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Tables of Contents for Living and Dying in the USA
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Prologue
xvii
Acknowledgments
xix
PART I INTRODUCTION, OVERVIEW, AND DATA AND METHODS
Introduction and Overview
Factors Related to Mortality
5
5
Demographic and Baseline Health Characteristics
7
1
Social and Economic Factors
8
1
Behavioral and Health Factors
9
1
Outcomes
10
1
Data Analysis
10
3
Strategy of the Narrative
11
2
Data and Methods
Data
13
7
National Health Interview Survey
14
2
Matching the NHIS to the Multiple Cause of Death File
16
2
Data Issues and Limitations
18
2
Measurement
20
4
Mortality Measures
20
2
Covariates of Mortality
22
1
Missing Data
23
1
Statistical Analyses
24
4
Descriptive Analyses
24
1
Discrete Time Hazards Modeling
24
3
Statistical Inference in Complex Sample Surveys
27
1
Health Selectivity
27
1
Conclusion
28
3
PART II DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOCULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
The Sex Differential in Mortality
Previous Literature on the Sex Mortality Gap
31
3
Data
34
1
Results
35
14
Descriptive Statistics
35
2
The Sex Difference in Overall Mortality
37
3
Sex Differences in Cause-Specific Mortality
40
4
Sex Mortality Differentials across Social and Economic Factors
44
5
Conclusion
49
5
Race/Ethnicity, Nativity, and Adult Mortality
Introduction
54
2
Data
56
2
Results
58
15
Descriptive Statistics
58
3
Race/Ethnicity, Nativity, and Mortality across All Adult Ages
61
5
Separate Models by Age Group and Cause of Death
66
7
Conclusion
73
6
Family Composition and Mortality
Data and Methods
79
5
Results
84
6
Conclusion
90
5
Religious Attendance, Social Participation, and Adult Mortality
Linking Religious and General Social Participation to Mortality
95
5
Religious Attendance
97
1
General Social Participation
98
1
Selection Factors
98
1
Mediating Factors
99
1
Data
100
1
Results
101
9
Religious Attendance, General Social Participation, and All-Cause Mortality
103
4
Age- and Cause-Specific Mortality
107
3
Conclusion
110
5
PART III SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS
The Effects of Basic Socioeconomic Factors on Mortality
Data and Measurement Problems
115
1
Scientific and Policy Relevance
116
1
The Widening Mortality Gap
116
1
Conceptualizing and Measuring Socioeconomic Status
117
5
Education
118
1
Family Income
119
2
Employment Status
121
1
Methods
122
3
Results
125
8
The Effects of Education on Mortality
125
4
The Effects of Income on Mortality
129
3
The Effects of Employment Status on Mortality
132
1
The Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Cause-Specific Mortality
133
1
Conclusion
133
10
The Effect of Occupational Status on Mortality
Healthy Worker Effect
143
1
Occupational Status and Cause of Death
143
1
Occupational Status Indices
144
1
Central Aims
145
1
Data and Methods
146
2
Occupational Status Codes
146
2
Results
148
6
Comparisons among Those Currently Working
149
4
Comparisons among Those Not Currently Working
153
1
Cause-Specific Mortality
154
1
Conclusion
154
7
Health Insurance Coverage and Mortality
Data and Methods of Analysis
161
3
Results
164
5
Young and Middle-Aged Adults
165
1
Older Adults
165
4
Conclusion
169
8
PART IV HEALTH CONDITIONS AND HEALTH STATUS
Perceived Health Status and Mortality
Past Studies of Health Status
177
3
Measurement and Methods
180
1
Results
181
13
Conclusion
194
3
Functional Limitations and Mortality
Age and Functional Limitations
197
2
Functional Status Measures
198
1
Data and Methods
199
3
Results
202
8
Functional Limitations for Adults Ages 65 and Over
202
5
Functional Limitations for Adults Under Age 65
207
3
Conclusion
210
11
Mental and Addictive Disorders and Mortality
Definition of Terms
221
2
The Effects of Mental and Addictive Disorders
223
3
Mental and Addictive Disorders and Social Functioning
223
1
Mental and Addictive Disorders and Physical Functioning
224
1
Mental and Addictive Disorders and Effects on Other Family Members
224
1
Mental and Addictive Disorders and the Risk of Death
224
2
Data and Methods
226
3
Results
229
8
Conclusion
237
7
Cigarette Smoking and Mortality
Past Studies of Cigarette Smoking and Mortality
244
2
Newer Analysis and Its Significance
246
1
Measurement and Methods
247
1
Results
248
8
Sex Differences
252
2
Causes of Death
254
2
Conclusion
256
4
Alcohol Consumption and Mortality
Previous Studies of Drinking Behavior
260
1
Previous Studies of Drinking and Mortality
261
1
Data and Methods
262
1
Results
263
6
Conclusion
269
4
Exercise and Mortality
Mechanisms through Which Exercise Reduces Mortality
273
2
Physical
273
1
Psychological
274
1
Social
274
1
Cross Training
275
1
Potential Confounding Effects
275
1
Data and Methods
275
1
Results
276
3
Conclusion
279
7
The Influence of Other Health Behaviors on Mortality
Other Health Risk Behaviors
286
4
Data and Methods
290
1
Results
291
7
Conclusion
298
5
Conclusion
Demographic and Sociocultural Characteristics
303
4
Socioeconomic Factors
307
1
Health Factors
308
2
Health-Related Behaviors
310
2
Factors Related to Adult Mortality
312
1
Directions for Future Data Collection and Research
313
3
Underlying and Multiple-Cause Mortality
316
1
Policy and Application
317
2
Future Outlook
319
2
Epilogue
321
2
References
323
20
Author Index
343
8
Subject Index
351