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Tables of Contents for Exceptional Lives
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preludes, Laws, Students, and Staff
Profile of Special Education Students and Personnel in Today's Schools
2
9
Who Are the Students?
4
3
Nancy Ward
7
3
Who Are Special Education Personnel?
10
1
What Are the Results for Students with Disabilities?
11
2
Three Leaders Who Charged Special Education: A History of Reform
13
3
Questioning the Efficacy of Special Education Placement
13
1
Lloyd Dunn
Proposing a Cascade of Services
14
1
Evelyn Deno
Advocating for a Special Education Contract
15
1
James Gallagher
Judicial Preludes to Federal Special Education Law: A History of Discrimination
16
1
Two Types of Discrimination
16
1
Two Revolutionary Judicial Decisions
17
1
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Introduction and Eligibility
17
3
Introduction to IDEA: Progress but Problems
17
1
A Father's Voice in PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
18
2
Eligibility for Special Education: Need and Age Groups
20
2
IDEA: Six Principles
22
8
Zero Reject
23
2
Nondiscriminatory Evaluation
25
1
Appropriate Education
26
1
Least Restrictive Environment
27
2
Procedural Due Process
29
1
Parent-Student Participation
30
1
Federal Funding of IDEA
30
2
IDEA as Grant-in-Aid for States
31
1
Other Federal Laws: Entitlement and Antidiscrimination
32
3
Entitlements and Other Services
32
1
Prohibition of Discrimination
33
2
Senator Tom Harkin Speaks Out in Favor of ADA
35
1
A Vision for the Future
35
5
Video Reflections: Common Miracles: The New American Revolution in Learning, Part I
26
14
Implementing Idea's Principles
40
38
Framework for Implementing IDEA
42
2
Nondiscriminatory Evaluation: Screening, Prereferral, and Referral
44
1
Screening
44
3
Prereferral
45
1
Murray Elementary School
46
1
Referral
47
1
Nondiscriminatory Evaluation
47
14
Nondiscriminatory Evaluation Procedures and Standards
51
1
Assessment Instruments
52
2
Administration of Nondiscriminatory Assessments
54
6
Speaking Out on Parent to Parent
60
1
Appropriate Education
61
11
Developing the IFSP/IEP
61
7
Implementing the IFSP/IEP
68
1
Best Practices for IFSP/IEP Conferences
68
2
Making a Difference: Parent Training and Information in Kansas
70
2
A Vision for the Future
72
6
Video Reflections: Common Miracles: The New American Revolution in Learning Part II
63
15
Special Education Today: Inclusion and Collaboration
78
42
School Reform
80
3
School Reform via Goals 2000
80
2
School Reform via IDEA
82
1
Inclusion
83
3
Mainstreaming
83
1
The Regular Education Initiative
84
1
Madeleine Will
85
1
First-Generation Inclusion
86
14
The Evolution Toward Inclusion
86
1
``Caught in the Continnum''
87
1
Revising the Concept of the Continuum
88
1
Extent of Implementation
88
1
Three Key Components
88
9
Inclusion Tips
97
1
Challenges Encountered in First-Generation Inclusion
97
3
Second-Generation Inclusion
100
4
Crossroads: From First-to Second-Generation Inclusion
100
1
Key Issues for Second-Generation Inclusion
101
1
Making Difference: ``The Road to Inclusion Can be Smooth or Hellish''
102
1
Cooperative Teaching in Fifth-Grade Classes
103
1
The Inclusiosn Requirements of IDEA: The Least Restrictive Environment
104
1
The Basic Rule: Rebuttable Presumption
104
1
Provisions Advancing Inclusion
104
1
Collaboration as a Prerequisite for Inclusion
105
10
Definition
105
1
Rationale for Collaboration
106
1
Making a Difference: Sytem-Wide Callaboration Outcomes
107
1
Collaboration Tips: Planning for Second-Generation Inclusion
108
1
Roles of Potential Collaborators
108
7
A Vision for the Future
115
5
Video Reflections: Common Miracles: The New American Revolution in Learning, Part III
111
9
Learning Disabilities
120
50
What Are Learning Disabilities?
