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Tables of Contents for Modern Operating Systems
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xvi
Introduction
1
70
What is an Operating System?
3
3
The Operating System as an Extended Machine
3
2
The Operating System as a Resource Manager
5
1
History of Operating Systems
6
12
The First Generation (1945-55)
6
1
The Second Generation (1955-65)
7
2
The Third Generation (1965-1980)
9
4
The Fourth Generation (1980-Present)
13
3
Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny
16
2
The Operating System Zoo
18
2
Mainframe Operating Systems
18
1
Server Operating Systems
19
1
Multiprocessor Operating Systems
19
1
Personal Computer Operating Systems
19
1
Real-Time Operating Systems
19
1
Embedded Operating Systems
20
1
Smart Card Operating Systems
20
1
Computer Hardware Review
20
14
Processors
21
2
Memory
23
5
I/O Devices
28
3
Buses
31
3
Operating System Concepts
34
10
Processes
34
2
Deadlocks
36
1
Memory Management
37
1
Input/Output
38
1
Files
38
3
Security
41
1
The Shell
41
2
Recycling of Concepts
43
1
System Calls
44
12
System Calls for Process Management
48
2
System Calls for File Management
50
1
System Calls for Directory Management
51
2
Miscellaneous System Calls
53
1
The Windows Win32 API
53
3
Operating System Structure
56
7
Monolithic Systems
56
1
Layered Systems
57
2
Virtual Machines
59
2
Exokernels
61
1
Client-Server Model
61
2
Research on Operating Systems
63
2
Outline of the Rest of This Book
65
1
Metric Units
66
1
Summary
67
4
Processes and Threads
71
88
Processes
71
10
The Process Model
72
1
Process Creation
73
2
Process Termination
75
1
Process Hierachies
76
1
Process States
77
2
Implementation of Processes
79
2
Threads
81
19
The Thread Model
81
4
Thread Usage
85
5
Implementing Threads in User Space
90
3
Implementing Threads in the Kernel
93
1
Hybrid Implementations
94
1
Scheduler Activations
94
2
Pop-Up Threads
96
1
Making Single-Threaded Code Multithreaded
97
3
Interprocess Communication
100
24
Race Conditions
100
2
Critical Regions
102
1
Mutual Exclusion with Busy Waiting
103
5
Sleep and Wakeup
108
2
Semaphores
110
3
Mutexes
113
2
Monitors
115
4
Message Passing
119
4
Barriers
123
1
Classical IPC Problems
124
8
The Dining Philosophers Problem
125
3
The Readers and Writers Problem
128
1
The Sleeping Barber Problem
129
3
Scheduling
132
19
Introduction to Scheduling
132
6
Scheduling in Batch Systems
138
4
Scheduling in Interactive Systems
142
6
Scheduling in Real-Time Systems
148
1
Policy Versus Mechanism
149
1
Thread Scheduling
150
1
Research on Processes and Threads
151
1
Summary
152
7
Deadlocks
159
30
Resources
160
3
Preemptable and Nonpreemptable Resources
160
1
Resource Acquisition
161
2
Introduction to Deadlocks
163
4
Conditions for Deadlock
164
1
Deadlock Modeling
164
3
The Ostrich Algorithm
167
1
Deadlock Detection and Recovery
168
7
Deadlock Detection with One Resource of Each Type
168
3
Deadlock Detection with Multiple Resource of Each Type
171
2
Recovery from Deadlock
173
2
Deadlock Avoidance
175
5
Resource Trajectories
175
1
Safe and Unsafe States
176
2
The Banker's Algorithm for a Single Resource
178
1
The Banker's Algorithm for Multiple Resources
179
1
Deadlock Prevention
180
3
Attacking the Mutual Exclusion Condition
180
1
Attacking the Hold and Wait Condition
181
1
Attacking the No Preemption Condition
182
1
Attacking the Circular Wait Condition
