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Tables of Contents for Action Research in Health
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
1 Action Research for the Health Professions
1
15
Action Research in the Health Professions
1
2
Research Conceptualized
3
1
Action Research: Systematic Processes of Inquiry
4
1
Characteristics of Action Research
5
4
Participatory Processes of Inquiry
9
2
Research Roles
10
1
Working Developmentally: Enlarging the Circle of Inquiry
11
1
The Changing Health Context
12
1
Applications of Action Research
13
2
Summary
15
1
2 Understanding Action Research: Exploring Issues of Paradigm and Method
16
15
Introduction
16
1
Distinguishing Different Approaches to Research: Objective Science and Naturalistic Inquiry
16
10
Objective Science and Experimental Research
18
2
Understanding Human Social Life: Naturalistic Inquiry
20
5
Distinguishing Different Types of Evidence
25
1
Research Relationships in Clinic, Agency, or Community
26
3
Conclusion
29
1
Summary
30
1
3 Initiating a Study: Research Design
31
27
Setting the Stage: Creating a Productive Research Environment
32
3
With Head, Heart, and Hand: The Human Dimensions of Action Research
32
3
Research Planning and Design
35
23
Building the Researcher's Picture: The Reflective Practitioner
36
9
Focusing the Study
37
2
Framing the Study: Delimiting the Scope of the Inquiry
39
1
Preliminary Literature Review
40
1
Sampling: Selecting Participants
41
2
Sources and Forms of Information (Data Gathering)
43
1
Distilling Information (Analyzing the Data)
44
1
Research Ethics
45
3
Confidentiality, Care, and Sensitivity
45
1
Permissions
45
1
Institutional Ethical Protocols
46
1
Informed Consent
46
2
Validity in Action Research: A Question of Quality
48
6
Trustworthiness
49
4
Participatory Validity
53
1
Pragmatic Validity
53
1
An Index of Engagement: Excitement, Interest, Apathy, and Resistance
54
1
Working Principles of Action Research
55
2
Relationships
55
1
Communication
56
1
Participation
56
1
Conclusion
57
1
Summary
57
1
4 Gathering Data: Sources of Information
58
31
Building a Picture: Gathering Information
59
1
Interviewing: Guided Conversations
60
14
Initiating Interviews: Establishing Relationships of Trust
61
1
Questioning Techniques
62
5
Recording Information
67
2
Using Focus Groups to Gather Data
69
5
Overview: Interviews and Focus Groups
74
1
Participant Observation
74
3
Recording Observations
75
2
Artifacts: Documents, Records, Materials, and Equipment
77
4
Documents
78
1
Records
78
1
Client Case Notes
79
1
Materials, Equipment, and Facilities
80
1
Recording Information
81
1
Surveys
81
3
Conducting a Survey
82
1
Statistical and Numerical Data
83
1
Reviewing the Literature
84
3
Processes for Reviewing/Deconstructing the Literature
85
1
Using the Literature Review
86
1
Developing Insight: Emergent Understandings
87
1
Summary
88
1
5 Giving Voice: Interpretive and Qualitative Data Analysis
89
26
Introduction
90
1
Data Analysis (1): Analyzing Epiphanies
91
12
Epiphanies and Illuminative Experiences
92
1
Interpreting Epiphanies and Illuminative Experiences
93
2
Selecting Key People
95
1
Identifying Epiphanic or Illuminative Experiences
95
3
Deconstructing Epiphanies: Features and Elements of Experience
98
2
Epiphanies in Observations and Representations
100
1
Constructing Conceptual Frameworks
101
1
Using People's Terms and Concepts: The Verbatim Principle
102
1
Data Analysis (2) : Categorizing and Coding
103
6
Purposes and Processes of Categorizing
103
1
Reviewing the Research Question
103
1
Reviewing Data Sets
104
1
Unitizing the Data
105
1
Categorizing and Coding
105
2
Organizing a Category System
107
2
Enhancing Analysis: Incorporating Non-Interview Data
109
2