123
11
Defining Learning Disabilities
123
3
Jill, a College Freshman
126
1
Describing the Characteristics
126
2
Debbie Navarro
128
1
Samantha Abeel
129
2
Ten Tips for Making and Keeping Friends
131
1
Identifying the Causes of Learning Disabilities
131
3
Identifying the Prevalence of Learning Disabilities
134
1
What Are Evaluation Procedures?
134
7
Determining the Presence of a Learning Disability
135
3
Determining the Nature and Extent of Special Education and Related Services
138
2
Effective IEPs
140
1
What and How Do Professionals Teach?
141
9
Historical Approaches
141
1
Curriculum
141
2
Types of Reading Disabilities and Interventions
143
3
Methods
146
1
Developing Your Own Learning Strategy
147
3
How Is Participation Encouraged?
150
8
Inclusion
150
1
Collaboration
151
1
Responsible Inclusion for Students with Learning Disabilities
152
2
Inclusion Tips
154
2
Collaboration Tips: Developing a Plan to Initiate Peer Tutoring
156
2
Careers
158
1
What Are Program Options?
158
7
Making a Difference: Ennis Cosby
159
1
Early Intervention and Preschool Years
160
1
Elementary Years
161
3
Middle and Secondary Years
164
1
Transitional and Postsecondary Years
164
1
A Vision for the Future
165
5
Video Reflections: Bill Cosby's Dyslexia Crusade
162
8
Emotional or Behavioral Disorders
170
52
What Are Emotional or Behavioral Disorders?
173
18
Defining Emotional or Behavioral Disorders
173
1
IDEA and Discipline
174
3
Describing the Characteristics
177
1
Nathan Bennett
178
2
Suicide Prevention
180
1
Encouraging Compliance from Students with Oppositional-Defiant Disorder
181
4
Identifying the Causes of Emotional or Behavioral Disorders
185
5
Identifying the Prevalance of Emotional or Behavioral Disorders
190
1
What Are Evaluation Procedures?
191
4
Determining the Presence of Emotional or Behavioral Disorders
191
1
Determining the Nature and Extent of Special Education and Related Services
191
4
What and How Do Professionals Teach?
195
5
Curriculum
195
1
Methods
196
2
The Six P's of Strategic Interaction
198
2
How Is Participation Encouraged?
200
8
Inclusion
200
1
David L. Furr
201
2
Inclusion Tips
203
1
Collaboration
203
1
Jim Cain
204
1
Innovative Approaches Linking Educational and Mental Health Services
205
1
How Parents and Professionals Can Work Together as Advocates
206
2
Careers
208
1
What Are Program Options?
208
14
Early Intervention and Preschool Years
208
2
Collaboration Tips: Incorporating Peer Mediation
210
2
Alan Amtzis
212
1
Elementary Years
213
1
Middle and Secondary Years
214
2
Transitional and Postsecondary years
216
2
A Vision for the Future
218
Video Reflections: Almost Home
182
40
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
222
44
What Is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
225
14
Defining Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
226
2
Michael John Tuminello
228
3
Describing the Characteristics of AD/HD
231
1
Bob Seay
232
3
Identifying the Causes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
235
3
Identifying the Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
238
1
What Are Evaluation Procedures?
239
7
Determining the Presence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
239
3
Determining the Nature and Extent of Special Education and Related Services
242
2
Accommodations for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
244
2
What and How Do Professional Teach?
246
4
Curriculum
246
1
Methods
247
3
How Is Participation Encouraged?
250
8
Inclusion
250
1
Making a Difference: Lee R. Donald
251
1
Collaboration
252
2
Inclusion Tips
254
2
Collaboration Tips: Teaching Self-Advocacy Skills
256
2
Careers
258
1
What Are Program Options?
258
4
Early Intervention and Preschool Years
258
1
Elementary Years
259
1
Middle and Secondary Years
260
1
Transititional and Postsecondary Years
261
1
A Vision for the Future
262
4
Video Reflections: Teacher Little Helper: Schoolchildren and Drugs
249
17
Giftedness
266
48
What Is Giftedness?
268
15
Defining Giftedness
268
7
Michael Kearney
275
1
Describing the Characteristics
276
4
Wedge Cree
280
1
Identifying the Causes of Giftedness
281
1
Identifying the Prevalance of Giftendness
281
2
What Are Evaluation Procedures?
283
7
Determining the Presence of Giftedness
283
4
Determining the Nature and Extent of Special Education and Related Services
287
2
Suggested Contents for a Reflective Learning Portfolio
289
1
What and How Do Professional Teach?
