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Tables of Contents for Classroom Assessment for Students With Special Needs in Inclusive Settings
PART 1 OVERVIEW OF THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS
1
132
The Process of Assessment
2
44
Introduction to the Special Education Process
3
1
The Pre-Referral Process
5
7
General Screening Procedures5
2
Identification of Problem7
1
Preschool Screening7
1
Information Gathering for the Referral8
1
Referral and Intervention Teams9
2
Provisions of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act11
1
The Referral and Classification Process
12
14
Initiation of the Referral Process12
1
Evaluation Procedures13
2
The Evaluation Plan15
2
Multidisciplinary Team Membership17
6
Classification Eligibility23
1
Classification Criteria24
2
The Placement and Service Determination Process
26
6
Placement Determination26
1
Optional Placements26
3
Related Services29
1
Assistive Technology Services and Devices30
2
IEP Development and Evaluation Process
32
7
Development of the Individualized Education Plan32
1
Assessment Information Required in the IEP33
4
Coordinating Assessment Results in IEP Development and Monitoring37
1
The IEP Connection38
1
The Program Review Process
39
7
Evaluation of Progress39
1
The Annual Review39
1
Triennial Evaluation40
1
Due Process41
5
Introduction to the Various Types of Assessment
48
1
Formal vs. Informal Assessment
48
3
Types of Achievement Assessment
51
7
Formal Assessment51
1
Types of Formal Assessment51
2
Informal (Authentic) Assessment53
2
Types of Informal (Authentic) Assessment55
3
Choosing What Type of Test to Use
58
7
Section of Standardized Tests58
1
Decide What Type of Test Is Appropriate59
6
Administration and Interpretation of Formal Testing
65
7
Administration of Standardized Tests65
1
Scoring and Interpretation of Standardized Tests66
6
Administration and Interpretation of Informal Assessment
72
11
Task Analysis73
2
Probes75
1
Response Journals or Learning Logs76
1
Think-Aloud Technique77
1
Questionnaires77
1
Interviews78
1
Checklists78
1
Work-Sample Analysis78
1
Error Analysis79
1
Self-Evaluation79
1
Peer Evaluation80
1
Observation80
1
Rating Scales80
1
Rubric Scoring81
1
Analytical Trait Scoring82
1
Holistic Scoring82
1
Anchor Papers83
1
Technology---Computerized Assessment
83
9
Assistive Technology83
1
Types of Assistive Technology83
2
Computer Systems85
7
Factors Affecting Test Performance
92
41
Introduction to Factors That Affect School Performance
93
1
Chronic Medical Conditions94
1
Respiratory Problems95
2
Endocrine Problems97
2
Neurological Problems99
2
General Health Concerns101
1
Visual and Auditory Acuity/Perception
102
12
Visual Acuity Problems102
3
Visual Efficiency105
5
Visual Processing Disorders110
1
Auditory Acuity Problems111
3
Auditory Processing Disorders114
1
Emotional/Attentional/Behavioral Issues
114
7
Emotional Problems114
4
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder118
2
Substance Abuse120
1
Home/Cultural/School Issues
121
12
Home/Family Problems121
5
Cultural/Linguistic Differences126
2
School History Concerns128
5
PART 2 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT ISSUES
133
62
Accountability, Accommodations, and Alternative Assessment
134
32
Introduction to Accountability, Accommodations, and Alternative Assessment
135
2
IDEA-97---Mandates Dealing with Assessment and Accountability
137
3
Reasons for Reform137
1
Barriers to Full Inclusion in Assessment and Accountability138
2
Issues of Accountability
140
3
Variations in Assessment Among States and Districts141
2
Testing Accommodations
143
12
Accommodations143
1
Guidelines for Providing Accommodations143
5
Other Accommodations148
2
Modifications150
2
Correlating Accommodations to Specific Learning Characteristics152
3
Alternative Assessment
155
2
Measurement Approaches155
1
Criteria for Determining Whether a Student Requires Alternative Assessment156
1
Assessment and Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Learners
157
9
Criteria Required for Fair Assessment of Cross-Cultural Students158
