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Tables of Contents for Plastics
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Introduction to Plastics
1
24
Definitions of Plastics and Polymers
1
4
History of Plastics
5
4
Raw Material Supply and Pricing
9
3
Strategic Materials
12
1
Plastics Industry
12
3
Uses of Plastics in Modern Society
15
10
The Development of Nylon
20
5
Polymeric Materials (Molecular Viewpoint)
25
50
Introduction
25
1
Fundamentals of Matter
26
5
Bonding
31
8
Basic Concepts in Organic Chemistry
39
9
Polymers
48
3
Formation of Polymers
51
11
Thermoplastics and Thermosets
62
1
Copolymers
63
12
Modifications to Improve Teflon® Processing
65
10
Micro Structures in Polymers
75
46
Introduction
75
1
Amorphous and Crystalline
76
3
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
79
2
Thermal Transitions of Polymers
81
9
Effects of Thermal Changes on Polymers
90
7
Polymer Length
97
1
Molecular Weight
97
9
Melt Index
106
2
Shape (Steric) Effects
108
13
Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene (PE) as Functions of Density and Melt Index
110
11
Mechanical Properties (Macro Viewpoint)
121
34
Introduction
121
2
Mechanical Properties in Solids (Elastic Behavior)
123
2
Mechanical Properties in Liquids (Viscous Flow)
125
6
Viscoelastic Materials
131
4
Plastic (High-Strain) Stress-Strain Behavior
135
6
Creep
141
2
Toughness and Impact Strength
143
3
Reinforcements
146
1
Fillers
147
1
Toughness Modifiers
148
7
Testing of Trash Containers to Predict In-use Performance
148
7
Chemical and Physical Properties (Macro Viewpoint)
155
38
Introduction
155
1
Environmental Resistance and Weathering
155
4
Chemical Resistivity and Solubility
159
10
Permeability
169
4
Electrical Properties
173
5
Optical Properties
178
4
Flammability
182
3
Plastics Identification
185
8
Using Carbon Black to Protect Polyethylene from UV Degradation
187
6
Thermoplastic Materials (Commodity Plastics)
193
38
Introduction
193
1
Polyethylene (PE)
194
11
Polyethylene Copolymers
205
3
Polypropylene (PP)
208
3
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
211
6
Polystyrene (PS)
217
2
Alloys and Blends
219
12
Typical PVC Formulation
224
7
Thermoplastic Materials (Engineering Plastics)
231
32
Introduction
231
4
Polyamides or Nylons (PA)
235
4
Acetals or Polyoxymethylenes (POM)
239
2
Thermoplastic Polyesters (PET/PBT)
241
3
Polycarbonate (PC)
244
2
Acrylics (PAN, PMMA)
246
2
Fluoropolymers (PTFE, FEP, PFA)
248
4
High-Performance Thermoplastics
252
2
Cellulosics
254
9
Making Nonstick Electrosurgical Blades
255
8
Thermoset Materials
263
40
Introduction
263
2
Crosslinking
265
7
Thermoset Types, General Properties, and Uses
272
2
Phenolics (PF)
274
2
Amino Plastics (UF and MF)
276
3
Polyester Thermosets (TS) or Unsaturated Polyesters (UP)
279
8
Epoxies (EP)
287
4
Thermoset Polimides
291
1
Polyurethanes (PUR)
292
11
Thermoset Composites for Wrapping Utility Poles
295
8
Elastomeric (Rubber) Material
303
24
Introduction
303
4
Aliphatic Thermoset Elastomers
307
6
Thermoplastic Elastomers (EPM and EPDM)
313
1
Fluoroelastomers
314
1
Silicones
315
2
Processing of Elastomers
317
10
Elastomeric Lining for a Pump
320
7
Designing with Plastics
327
24
Design Methodology
327
3
Layout/Drawing
330
1
Constraints
331
5
Material Choice
336
5
Prototyping
341
10
Design of Plastic Stakes for Concrete Tilt-up Walls