290
6
Curriculum
290
1
Sample Curricular Activities for Different Intelligences on the Topic of Change
291
1
Methods
292
4
How Is Participation Encouraged?
296
8
Inclusion
296
1
Inclusion Tips
297
1
Collaboration
298
1
Tic-Tac-Toe Menu
299
1
Collaboration Tips: Adapting the General Classroom Environment for the Uproductive Student
300
2
Making a Difference: Kevin Kearney: How Do You Educate Aristotle?
302
1
Making a Difference: Marie Friedel
303
1
Careers
304
1
What Are Program Options?
304
4
Early Intervention and Preschool Years
304
2
Elementary Years
306
1
Middle and Secondary Years
307
1
Transitional and Postsecondary Years
307
1
Transitional and Postsecondary Years
307
1
A Vision for the Future
308
6
Video Reflections: Gee Whiz, Whiz Kids
294
20
Mental Retardation
314
48
What Is Mental Retardation?
317
18
Defining Mental Retardation
317
3
Making a Difference: Communication Partners Across Environments
320
1
Describing the Characteristics
320
4
The Efficacy Model
324
4
Identifying the Causes of Mental Retardation
328
5
Identifying the Prevalence of Mental Retardation
333
2
What Are Evaluation Procedures?
335
3
Determining the Presence of Mental Retardation
335
2
Determining the Nature and Extent of Special Education and Related Services
337
1
What and How Do Professionals Teach?
338
6
Curriculum
338
2
Michael Wehmeyer
340
1
Methods
341
2
Teaching Self-Determination Skills
343
1
How Is Participation Encouraged?
344
5
Inclusion
344
1
Inclusion Tips
345
1
Collaboration
346
1
Martha Banning
347
1
Collaboration Tips: Increasing Student Competence with Augmentative Communication Devices
348
1
Careers
349
1
What Are Program Options?
349
9
Early Intervention and Preschool Years
349
2
Making a Difference: Dwight Fleming
351
2
Elementary Years
353
2
Middle and Secondary Years
355
1
Transitional and Postsecondary Years
356
2
A Vision for the Future
358
4
Video Reflections: Building Brains: The Sooner, the Better
332
30
Severe and Multiple Disabilities
362
40
What Are Severe and Multiple Disabilities?
364
11
Defining Severe and Multiple Disabilities
364
2
Describing the Characteristics
366
3
Making a Difference: ``Give Me More''
369
1
Identifying the Causes of Severe and Multiple Disabilities
370
2
Identifying the Prevalence of Severe and Multiple Disabilities
372
2
Making a Difference: Bob Guthrie, The Great Preventer
374
1
Whar Are Evaluation Procedures?
375
5
Determining the Presence of a Disability
375
2
Determining the Nature and Extent of Special Education and Related Services
377
3
What and How Do Professionals Teach?
380
6
Curriculum
380
4
Methods
384
2
How Is Participation Encouraged?
386
8
Inclusion
386
2
A Blue Hair Ribbon
388
1
Inclusion Tips
389
1
Collaboration
389
3
Collaboration Tips: Increasing Support and Resources Available to Enhance a Student's Learning Potential
392
2
Careers
394
1
What Are Program Options?
394
5
Early Intervention and Preschool years
394
1
Elementary Years
395
1
Middle and Secondary Years
396
1
Transitional and Postsecondary Years
397
2
A Vision for the Future
399
3
Video Reflections: Race for a Miracle
373
29
Autism
402
40
What Is Autism?
405
9
Defining Autism
405
1
Describing the Characteristics
405
2
Elements of Facilitated Communication
407
1
Conversing
408
2
Temple Grandin
410
2
Identifying the Causes of Autism
412
1
Ruth Sullivan
413
1
Identifying the Prevalence of Autism
413
1
Frank Warren
414
1
What Are Evaluation Procedures?
414
4
Whar Are Evaluation Procedures?
414
1
Determining the Presence of Autism
414
2
Determining the Nature and Extent of Special Education and Related Services
416
2
What and How do professionals Teach?
418
5
Self-Determination
419
1
Curriculum
419
1
Methods
420
3
How is Participation Encouraged?