8
Gathering Baseline Assessment Information
166
29
Introduction to Preliminary Assessment
167
1
Teacher---Parent Interview
168
6
Teacher Interview168
2
Parent Interview170
4
Cumulative Files174
3
Confidential Files177
1
Health Records177
1
Anecdotal Records178
1
Quality of Work180
1
Quantity of Work180
1
Observations in Group Settings184
1
Types of Direct Observation184
5
Observation During Testing Session189
1
PART 3 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ASSESSMENT
195
304
Introduction to Reading Assessment
197
1
Developmental Stages of the Reading Process199
1
Developmental Reading Processes and Factors Affecting Students with Disabilities199
5
Preliminary Data Collection
204
4
Teacher---Parent Interviews204
4
Reading Assessment Procedures
208
44
Standardized vs. Informal Reading Assessment Measures208
2
Criterion-Referenced Tests210
1
Visual Processing211
1
Metalinguistics212
1
Letter/Word Identification212
3
Word Attack215
1
Oral Reading215
3
Error Pattern Analysis218
1
Miscue Analysis219
2
Word Meaning221
1
Metacognition222
4
Rate of Reading226
1
Comprehension227
1
Interest Inventory228
1
Cloze Procedure229
2
Maze Procedure231
1
Think-Aloud Procedure232
1
Retelling/Paraphrasing232
1
Running Records233
1
Portfolio Assessment234
4
Informal Reading Inventory238
3
Readability Graph241
2
Curriculum-Based Measurement243
3
Fluency Measures246
5
Performance-Based Assessment251
1
Scoring and Procedures for Reading Assessment
252
14
Written and Oral Language Assessment
266
62
Introduction to Written and Oral Language Assessment
267
1
Components of Oral Language269
1
Developmental Stages of Oral Language270
2
Oral Language Factors Affecting Students with Disabilities272
1
Components of Written Language272
1
Developmental Stages of Written Language273
1
Written Language Factors Affecting Students with Disabilities273
3
Preliminary Data Collection
276
8
Teacher Interview277
1
Analysis of Classroom Environment277
1
Parent Interview277
1
Record Review278
1
Anecdotal Records279
1
Work-Sample Analysis280
1
Student Observation281
2
Student Interview283
1
Oral Language Assessment Procedures
284
8
Standardized and Criterion-Referenced Published Tests285
1
Speech Disorders285
2
Spoken Language Assessment287
1
Language Samples287
2
Listening Skills: Attention289
1
Assessing for Language Use: Pragmatics289
3
Written Language Assessment Procedures
292
14
Formal, Standardized Written Language Tests292
1
Criterion-Referenced Assessment293
1
Assessing Written Expression293
1
Interest Inventory294
2
Assessing the Writing Process296
1
Student Journals297
1
Portfolio Assessment of Written Language298
2
Curriculum-Based Measurement300
1
Written Language Probes301
2
Performance-Based Assessment303
1
Diagnostic Inventory303
1
Error Analysis304
2
Student Self-Assessment306
1
Language Scoring Procedures
306
22
Holistic Scoring306
4
Analytic Scoring310
2
Anchor Paper Scoring Method312
16
Spelling and Handwriting Assessment
328
46
Introduction to Spelling and Handwriting Assessment
329
1
The Spelling and Handwriting Process
330
8
Components of Spelling330
2
Development of Spelling Skills332
2
Factors Affecting Spelling334
1
Components of Handwriting335
1
Development of Handwriting Skills336
1
Factors Affecting Handwriting337
1
Preliminary Data Collection
338
3
Teacher---Parent Interviews338
1
Record Review338
2
Work-Sample Analysis340
1
Observations340
1
Student Interview341
1
Spelling Assessment Procedures
341
13
Phonemic Awareness Assessment343
1
Spelling Error Analysis344
2
Dictated Spelling Test346
1
Informal Spelling Inventory347
1
Cloze Procedure347
2
Curriculum-Based Measurement349
2
Spelling Probes351
1
Performance Spelling Assessment352
2
Handwriting Assessment Procedures
354
9
Handwriting Readiness354
1
Handwriting Characteristics355
2
Handwriting Sample Assessment357
2
Handwriting Probes359
1
Error Analysis of Handwriting359
4
Spelling and Handwriting Scoring Procedures
363
11
Holistic Scoring for Manuscript and Cursive Handwriting363
1
Analytic Scoring363
11
