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Tables of Contents for The Internet Book
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xxv
The Internet Has Arrived
1
6
The World Is Changing
1
1
Numbers Do Not Tell The Story
2
1
Learning About The Internet
3
1
Understanding The Big Picture
3
1
Terminology And Technology
4
1
Growth And Adaptability
4
1
The Impact Of The Internet
4
1
Organization Of The Book
4
1
A Personal Note
5
2
Getting Started: Hands-On Experience
7
8
Introduction
7
1
The Web: Sites And Pages
8
1
Web Browsers and Browsing
8
1
Using A Browser
8
1
Examples Of Web Sites And Services
9
2
Summary
11
4
PART I Introduction To Networking
Telephones Everywhere
15
6
Introduction
15
1
A Communication Service
15
1
Selling Communication
15
1
Limited Access
16
1
High Cost
17
1
The Difficult Transition
17
1
Ubiquitous Access
18
1
Relevance To The Internet
19
2
The World Was Once Analog
21
10
Introduction
21
1
Sound, Vibrations, And Analog Recording
21
1
Analog Electronic Devices
22
1
Many Electronic Devices Are Analog
23
1
The First Analog Communication
23
1
Analog Is Simple But Inaccurate
23
1
Sending An Analog Signal Across A Wire
24
1
Digital Music
25
1
The Digital Revolution
25
1
Computers Are Digital
26
1
Digital Recording
26
1
Using Digital To Recreate Analog
26
2
Why Digital Music?
28
1
Summary
28
3
The Once And Future Digital Network
31
6
Introduction
31
1
The World Was Once Digital
31
1
A Telegraph Is Digital
32
1
Morse Code
32
1
Letters And Digits In Morse Code
33
1
Users Did Not Encounter Morse Code
34
1
Virtually Instant Communication
34
1
Speed Is Relative
34
1
The Telephone Became Digital
35
1
Relevance To The Internet
35
1
Binary Encoding Of Data On The Internet
36
1
Why Use Two Symbols?
36
1
Summary
36
1
Basic Communication
37
8
Introduction
37
1
Communication Using Electricity
37
1
Signals On Wires
38
1
Information Coding
38
1
Modems Allow Two-Way Traffic
39
1
A Character Code For Digital Information
40
1
Detecting Errors
41
2
Summary
43
2
The Local Area Network Arrives
45
10
Introduction
45
1
Motivation
45
1
Interchangeable Media
46
1
A Computer Consists Of Circuit Boards
46
1
Circuit Boards Plug Into A Computer
46
1
Connecting One Computer To Another
47
1
LAN Technologies
48
1
Connecting A Computer To A LAN
49
1
The Importance Of LAN Technology
50
1
Relationship To The Internet
51
4
PART II A Brief History Of The Internet
Internet: The Early Years
55
12
Many Independent Networks
55
1
The Proliferation Of LANs
55
1
Facts About LANs
56
1
LANs Are Incompatible
57
1
Wide Area Technologies Exist
57
1
Few WANs, Many LANs
58
1
WANs and LANs Are Incompatible
58
1
The Desirability Of A Single Network
59
1
The Department Of Defense Had Multiple Networks
59
1
Connecting Disconnected Machines
60
1
The Internet Emerges
60
1
The ARPANET Backbone
60
1
Internet Software
61
1
The Name Is TCP/IP
61
1
The Shock Of An Open System
61
1
Open Systems Are Necessary
62
1
TCP/IP Documentation Is Online
63
1
The Military Adopts TCP/IP
64
1
Summary
64
1
A Personal Note
64
3
Two Decades Of Incredible Growth
67
12
Introduction
67
1
Disseminating The Software
67
1
Meanwhile, Back In Computer Science
68
1
The Internet Meets UNIX
68
1
The U.S. Military Makes A Commitment
69
1
The Internet Doubles In Size In One Year
69
1
Every Computer Science Department
70
1
Graduate Students Volunteer Their Time
70
1
The IAB evolves
71
1
The IETF
72
1
Doubling Again In A Year
72
1
The Internet Improves Science
72
1
NSF Takes A Leadership Role
73
1
Target: All Of Science And Engineering
73
1
NSF's Approach
73
1
The NSFNET Backbone
74
1
The ANS Backbone
74
1
Exponential Growth
75
2
A Commercial Assessment
77
1
The End Of Growth
77
2
The Global Internet
79
8
Introduction
79
1
Early ARPA Networks
79
1
Electronic Mail Among Computers
79
1
BITNET And FIDONET
80
1
Networks In Europe
80
2
EBONE: The Internet In Europe
82
1
Backbones And Internet Hierarchy
82
1
Internet On All Continents
83
1
The World Of Internet after 1998
84
1
A Personal Note
85
2
A Global Information Infrastructure
87
8
Introduction
87
1
Existing Infrastructure
87
1