423
8
Inclusion
423
1
Inclusion Tips
424
1
Kate's Inclusion
425
1
Collaboration
425
2
Anne M. Donnellan
427
1
Careers
427
1
Collaboration Tips: Responding to Concerns of Parents of Students without Disabilities
428
2
Alice Ann Darrow
430
1
What Are Program Options?
431
7
Early Intervention and Preschool Years
431
2
Elementary Years
433
2
Middle and Secondary Years
435
1
Transitional and Postsecondary Years
436
2
A Vision for the Future
438
4
Video Reflections: Stephen's World
422
20
Other Health Impairments
442
52
What Are Other Health Impairments?
445
20
Defining Health Impairments
446
1
Describing the Characteristics of Other Health Impairments
446
1
Ryan White
447
10
How Teachers Can Help a Child with Cancer
457
4
Identifying the Causes of Other Health Impairments
461
3
Identifying the Prevalence of Other Health Impairments
464
1
What Are Evaluation Procedures?
465
2
Determining the Presence of Other Health Impairments
465
2
Determining the Nature and Extent of Special Education and Related Services
467
1
What and How Do Professionals Teach?
467
10
Curriculum
467
1
Methods
468
2
Service Dogs
470
6
Making a Difference: Supporting Elyse Fandon
476
1
How Is Participation Encouraged?
477
8
Inclusion
477
2
Inclusion Tips
479
1
Collaboration
480
1
Making a Difference: Hamilton Heights High Welcomes Ryan White
481
1
Collaboration Tips: Including a Service Dog at School
482
2
Making a Difference: Carol Opperman on Homebound Instruction
484
1
Careers
484
1
What Are Program Options?
485
4
Early Intervention and Preschool Years
485
1
Elementary Years
486
1
Middle and Secondary Years
487
1
Transitional and Postsecondary Years
488
1
A Vision for the Future
489
5
Video Reflections: Children's Legacy
477
17
Physical Disabilities
494
46
What Are Physical Disabilities?
497
13
Defining Physical Disabilities
497
1
Describing the Characteristics
498
2
Will Morse
500
9
Identifying the Prevalence of Physical Disabilities
509
1
Preventing Physical Disabilities
509
1
What Are Evaluation Procedures?
510
5
Determining the Presence of Physical Disabilities
510
1
My Son Sam
511
1
Determining the Nature and Extent of Special Education and Related Services
511
4
What and How Do Professionals Teach?
515
9
Curriculum
515
1
Methods
516
1
Making a Difference: U. S. Senator Tom Harkin
517
2
Making a Difference: Ryan Gray's Legacy
519
5
How Is Participation Encouraged?
524
7
Inclusion
524
1
Tips for Communicating with Students Who Use Alternative and Augmentative Communication
525
1
Pat Hackett-Waters
526
1
Inclusion Tips
527
1
Collaboration
527
2
Careers
529
1
Collaboration Tips: Planning for the Use of Specialized Equipment
530
1
What Are Program Options?
531
5
Early Intervention and Preschool Years
531
1
Making a Difference: Cathy Schmitz
532
1
Elementary Years
533
1
Middle and Secondary Years
534
1
Transitional and Postsecondary Years
535
1
A Vision for the Future
536
4
Video Reflections: My Child
535
5
Traumatic Brain Injury
540
40
What Is Traumatic Brain Injury?
542
14
Defining Traumatic Brain Injury
543
2
Linda McLaughlin
545
2
Relationship of Brain Injury to Other Disabilities
547
1
Describing the Characteristics
548
4
Identifying the Causes of Traumatic Brain Injury
552
1
Frederick Linge
553
2
Identifying the Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury
555
1
What Are Evaluation Procedure?
556
3
Determining the Presence of Traumatic Brain Injury
556
1
Determining the Nature and Extent of Special Education and Related Services
557
2
What and How Do Professional Teach?
559
4
Curriculum
559
1
Guidelines for Using Cognitive Retraining
560
1
Methods
561
1
Improving Instruction
562
1
How Is participation Encouraged?
563
8
Inclusion
563
1
Collaboration
564
1
Inclusion Tips
565
1
Making a Difference: Jimmie's Team
566
1
Beth Urbanczyk
567
1
Collaboration Tips: Collaborating with Families from Diverse Cultures
568
2
Careers
570
1
What Are Program Options?
