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Tables of Contents for Anthropology
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Boxes
ix
Preface
xi
About the Authors
xxi
PART I INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY
What Is Anthropology?
1
15
The Scope of Anthropology
1
1
The Holistic Approach
2
1
The Anthropological Curiosity
3
1
Fields of Anthropology
3
8
The Relevance of Anthropology
11
2
Summary
13
1
Glossary Terms
14
1
Critical Questions
14
1
Internet Exercises
15
1
Discovering and Explaining the Past and Present
16
28
The Evidence of the Past
16
2
Finding the Evidence
18
3
Analyzing the Evidence
21
4
Dating the Evidence
25
4
Explanation
29
4
Why Theories Cannot Be Proved
33
1
Evidence: Testing Explanations
34
4
Studying Cultures in the Recent Past and Present
38
3
Summary
41
1
Glossary Terms
42
1
Critical Questions
43
1
Internet Exercises
43
1
PART II HUMAN EVOLUTION: BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL
Genetics and Evolution
44
17
The Principles of Natural Selection
45
3
Heredity
48
4
Sources of Variability
52
3
The Origin of Species
55
1
Natural Selection of Behavioral Traits
56
2
Summary
58
1
Glossary Terms
59
1
Critical Questions
59
1
Internet Exercises
60
1
Primate Evolution: From Early Primates to Hominoids
61
22
Common Primate Traits
61
3
Distinctive Human Traits
64
5
The Emergence of Primates
69
6
The Emergence of Anthropoids
75
2
The Miocene Anthropoids: Monkeys, Apes, and Hominids
77
2
The Divergence of Hominids from the Other Hominoids
79
1
Summary
80
2
Glossary Terms
82
1
Critical Questions
82
1
Internet Exercises
82
1
The First Hominids
83
12
The Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion
83
5
Australopithecus: The First Definite Hominid
88
5
One Model of Human Evolution
93
1
Summary
93
1
Glossary Terms
94
1
Critical Questions
94
1
Internet Exercises
94
1
The Origins of Culture and the Emergence of Homo
95
16
Early Hominid Tools and Lifestyles
96
3
Trends in Hominid Evolution
99
3
Early Homo Fossils
102
1
Homo erectus
103
5
Summary
108
1
Glossary Terms
109
1
Critical Questions
109
1
Internet Exercises
109
2
The Emergence of Homo sapiens
111
24
The Transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens
111
4
Middle Paleolithic Cultures
115
3
The Emergence of Modern Humans
118
3
Upper Paleolithic Cultures
121
8
The Earliest Humans and Their Cultures in the New World
129
3
Summary
132
2
Glossary Terms
134
1
Critical Questions
134
1
Internet Exercises
134
1
The Emergence of Food Production and the Rise of States
135
35
Preagricultural Developments
137
4
The Domestication of Plants and Animals
141
7
Why Did Food Production Develop?