Communication Infrastructure
88
2
The Internet Infrastructure
90
1
The Internet Offers Diverse Information Services
90
1
TCP/IP Provides Communication Facilities
90
1
A Personal Note
91
4
PART III How The Internet Works
Packet Switching
95
8
Introduction
95
1
Sharing Saves Money
95
1
Sharing Introduces Delays
95
1
Sharing Wires
96
1
Selectable Channels
96
1
Sharing By Taking Turns
97
1
Packet Switching Avoids Delays
98
1
Each Packet Must Be Labeled
98
1
Computers Have Addresses
98
1
Packets Are Not All The Same Size
99
1
Packet Transmission Seems Instantaneous
99
1
Sharing Is Automatic
99
1
Network Hardware Handles Sharing
100
1
Many Devices Can Use Packet Switching
100
1
Relevance To The Internet
100
1
Summary
101
2
Internet: A Network Of Networks
103
8
Introduction
103
1
Network Technologies Are Incompatible
103
1
Coping With Incompatibility
104
1
Two Fundamental Concepts
104
2
Using A Computer To Interconnect Networks
106
1
Interconnectig Computers Pass Packets
107
1
Interconnecting Computers Are Called Routers
107
1
Routers Are The Building Blocks Of The Internet
108
1
Routers Accommodate Multiple Types Of Networks
108
1
Routers Can Interconnect WANs And LANs
109
1
Interconnecting Networks Was Revolutionary
110
1
Summary
110
1
ISPs And Network Connections
111
8
Introduction
111
1
Internet Service Providers And Fees
111
1
Customer Connections Form The Last Mile
112
1
Leased Circuits Are Expensive
112
1
Most Individuals Choose Dial-up Access
113
1
The Important Concept Of Continuous Connectivity
113
1
Instantaneous Access Changes Use
114
1
Newer Technologies Offer Inexpensive Dedicated Access
115
2
Wireless Can Reach Everyone
117
1
A Personal Note
117
2
IP: Software To Create A Virtual Network
119
8
Introduction
119
1
Protocol: An Agreement For Communication
119
1
Basic Functionality: The Internet Protocol
120
1
IP Software On Every Machine
120
1
Internet Packets Are Called Datagrams
120
1
The Illusion Of A Giant Network
121
1
The Reality Of Internal Structure
122
1
Datagrams Travel In Packets
123
1
Every Computer Is Assigned A Unique Address
123
1
Internet Addresses
124
1
An Odd IP Address Syntax
124
1
IP Addresses Are Not Random
124
1
An Example Trip Through The Internet
125
1
Summary
126
1
TCP: Software For Reliable Communication
127
6
Introduction
127
1
A Packet Switching System Can Be Overrun
127
2
TCP Helps IP Guarantee Delivery
129
1
TCP Provides A Connection Between Computer Programs
130
1
The Magic Of Recovering Lost Datagrams
130
1
TCP Retransmission Is Automatic
131
1
TCP And IP Work Together
131
1
Summary
132
1
Clients + Servers = Distributed Computing
133
6
Introduction
133
1
Large Computers Use Networks For Input And Output
133
1
Small Computers Use Networks To Interact
134
1
Distributed Computing On The Internet
134
1
A Single Paradigm Explains All Distributed Computing
135
1
Programs Are Clients Or Servers
136
1
A Server Must Always Run
137
1
Summary
137
2
Names For Computers
139
10
Introduction
139
1
People Prefer Names To Numbers
139
1
Naming A Computer Can Be Difficult Or Fun
140
1
Computer Names Must Be Unique
141
1
Suffixes On Computer Names
141
1
Names With Many Parts
142
1
Domain Names Outside The US
143
1
Translating A Name To An Equivalent IP Address
143
1
Domain Name System Works Like Directory Assistance
144
1
Computer Name Lookup Is Automatic
144
2
IP Addresses And Domain Names Are Unrelated
146
1
Summary
147
2
Why The Internet Works Well
149
8
Introduction
149
1
The Internet Works Well
149
1
IP Provides Flexibility
150
1
TCP Provides Reliability
151
1
TCP/IP Software Was Engineered For Efficiency
151
1
TCP/IP Research Emphasized Practical Results
152
1
The Formula For Success
152
1
Summary
153
4
PART IV Services Available On The Internet
Electronic Mail
157
14
Introduction
157
1
Description Of Functionality
157
1
The Best Of All Worlds
158
1
Each User Has A Mailbox For E-mail
158
1
Sending An E-mail Message
158
1
Notification That E-mail has Arrived
158
1
Reading An E-mail Message
159
1
E-mail Messages Look Like Interoffice Memos
159
1
E-mail Software Fills In Header Information
160
1