571
5
Early Intervention and Preschool Years
571
1
Elementary Years
572
2
Middle and Secondary Years
574
1
Transitional and Postsecondary Years
574
2
A Vision for the Future
576
4
Video Reflections: Billy Golfus
552
28
Communication Disorders
580
40
What Are Communication Disorders?
583
15
Defining Communication Disorders?
583
2
Describing the Characteristics
585
10
Identifying the Causes of Communication Disorders
595
1
Bob Martel
596
1
Elizabeth Johnston
597
1
Identifying the Prevalence of Communication Disorders
597
1
What Are Evaluation Procedures?
598
2
Determining the Presence of Communication Disorders
598
2
Determining the Nature and Extent of Special Education and Related Services
600
1
What and How to Professionals Teach?
600
4
Curriculum
603
1
Methods
603
1
Seven Strategies for Arranging the Environment to Stimulate Language Use
604
1
How Is Participation Encouraged?
604
7
Inclusion
604
2
Inclusion Tips
606
1
Collaboration
606
2
Collaboration Tips: Developing Opportunities in the General Education Classroom to Enhance Communication
608
2
Making a Difference: Mildred Templin
610
1
Careers
610
1
Making a Difference: Rhonda Friendlander
611
1
What Are Program Options?
611
3
Early Intervention and Preschool Years
611
1
Elementary Years
612
1
Middle and Secondary Years
612
2
Transitional and Postsecondary Years
614
1
A Vision for the Future
614
6
Video Reflections: Ebonics and the Teaching of Standard English
600
20
Hearing Loss
620
42
What Is Hearing Loss?
623
9
Defining Hearing Loss
623
2
Describing the Characteristics
625
1
Enhancing the Accessibility of Sports and Extracurriculars
626
1
Donna Borchardt
627
2
Identifying the Causes of Hearing Loss
629
2
Identifying the Prevalence of Hearing Loss
631
1
What Are Evaluation Procedures?
632
6
Determining the Presence of Hearing Loss
632
1
Making a Difference: Hans G. Furth
633
4
Determining the Nature and Extent of Special Education and Related Services
637
1
What and How Do Professionals Teach?
638
6
Curriculum
639
1
Methods
640
3
Different Communication Modes
643
1
How Is Participation Encouraged?
644
11
Inclusion
644
3
Inclusion Tips
647
1
Collaboration
648
1
Making a Difference: Collaboration Is the Key
649
1
Robyn Brown
650
1
Collaboration Tips: Adapting the Curriculum for Students Having Difficulty with Content Area Subjects
651
1
Robert Davila
652
1
Careers
653
1
Barbara Schirmer
654
1
Teacher-Interpreter Tips
655
1
What Are Program Options?
655
7
Early Intervention and Preschool Years
655
1
Elementary Years
655
1
Middle and secondary Years
656
1
Transitional and Postsecondary Years
657
1
A Vision for the Future
657
Video Reflections: Maggie Lee Sayre
648
14
Blindness and Low Vision
662
22
What Is Visual Impairment?
665
8
Defining Visual Impairment
665
1
Describing the Characteristics
666
1
The National Federation of the Blind's Position on Labeling
667
4
Identifying the Causes of Visual Impairment
671
1
Identifying the Prevalence of Visual Impairment
672
1
What Are Evaluation Procedures?
673
6
Determining the Presence of a Visual Impairment
673
4
Determining the Nature and Extent of Special Education and Related Services
677
2
What and How Do Professional Teach?
679
12
Curriculum
679
7
Creative Ways to Make Time for Teaching Unique Skills
686
1
Methods
686
5
Guidelines for Working with Students with Visual Impairments
691
1
How Is Participation Encouraged?
691
8
Inclusion
691
1
Making a Difference: Statement by the Joint Organizational Effort
692
3
Including Tips
695
1
Collaboration
695
2
Collaboration Tips: Modifying the Environment for Inclusion in Extracurricular School Activities
697
1
Tom and Kris Kiel
698
1
Careers
699
1
What Are Program Options?
699
6
Early Intervention and Preschool Years
699
1
Donna McNear
700
2
Elementary Years
702
1
Middle and Secondary Years
703
2
Transitional and Postsecondary Years
705
1
A Vision for the Future
705
Video Reflections: Marla Runyon
684
Glossary
G1
References
R1
Name Index
I1
Subject Index
I13
Photo Credits
I32