvestism, and Related Paraphilias
412
4
Fetishism
412
1
Transvestism
413
1
Related Fetish-Like Paraphilias
414
2
Sadomasochism
416
2
Other Paraphilias
418
1
Paraphilias and the Internet
418
1
What Causes Paraphilias?
418
2
Therapy
420
1
Suggested Readings
421
1
Study Guide
421
3
Sexual Victimization: Rape, Coercion, Harassment, and Abuse of Children
424
41
Rape
425
18
Historical Perspective
425
1
Rape Statistics
426
1
Some Characteristics of Rapists
426
1
Date Rape and Sexual Coercion
427
3
Rape in Marriage
430
1
Box 17-A: Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Rape
431
1
Gang Rape
432
1
Statutory Rape
432
1
Same-Sex Sexual Assault and Coercion
433
1
Can a Man Be Raped by a Woman?
434
1
Explanations of Rape
434
3
Misconceptions About Rape
437
2
Reactions to Rape
439
1
Reactions of the Partner
440
1
Box 17-B: Sexuality and Health: Sexual Victimization, Pregnancy, and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
441
1
What Happens When a Rape Is Reported?
441
1
Preventing Rape
442
1
Sexual Harassment
443
3
Some Causes of Sexual Harassment
445
1
Sexual Harassment of College Students
445
1
How to Deal With Sexual Harassment
446
1
Sexual Abuse of Children
446
7
What Is Child Sexual Abuse?
447
1
Who Molests Children?
447
3
Female Perpetrators of Child Sexual Abuse
450
1
Effects of Abuse on the Children
451
1
Recovered (False?) Memory Syndrome
452
1
Incest
453
5
Incest Between Siblings
453
1
Parent-Child Incest
454
1
Effects of Incest on Children
455
1
Family Dynamics
456
1
Box 17-C: Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Incestuous Inbreeding---A Universal Taboo?
457
1
Preventing and Dealing With Child Sexual Abuse
458
1
Prosecution of Sexual Offenders
458
1
Rape
458
1
Child Sexual Abuse
458
1
Conviction of Sex Offenders
459
1
Therapy
459
1
Therapy for Rapists
459
1
Therapy for Child Molesters
459
1
Therapy for Victims
460
1
Suggested Readings
460
1
Study Guide
461
4
Sex and the Law
465
20
Prostitution
466
5
Definition and Types of Prostitution
467
1
Characteristics of Prostitutes
468
2
The Customer
470
1
Prostitution and the Law
470
1
Box 18-A: Sexuality and Health: Prostitution and the AIDS Virus
471
1
Pornography
471
9
Uses of Sexually Explicit Material
473
1
Effects of Nonviolent Sexually Explicit Material
474
1
Effects of Violent and Degrading Sexually Explicit Material
475
1
Sexually Explicit Material Involving Children
476
1
Complete Legalization or Censorship?
477
3
Laws Against Fornication, Adultery, and Sodomy
480
2
Box 18-B: Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Illegal Sex Around the World
481
1
Suggested Readings
482
1
Study Guide
482
3
Glossary
485
15
Resources
500
3
Credits
503
1
Answers to Questions
504
7
References
511
40
Index
551