How E-mail Works
161
1
Using E-mail From A Personal Computer
162
1
Mailbox Address Format
162
1
Abbreviations Make E-mail Friendly
163
1
Aliases Permit Arbitrary Abbreviations
163
1
Aliases Shared By All Users Of A Computer System
164
1
Sending To Multiple Recipients
164
1
Mailing List: An Alias for Multiple Recipients
165
1
Public Mailing Lists And Mail Exploders
165
1
E-mail To And From Non-Internet Sites
166
1
Access To Services Via E-mail
167
1
Speed, Reliability, And Expectations
167
1
Impact And Significance Of Electronic Mail
168
1
Joining A Mailing List
169
2
Bulletin Board Service (Network News)
171
14
Introduction
171
1
Description Of Functionality
171
1
Many Bulletin Boards With Diverse Topics
172
1
Network News
173
1
Newsgroup Names
173
1
Obtaining Network News And The Software To Read Articles
174
1
How Network News Appears To A User
175
1
Checking For News Articles
175
1
Article Expiration
175
1
Reading Network News
176
1
Selecting Articles
176
2
Subscribing And Unsubscribing To Newsgroups
178
1
Submitting An Article
178
1
Moderated Newsgroups
178
1
Size Of Network News
179
1
How Network News Works
179
1
Redundant Newsfeeds And Duplicate Elimination
180
1
Relationship Between Netnews And Electronic Mail
181
1
Impact And Significance Of Network News And Mailing Lists
181
1
Hints And Conventions For Participating In Discussions
182
1
Summary
183
2
Browsing The World Wide Web
185
22
Introduction
185
1
Description Of Functionality
185
1
Browsing Vs. Information Retrieval
186
1
Early Browsing Services Used Menus
186
1
A Menu Item Can Point To Another Computer
187
1
How A Browser Works
187
1
An Example Point-And-Click Interface
188
1
Combining Menu Items With Text
189
2
The Importance Of Integrated Menus
191
1
Menus Embedded In Text Are Called Hypertext
191
2
Multimedia
193
1
Video And Audio References Can Be Embedded In Text
194
1
The World Wide Web
195
1
Browser Software Used To Access The Web
195
1
An Example Hypermedia Display
196
2
Control Of The Browser
198
1
External References
199
1
Recording The Location Of Information
199
2
Bookmarks
201
1
How The World Wide Web Works
202
1
A URL Tells A Browser Which Computer To Contact
202
1
A URL Tells A Browser Which Server To Contact
202
1
Use Of The Name WWW In URLs
203
1
A Browser Provides Access To Multiple Services
204
1
Inside A Browser Program
204
1
Summary
205
1
An Observation About Hypermedia Browsing
206
1
World Wide Web Documents (HTML)
207
16
Introduction
207
1
Display Hardware Varies
207
1
A Browser Translates And Displays A Web Document
208
1
A Consequence Of The Web Approach
208
1
HTML, The Language Used For Web Documents
209
1
Instructions In A Web Page Control The Output
210
1
A Web Page Is Divided Into Two Main Sections
210
1
Indentation Can Make HTML Readable
211
1
The Body Of A Web Page Can Contain Text
212
1
Indentation Can Make Paragraphs Easier To Find
213
1
A Web Page Can Link To Another Page
214
1
HTML Allows Numbered And Unnumbered Lists
215
1
Images On A Web Page Are Digital
216
1
HTML Allows A Web Page To Include An Image
217
1
Text Can Appear Adjacent To An Image
218
1
Images Can Link To Another Web Page
219
1
Some Browsers Can Stretch Or Shrink Images
220
1
The Background Can Be Controlled
220
1
Other Features Of HTML
220
1
Importance Of HTML
221
1
GUI Tools Help With Web Page Creation
221
1
Summary
222
1
Advanced Web Technologies (Forms, Frames, Plugins, CGI, Java, JavaScript)
223
20
Introduction
223
1
Conventional Web Pages Are Static
223
1
How A Server Stores Static Web Pages
224
2
Fetching Items One At A Time
226
1
Conventional Web Pages Use The Entire Screen
226
1
A Web Page Can Change Part Of the Screen
227
2
The Web, Advertising, And Frames
229
1
Static Documents Have Disadvantages
230
1
Controlling How A Browser Processes Data
230
2
Plugins Allow Variety
232
1
A Server Can Compute A Web Page On Demand
232
1
How CGI Works
233
2
Professional Programmers Build CGI Programs
235
1
Personalized Web Pages
235
1
Personalized Advertisements
236
1
Web Pages Can Interact
236
1
Shopping Carts
237
1
Cookies
237
1
Should You Accept Cookies?