344
7
Extrusion Process
351
68
Introduction
351
4
Equipment
355
15
Normal Operation and Control of the Process
370
8
Extrusion Problems and Troubleshooting
378
8
Material and Product Considerations
386
17
Postextrusion Forming
403
1
Coextrusion
403
16
Extrusion of Irrigation Tubing
406
13
Injection Molding Process
419
64
Introduction
419
2
Equipment
421
26
Material and Product Considerations
447
7
Operations and Control
454
5
Special Injection Molding Processes
459
Modeling and Computer-aided Mold-flow Analysis
446
37
Estimating the Cost of an Injection Molded Pocket Knife
468
6
Mold Costs and Selection
474
9
Blow Molding
483
26
Introduction
483
11
Molds and Dies
494
3
Plant Concepts
497
2
Product Considerations
499
2
Operation and Control
501
8
Making Soda Pop Bottles
503
6
Thermoforming Process
509
34
Introduction
509
1
Forming Processes
510
14
Equipment
524
4
Product Considerations
528
6
Operation and Control
534
9
Continuous Thermoforming
536
7
Rotational Molding Process
543
24
Introduction
543
6
Equipment
549
2
Product Considerations
551
7
Operation and Control of the Process
558
9
Trash Cart Manufacturing
561
6
Casting Processes
567
22
Introduction
567
2
Casting Processes
569
9
Equipment
578
2
Product Considerations
580
2
Operation and Control of the Casting Process
582
7
Casting a Polyester Thermoset Part in a Silicone Mold
584
5
Foaming Processes
589
26
Introduction
589
2
Processes to Create Foams in Resins
591
1
Processes to Shape and Solidify Foams
592
11
Rebond
603
1
Product Considerations
603
5
Control and Operation
608
7
Foam Insulation
609
6
Compression and Transfer Molding Processes
615
28
Compression Molding
615
9
Transfer Molding
624
5
Product Considerations
629
1
Control and Operation
629
4
Reaction Injection Molding (RIM)
633
1
Cold Forming, Sintering, and Ram Extrusion
634
9
Manufacture of Automobile Body Panels
636
7
Polymeric Composite Materials and Processes
643
38
Introduction
643
8
Matrix Materials
651
2
Reinforcements
653
5
Manufacturing Methods for Composite Parts
658
13
Plant Concepts
671
10
Filament Winding of the Beech Starship Airplane Fuselage
674
7
Radiation Processes
681
22
Introduction
681
4
Equipment and Process
685
5
Properties, Materials, and Applications
690
3
Plasma Polymerization and Reactions
693
10
Making Shrink-Tubing Using Electron Beam Crosslinking
697
6
Finishing and Assembly
703
36
Introduction
703
1
Runner System Trimming and Flash Removal
703
2
Machining
705
3
Nontraditional Machining
708
1
Shaping (Postmold Forming)
709
1
Mechanical Joining and Assembly
710
4
Adhesive Bonding
714
6
Nonadhesive Bonding
720
5
Joint Design
725
1
Coating and Decorating
726
13
Comparison of Adhesive-Bonded and Metal Attachments
732
7
Environmental Aspects of Plastics
739
26
Introduction
739
1
Source Reduction
740
2
Recycling of Plastics
742
7
Regeneration
749
1
Degradation
749
1
Landfills
750
2
Incineration
752
1
Total Product Life Cycle
753
4
Future
757
8
Recycling Solid Wastes
758
7
Operations
765
12
Introduction
765
1
Safety and Cleanliness
765
3
Plastic Resin Handling, Conveying, and Drying
768
2
Plant Layout
770
1
Quality Assurance
771
6
Establishing QC for a PET Bottle Plant
772
5
Appendix 1 Cost Estimating Form for Injection Molding
777
1
Appendix 2 Plastics Design/Selection Matrix
778
1
Answers to Selected Questions
779
22
Index
801