182
1
Other Issues
183
2
Two-Phase Locking
183
1
Nonresource Deadlocks
184
1
Starvation
184
1
Research on Deadlocks
185
1
Summary
185
4
Memory Management
189
80
Basic Memory Management
190
6
Monoprogramming Without Swapping or Paging
190
1
Multiprogramming with Fixed Partitions
191
1
Modeling Multiprogramming
192
2
Analysis of Multiprogramming System Performance
194
1
Relocation and Protection
194
2
Swapping
196
6
Memory Management with Bitmaps
199
1
Memory Management with Linked Lists
200
2
Virtual Memory
202
12
Paging
202
3
Page Tables
205
6
TLBs---Translation Lookaside Buffers
211
2
Inverted Page Tables
213
1
Page Replacement Algorithms
214
14
The Optimal Page Replacement Algorithm
215
1
The Not Recently Used Page Replacement Algorithm
216
1
The First-In, First-Out
217
1
The Second Chance Page Replacement Algorithm
217
1
The Clock Page Replacement Algorithm
218
1
The Least Recently Used
218
2
Simulating LRU in Software
220
2
The Working Set Page Replacement Algorithm
222
3
The WSClock Page Replacement Algorithm
225
2
Summary of Page Replacement Algorithms
227
1
Modeling Page Replacement Algorithms
228
6
Belady's Anomaly
229
1
Stack Algorithms
229
3
The Distance String
232
1
Predicting Page Fault Rates
233
1
Design Issues for Paging Systems
234
8
Local Versus Global Allocation Policies
234
2
Load Control
236
1
Page Size
237
2
Separate Instruction and Data Spaces
239
1
Shared Pages
239
2
Cleaning Policy
241
1
Virtual Memory Interface
241
1
Implementation Issues
242
7
Operating System Involvement with Paging
242
1
Page Fault Handling
243
1
Instruction Backup
244
2
Locking Pages in Memory
246
1
Backing Store
246
1
Separation of Policy and Mechanism
247
2
Segmentation
249
13
Implementation of Pure Segmentation
253
1
Segmentation with Paging: MULTICS
254
3
Segmentation with Paging: The Intel Pentium
257
5
Research on Memory Management
262
1
Summary
262
7
Input/Output
269
110
Principles of I/O Hardware
269
13
I/O Devices
270
1
Device Controllers
271
1
Memory-Mapped I/O
272
4
Direct Memory Access
276
3
Interrupts Revisited
279
3
Principles of I/O Software
282
5
Goals of the I/O Software
283
1
Programmed I/O
284
2
Interrupt-Driven I/O
286
1
I/O Using DMA
287
1
I/O Software Layers
287
13
Interrupt Handlers
287
2
Device Drivers
289
3
Device-Independent I/O Software
292
6
User-Space I/O Software
298
2
Disks
300
27
Disk Formatting
315
3
Disk Arm Scheduling Algorithms
318
4
Error Handling
322
2
Stable Storage
324
3
Clocks
327
6
Clock Hardware
328
1
Clock Software
329
3
Soft Timers
332
1
Character-Oriented Terminals
333
9
RS-232 Terminal Hardware
334
2
Input Software
336
5
Output Software
341
1
Graphical User Interfaces
342
13
Personal Computer Keyboard, Mouse, and Display Hardware
343
4
Input Software
347
1
Output Software for Windows
347
8
Network Terminals
355
8
The X Window System
356
4
The SLIM Network Terminal
360
3
Power Management
363
8
Hardware Issues
364
1
Operating System Issues
365
5
Degraded Operation
370
1
Research on Input/Output
371
1
Summary
372
7
File Systems
379
74
Files
380
13
File Naming
380
2
File Structure
382
1
File Types
383
2
File Access
385
1
File Attributes
386
1
File Operations
387
2
An Example Program Using File System Calls
389
2
Memory-Mapped Files
391
2
Directories
393
6
Single- Level Directory Systems
393
1
Two-level Directory Systems
394
1
Hierarchical Directory Systems