238
1
A Web Page Can Display Simple Animations
238
1
Active Documents Are More Powerful
239
2
Java Is An Active Document Technology
241
1
JavaScript Is An Active Document Technology
241
1
The Importance Of Advanced Web Technologies
242
1
Automated Web Search (Search Engines)
243
14
Introduction
243
1
Description Of Functionality
243
1
Browsing Vs. Automated Searching
244
1
A Search Engine Helps Users Get Started
244
1
A Search Tool Can Help Recover From Loss
245
1
Automated Searching By Name
245
1
How An Automated Search Service Operates
246
2
Modern Systems Search Web Page Contens
248
1
How A Web Search Appears To A User
248
1
How A Search Engine Returns Results
249
1
Automated Search Services Use String Matching
250
1
The Advantages And Disadvantages Of String Matching
251
1
Advanced Search Programs That Use Multiple Keys
252
1
Advanced Services Offer More Sophisticated Matching
252
1
Personalized Search Results
253
1
How An Automated Content Search Works
254
1
Searches Are Restricted
255
1
Advertising Pays For Searching
255
1
Examples Of Automated Search Services
256
1
Significance Of Automated Web Search
256
1
Audio And Video Communication
257
12
Introduction
257
1
Description Of Functionality
257
1
Audio And Video Require Special Hardware
258
1
An Audio Clip Resembles An Audio CD
259
1
Real-Time Means No Delay
259
1
Internet Audio In Real-Time
259
1
Radio Programs On The Internet
260
1
Real-Time Transmission Is Called Webcasting
261
1
Internet Telephone Service Is Possible
261
1
Audio Teleconferencing
262
1
A Cooperative Document Markup Service
262
2
Marking A Document
264
1
The Participants Discuss And Mark A Document
265
1
Video Teleconferencing
266
1
Video Teleconference Among Groups Of People
267
1
A Combined Audio, Video, And Whiteboard Service
267
1
Summary
267
1
A Personal Note
268
1
Faxes And Files (FTP)
269
8
Introduction
269
1
Sending A Fax
269
1
The Internet Can Be Used To Copy Files
270
1
Data Stored In Files
270
1
Copying A File
271
1
FTP Is Interactive
271
1
Example FTP Commands
271
1
A User Can Store Or Retrieve A File
272
1
Commands For Binary And Text File Format
272
1
Choosing ASCII or Binary Transfer
273
1
Commands For Authorization And Anonymous FTP
273
1
A Browser Can Use FTP
274
1
How FTP Works
274
1
Impact And Significance Of FTP
275
1
Summary
275
2
Remote Login And Remote Desktops (TELNET)
277
10
Introduction
277
1
Early Computers Used Textual Interfaces
277
1
A Timesharing System Requires User Identification
278
1
Remote Login Resembles Conventional Login
278
1
How Remote Login Works
279
1
Escaping From Remote Login
280
1
Displays And Windows
280
1
The Internet Remote Login Standard Is TELNET
280
1
Remote Access Can Display A Desktop
281
1
How Remote Desktops Operate
282
1
Assessment Of Remote Login And Desktops
282
1
Remote Access Is General
283
1
Generality Makes Remote Login And Desktops Powerful
283
1
Remote Access Accommodates Multiple Types Of Computers
283
1
Unexpected Results From Remote Access
284
1
Summary
284
3
Facilities For Secure Communication
287
8
Introduction
287
1
The Internet Is Unsecure
287
1
Lack Of Security Can Be Important
288
1
Authentication And Privacy Are Primary Problems
288
1
Data May Be Changed
289
1
Encoding Keeps Messages Private
289
1
Computer Encryption Uses Mathematics
289
1
No Network Is Absolutely Secure
290
1
Encryption Makes E-mail Private
290
1
Encryption Software Needs A Key
291
1
Two Keys Means Never Having To Trust Anyone
291
2
Secure E-Mail In Practice
293
1
Summary
293
2
Electronic Commerce And Business
295
8
Introduction
295
1
E-Commerce Is Big Business
295
1
Security Made E-Commerce Possible
296
1
Secure Sockets
296
1
Public Key Encryption Provides Authenticity
297
1
Digital Signatures
298
1
Certificates Contain Public Keys
298
1
What Is Digital Money?
299
1
Digital Cash Is Not Widely Available
299
1
Business And E-Commerce
300
1
A Business Must Protect Its Networks
300
1
Firewalls Protect Networks
300
1
A Firewall Filters Packets
301
1
Firewalls Guard Against Trojan Horses
301
2
The Global Digital Library
303
6
Introduction
303
1
A Cornucopia Of Services
303
1
New Services Appear Regularly
304
1
Flexibility Permits Change
304
1
A Digital Library
305
1
Card Catalogs And Search Tools
305
1
Internet Services Can Be Integrated
305
1
Mr. Dewey, Where Are You?
306
1
Information In The Digital Library
307
1
What Is The Internet?
307
1
A Personal Note
307
2
Appendix 1 Example Netnews Newsgroups
309
10
Appendix 2 Glossary Of Internet Terms
319
26
Index
345