Mathematical Assessment
374
64
Introduction to Mathematical Assessment
375
1
The Mathematical Process
376
11
The Hierarchy of Mathematical Acquisition and Instruction378
1
The Focus of Curriculum Through the School Years378
1
Shift from Traditional Assessment Procedures379
1
Math NCTM Standards379
2
Mathematical Problems Experienced by Students with Learning Disorders381
6
Preliminary Data Collection
387
5
Parent---Teacher Interviews387
1
Record Review388
2
Work-Sample Analysis390
1
Observation391
1
Student Interviews391
1
Formal Math Tests392
1
Criterion-Referenced Math Tests393
2
Curriculum-Based Assessment395
1
Math Probes396
2
Error Analysis398
10
Oral Math Interview408
3
Task Analysis411
1
Math Curriculum Scope and Sequence Analysis412
3
Mathematical Inventory415
1
Mathematical Journal Writing416
2
Performance-Based Assessment418
4
Math Portfolio422
1
Math Self-Assessment423
1
Peer Assessment424
1
Life Skills Assessment---Math Skills424
4
Math Scoring Procedures
428
10
Holistic and Analytic Scoring428
1
Rubrics428
1
Rating Scales429
9
Content-Area Subjects and Study Skills Assessment
438
61
Introduction to Content-Area and Study Skills Assessment
439
1
The Content-Area Subject Process
440
9
The Focus of Content Area Curriculum Through the School Years443
1
Shift from Traditional Assessment Procedures444
1
The Process of Content Area Assessment445
2
Content-Area Subject Problems Experienced by Students with Learning Disabilities447
2
Preliminary Data Collection
449
8
Parent---Teacher Interviews449
1
Record Review449
2
Work-Sample Analysis451
1
Anecdotal Records451
1
Student Observation452
2
Student Interview454
3
Content-Area Subject Assessment
457
21
Standardized Assessment457
1
Performance-Based Assessment458
1
Curriculum-Based Assessment and Measurement459
1
Drawing Mental Models459
4
Concept Map Assessment463
2
Content-Area Oral Interview465
1
Contracts466
1
Self-Assessment Reflection466
2
Peer Assessment468
1
Learning Logs and Journals469
1
Portfolios470
1
Textbook Evaluation471
7
Content-Area Study Skills
478
7
Observing Study Skills480
1
Metacognitive Reflection480
1
Memory Skills481
1
Time Management and Organizational Skills482
1
Note Taking483
1
Research Skills483
2
Preparing for and Taking Tests485
1
Types of Scoring Procedures
485
14
Skills Checklist485
2
Rubrics487
1
Developing a Rubric488
1
Holistic Scoring489
10
PART 4 FOCUS ON TRANSITION ASSESSMENT
499
68
Transition Assessment: Early Childhood and Secondary Levels
500
67
Introduction to the Transition Process
501
1
The Transition Process
502
9
Components of Early Childhood Assessment504
1
Components of Early Childhood Transitions504
2
Components of Secondary Transitions506
2
Effect of Transition Assessment and Planning508
1
Transition Legislation508
3
The Early Childhood Assessment Process
511
6
Developmental Assessment512
2
Transition Requirements for Early Intervention/Early Childhood514
3
Early Childhood Preliminary Data Collection
517
11
Parent---Teacher Interviews517
3
Student Observation520
2
Play-Based or Arena Assessment522
1
Student Interviews523
2
Record Review525
1
Work Sample Analysis526
1
Anecdotal Records526
2
Early Childhood Assessment
528
12
Standardized Tests528
2
Criterion-Referenced Tests530
1
Self-Evaluation530
1
Portfolios530
1
Curriculum-Based Assessment531
2
Specific Skill Checklists533
3
Sociograms536
1
Videotape, Audiotape, and Photographic Recordings537
1
Rating Scales538
2
The Secondary-Level Transition Assessment Process
540
6
Postsecondary Options541
1
Reasonable Accommodations for Individuals with Disabilities542
2
Secondary-Level Transition Planning544
2
Secondary-Level Preliminary Data Collection
546
5
Parent---Teacher Interviews547
1
Observations547
1
Work Samples547
2
Student Interviews549
1
Record Review549
2
Secondary-Level Transition Assessment
551
16
Standardized Assessment553
1
Ecological Assessment553
2
Career Performance Assessment555
1
Portfolios555
2
Checklists and Rating Scales557
4
Curriculum-Based Vocational Assessment561
6
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