395
1
Path Names
395
3
Directory Operations
398
1
File System Implementation
399
31
File System Layout
399
1
Implementing Files
400
5
Implementing Directories
405
3
Shared Files
408
2
Disks Space Management
410
6
File System Reliability
416
8
File System Performance
424
4
Log-Structured File Systems
428
2
Example File Systems
430
18
CD-ROM File Systems
430
5
The CP/M File System
435
3
The MS-DOS File System
438
4
The Windows 98 File System
442
3
The UNIX V7 File System
445
3
Research on File Systems
448
1
Summary
448
5
Multimedia Operating Systems
453
50
Introduction to Multimedia
454
4
Multimedia Files
458
5
Audio Encoding
459
2
Video Encoding
461
2
Video Compression
463
6
The JPEG Standard
464
3
The MPEG Standard
467
2
Multimedia Process Scheduling
469
6
Scheduling Homogeneous Processes
469
1
General Real-Time Scheduling
470
2
Rate Monotonic Scheduling
472
1
Earliest Deadline First Scheduling
473
2
Multimedia File System Paradigms
475
6
VCR Control Functions
476
2
Near Video on Demand
478
1
Near Video on Demand with VCR Functions
479
2
File Placement
481
11
Placing a File on a Single Disk
481
1
Two Alternative File Organization Strategies
482
4
Placing Files for Near Video on Demand
486
1
Placing Multiple Files on a Single Disk
487
3
Placing Files on Multiple Disks
490
2
Caching
492
2
Block Caching
492
2
File Caching
494
1
Disk Scheduling For Multimedia
494
4
Static Disk Scheduling
495
1
Dynamic Disk Scheduling
496
2
Research on Multimedia
498
1
Summary
499
4
Multiple Processor Systems
503
80
Multiprocessors
506
20
Multiprocessor Hardware
506
7
Multiprocessor Operating System Types
513
3
Multiprocessor Synchronization
516
5
Multiprocessor Scheduling
521
5
Multicomputers
526
23
Multicomputer Hardware
527
4
Low-Level Communication Software
531
3
User-Level Communication Software
534
3
Remote Procedure Call
537
3
Distributed Shared Memory
540
4
Multicomputer Scheduling
544
1
Load Balancing
545
4
Distributed Systems
549
28
Network Hardware
551
2
Network Service and Protocols
553
5
Document-Based Middleware
558
1
File System-Based Middleware
559
6
Shared Object-Based Middleware
565
7
Coordination-Based Middleware
572
5
Research on Multiple Processor Systems
577
1
Summary
577
6
Security
583
1
The Security Environment
584
1
Threats
584
1
Intruders
585
1
Accidental Data Loss
586
1
Basics of Cryptography
587
1
Secret-Key Cryptography
588
1
Public-Key Cryptography
588
1
One-Way Functions
589
1
Digital Signatures
590
1
User Authentication
591
1
Authentication Using Passwords
592
1
Authentication Using a Physical Object
601
2
Authentication Using Biometric
603
3
Countermeasures
606
1
Attacks From Inside the System
606
1
Trojan Horses
607
1
Login Spoofing
608
1
Logic Bombs
609
1
Trap Doors
610
1
Buffer Overflow
610
3
Generic Security Attacks
613
1
Famous Security Flaws
614
2
Design Principles for Security
616
1
Attacks From Outside the System
617
1
Virus Damage Scenarios
618
1
How Viruses Work
619
7
How Viruses Spread
626
2
Antivirus and Anti-Antivirus Techniques
628
7
The Internet Worm
635
2
Mobile Code
637
5
Java Security
642
3
Protection Mechanisms
645
1
Protection Domains
645
2
Access Control Lists
647
3
Capabilities
650
3
Trusted Systems
653
1
Trusted Computing Base
654
1
Formal Models of Secure Systems
655
2
Multilevel Security
657
2
Orange Book Security
659
2
Covert Channels
661
4
Research on Security
665
1
Summary
666