Using Category Systems: Frameworks for Reports and Accounts
111
1
Analyzing Data Collaboratively
111
2
Conclusion
113
1
Summary
113
2
6 Representation: Communicating Research Processes and Outcomes
115
23
Introduction
116
1
Communication in Action Research
116
1
Different Strokes for Different Folks: Forms of Communication
117
1
Written Reports and Accounts: Writing People's Lives
118
8
Life Stories: Biographies, Autobiographies, and Ethnographies
119
1
Joint and Collective Accounts: Connecting Stakeholder Experiences
120
2
Accumulating Knowledge and Experience
122
1
Constructing Reports
123
3
Report Formats
126
1
Presentations: Creative Communication
126
6
Audiences and Purposes
127
1
Planning Presentations
128
1
Enhancing Verbal Presentations: Audio-Visuals
129
2
Interactive Presentations
131
1
Performances: Representing Experience Artistically and Dramatically
132
4
Planning Performances: Developing a Script
133
1
Producing Performances
134
1
Video and Electronic Media
134
1
Examples of Performances
135
1
Summary
136
2
7 Taking Action: Passion, Purposes, and Pathways
138
24
Introduction
139
1
Engaging People's Passion
140
1
The Nursing Process and Client Care
141
2
Assessment
141
1
Analysis (or Diagnosis)
141
1
Planning
142
1
Implementation
142
1
Evaluation
142
1
Case Management: Managing Chronic Illness
143
1
Enhancing Workplace Practices
143
1
Problem Solving: Action Planning
144
4
Setting Priorities: Establishing an Action Agenda
145
1
Creating Pathways: Constructing an Action Plan
145
1
Reviewing the Plan
146
1
Supervision: Supporting and Monitoring Progress
147
1
Evaluation: Assessing the Value and Quality of Programs and Services
148
1
Everyday Evaluation on the Run
148
2
Open Inquiry Evaluation
148
1
Audit Review Evaluation
149
1
Participatory Evaluation
150
1
Steps in Collaborative Evaluation
150
1
Community Development
151
3
Consensus Building Strategies
152
1
Empowerment Strategies
153
1
Developing Health Promotion Programs
154
2
Professional Development: Collaborative Reflective Practice
156
1
Strategic Planning: Building the Big Picture
157
3
Vision Statements
158
1
Mission Statements
158
1
Operational Plans
159
1
Action Plans
159
1
Summary
160
2
8 Action Research in Health: Case Studies
162
21
Introduction
162
1
1. Self-Care Strategies in Community Nursing
163
1
2. Psychotherapy: Focusing Client Self-Help Groups
164
2
3. Health Promotion and Community Development: Hazardous Waste Problems
166
1
4. Creative Prevention Strategies: Hospitals and the Community
167
1
5. Primary Health Care: Investigating Alcohol Issues
168
2
6. Parent Participation and Involvement in the Care of a Hospitalized Child
170
2
7. Change Management in an Interdisciplinary Inpatient Facility within Health Services
172
2
8. Incorporating the Social Context: Collaborative Reflection within a Family Practice
174
1
9. Developing Acute Care Protocols in Accident and Emergency
175
1
10. Integrating the Isolated Aged into Community Practice
176
1
11. Developing Clinical Protocols for Cataract Surgery
177
1
12. Action Research and Evidence-Based Wound Management
178
1
13. Collaborative Inquiry into a WHO Protocol: Stories of Family Physicians
179
1
14. The Oncology Clinic Tea Trolley: Community Development in Health
180
1
15. Entry to Cross-Cultural Inquiry: The House Party
181
2
9 On-Line Resources
183
8
Introduction
183
1
On-Line Web Searches
183
1
Useful Websites
184
1
General Website Resources
184
1
Action Research Guidelines and Methodology
185
1
Women's Health
185
1
Community Organizations
186
1
Government-Sponsored Sites
186
1
Community Health
187
1
International Organizations
187
1
Alcohol and Drugs
188
1
Mental Health
188
1
Health Promotion
188
1
HIV
188
1
University Programs
189
2
References
191
8
Index
199