148
3
Consequences of the Rise of Food Production
151
1
Origins of Cities and States
152
2
Archaeological Inferences about Civilization
154
1
Cities and States in Southern Iraq
155
1
Cities and States in Mesoamerica
156
3
The First Cities and States in Other Areas
159
1
Theories about the Origin of the State
160
4
The Decline and Collapse of States
164
2
Summary
166
2
Glossary Terms
168
1
Critical Questions
168
1
Internet Exercises
168
2
Human Variation and Adaptation
170
21
Processes in Human Variation
170
2
Physical Variation in Human Populations
172
9
Race and Racism
181
7
The Future of Human Variation
188
1
Summary
188
1
Glossary Terms
189
1
Critical Questions
189
1
Internet Exercises
189
2
PART III CULTURAL VARIATION
The Concept of Culture
191
20
Defining Features of Culture
191
3
Attitudes That Hinder the Study of Cultures
194
2
Cultural Relativism
196
1
Describing a Culture
197
6
Some Assumptions about Culture
203
6
Summary
209
1
Glossary Terms
210
1
Critical Questions
210
1
Internet Exercises
210
1
Communication and Language
211
30
Communication
212
3
The Origins of Language
215
3
Descriptive Linguistics
218
5
Historical Linguistics
223
4
The Processes of Linguistic Divergence
227
1
Relationships between Language and Culture
228
6
The Ethnography of Speaking
234
5
Summary
239
1
Glossary Terms
240
1
Critical Questions
240
1
Internet Exercises
240
1
Getting Food
241
17
Food Collection
242
3
Food Production
245
6
Environmental Restraints on Food Getting
251
3
The Origin, Spread, and Intensification of Food Production
254
2
Summary
256
1
Glossary Terms
257
1
Critical Questions
257
1
Internet Exercises
257
1
Economic Systems
258
25
The Allocation of Resources
258
4
The Conversion of Resources
262
8
The Distribution of Goods and Services
270
10
Summary
280
1
Glossary Terms
281
1
Critical Questions
282
1
Internet Exercises
282
1
Social Stratification: Class, Ethnicity, and Racism
283
19
Variation in Degree of Social Inequality
284
8
Racism and Inequality
292
2
Ethnicity and Inequality
294
3
The Emergence of Stratification
297
2
Summary
299
1
Glossary Terms
300
1
Critical Questions
300
1
Internet Exercises
301
1
Sex, Gender, and Culture
302
22
Physique and Physiology
303
1
Gender Roles
303
4
Relative Contributions to Subsistence
307
2
Political Leadership and Warfare
309
2
The Relative Status of Women
311
3
Personality Differences
314
4
Sexuality
318
4
Summary
322
1
Glossary Terms
322
1
Critical Questions
323
1
Internet Exercises
323
1
Marriage and the Family
324
23
Marriage
324
1
Why Is Marriage Universal?
325
3
How Does One Marry?
328
3
Restrictions on Marriage: The Universal Incest Taboo
331
4
Whom Should One Marry?
335
3
How Many Does One Marry?
338
4
The Family
342
1
Variation in Family Form
343
1
Summary
344
1
Glossary Terms
345
1
Critical Questions
345
1
Internet Exercises
346
1
Marital Residence and Kinship
347
23
Patterns of Marital Residence
348
1
Explanations of Variation in Residence
349
4
The Structure of Kinship
353
4
Bilateral Kinship
357
1
Unilineal Descent
358
7
Ambilineal Systems
365
1
Kinship Terminology
366
1
Summary
367
2
Glossary Terms
369
1
Critical Questions
369
1
Internet Exercises
369
1
Political Life: Social Order and Disorder
370
24
Variation in Types of Political Organization
371
10
Variation in Political Process
381
10
Summary
391
1
Glossary Terms
392
1
Critical Questions
393
1
Internet Exercises
393
1
Religion and Magic
394
16
Variation in Religious Beliefs
395
5
Variation in Religious Practices
400
5
Religion and Adaptation
405
3
Summary
408
1
Glossary Terms
409
1
Critical Questions
409
1
Internet Exercises
409
1
PART IV USING ANTHROPOLOGY
Applied and Practicing Anthropology
410
16
Motives for Applying and Practicing Anthropology
411
1
History and Types of Application
412
2
Ethics of Applied Anthropology
414
1
Evaluating the Effects of Planned Change
415
1
Difficulties in Instituting Planned Change
416
4
Cultural Resource Management
420
3
Forensic Anthropology
423
1
Summary
424
1
Glossary Terms
425
1
Critical Questions
425
1
Internet Exercises
425
1
Medical Anthropology
426
20
Cultural Understandings of Health and Illness
427
3
Treatment of Illness
430
5
Political and Economic Influences on Health
435
1
Health Conditions and Diseases
436
8
Summary
444
1
Glossary Terms
445
1
Critical Questions
445
1
Internet Exercises
445
1
Global Social Problems
446
17
Natural Disasters and Famine
447
2
Inadequate Housing and Homelessness
449
2
Family Violence and Abuse
451
3
Crime
454
3
War
457
3
Making the World Better
460
1
Summary
460
1
Critical Questions
461
1
Internet Exercises
461
2
Glossary
463
11
Notes
474
45
Bibliography
519
27
Index
546