N

NIACIN

Physiology, Dietary Sources and Requirements

C J Bates

Pellagra

D A Bender

NITROGEN see AMINO ACIDS: Chemistry and Classification; Metabolism; PROTEIN: Digestion and Bioavailability; Quality and Sources; Requirements and Role in Diet; Synthesis and Turnover; Deficiency

NUCLEIC ACIDS Physiology, Toxicology and Dietary Sources

H Simmonds

NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS International Perspectives

D A Bender

NUTRIENT-DRUG INTERACTIONS see DRUGS: Drug-Nutrient Interactions

NUTRITION CLAIMS see NUTRITION LABELLING: European Perspectives

NUTRITION EDUCATION Health Professionals

T Gill

V Lakin

NUTRITION POLICIES

In Developed Countries

A Draper

E Dowler

In Developing Countries

C Geissler

NUTRITION LABELLING European Perspectives

M A Hunt

NUTRITIONAL STATUS

Dietary Assessment

Johanna T Dwyer

Anthropometric Assessment

J Eaton-Evans

Biochemical Assessment

F Fidanza

Clinical Examination

M Meguid

A Laviano

NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT

Enteral Feeding

H D Duncan

David B A Silk

Parenteral Nutrition

B Caballero

In the Home Setting

C Baldwin

M Elia

NUTRITIONAL SURVEILLANCE In Industrialized and Developing Countries

K F A M Hulsof

Michiel R H Lowik

NUTS AND SEEDS Nutritional Value

J Gray

O

OBESITY

Definition, Aetiology and Assessment

J Garrow

Early Obesity and Prognosis

B Caballero

Fat Distribution

M Harris

Treatment

L Albon

P Kopelman

Prevention

Samuel Chan

George L Blackburn

Complications of Obesity

Nikhil V Dhurandhar

Richard L Atkinson

OILS see FATS AND OILS: Nutritional Value

OLDER PEOPLE

Nutritional Requirements

S B Roberts

N P Hays

Physiological Changes

M Wahlqvist

A Kouris-Blazos

G S Savige

Nutritionally Related Problems

C P G M de Groot

W A van Staveren

Nutritional Management of Geriatric Patients

M-M G Wilson

John E Morley

OSTEOMALACIA see CHOLECALCIFEROL AND ERGOCALCIFEROL: Rickets and Osteomalacia

OSTEOPOROSIS

Aetiology

N Minaur

Treatment and Prevention

K O'Brien

OXIDANT DAMAGE see ANTIOXIDANTS: Diet and Antioxidant Defence; Observational Epidemiology; Intervention Studies

P

PANTOTHENIC ACID Physiology, Dietary Sources and Requirements

C J Bates

PARASITISM Effects on Growth and Nutritional Status

P G Lunn

PATHOGENS see INFECTION: Nutritional Interactions; Nutritional Management; Nutritional Management of Measles and Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Children

PELLAGRA see NIACIN: Pellagra

PESTICIDES see FOOD CONTAMINANTS: Pesticides

PHENYLKETONURIA see INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM: Nutritional Management of Phenylketonuria

PHOSPHATE see PHOSPHORUS: Physiology, Dietary Sources and Requirements

PHOSPHORUS Physiology, Dietary Sources and Requirements

J J B Anderson

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY see EXERCISE: Physiology of Muscle; Diet and Exercise; Beneficial Effects

PHYSICAL HANDICAP Nutritional Management of Cerebral Palsy

Jackie Krick

Patricia Murphy-Miller

Sally Savidge

PHYTOCHEMICALS

Classification and Occurrence

M Rhodes

K R Price

Epidemiological Factors

H Wiseman

PHYTO-OESTROGENS see PHYTOCHEMICALS: Classification and Occurrence; Epidemiological Factors

POLYUNSATURATED FAT see FATTY ACIDS: Health Effects of n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids; Health Effects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

POPULATION, DEVELOPMENT AND NUTRITION Overview

Barry M Popkin

POTASSIUM Physiology, Dietary Sources and Requirements

M P Navarro

M P Vaquero

POULTRY see MEAT, POULTRY AND MEAT PRODUCTS: Nutritional Value

PREGNANCY

Energy Requirements and Metabolic Adaptations

G R Goldberg

Nutrient Requirements

S Greeley

J C King

Appropriate Maternal Weight Gain

L Allen

Safe Diet for Pregnancy

L Allen

J E Casterline

Role of Placenta in Nutrient Transfer

Pedro Rosso

Sofia P Salas

Preconception Nutrition and Prevention of Neural Tube Defects

P Kirke

Donald G Wier

John M Scott

Pre-eclampsia and Diet

R Fraser

PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME Nutritional Aspects and Management

Miriam Coelho de Souza

Ann F Walker

PROBIOTICS AND PREBIOTICS Definition and Role

R Fuller

G Gibson

PROCESSED FOODS see FOOD PROCESSING: Nutritional Influences

PROSTAGLANDINS AND LEUKOTRIENES Physiology

S Katayama

James B Lee

PROTEIN

Digestion and Bioavailability

Zulfiqar A Bhutta

Quality and Sources

Benjamin Torun

Requirements and Role in Diet

D J Millward

Synthesis and Turnover

D J Millward

Deficiency

Claus Leitzmann

PULSES see LEGUMES: Types and Nutritional Value

Q QUASI-VITAMINS Definition and Examples

A E Bender

R

REFUGEES Nutritional Management

C J K Henry

RELIGIOUS CUSTOMS Influence on Diet

P Fieldhouse

RENAL FUNCTION AND DISORDERS Nutritional Management of Renal Disorders

F Pender

RESPIRATORY DISEASES see CANCER: Epidemiology of Lung Cancer; THERAPEUTIC DIETETICS: Lung Diseases

RETINOL

Physiology

H C Furr

Hypovitaminosis A

K West Jr

RIBOFLAVIN Physiology

C J Bates

RICKETS see CHOLECALCIFEROL AND ERGOCALCIFEROL: Rickets and Osteomalacia

ROUGHAGE see DIETARY FIBRE (FIBER); Physiological Effects and Effects on Absorption; Potential Role in the Aetiology of Disease; Role in Nutritional Management of Disease

S

SALT Epidemiology

C P Sanchez-Castillo

W P T James

SATIETY see APPETITE: Physiological and Neurobiological Aspects

SATURATED FAT see FATTY ACIDS: Health Effects of Saturated Fatty Acids

SEASONALITY Nutritional Implications

A Ferro-Luzzi

P S Shetty

SEEDS see NUTS AND SEEDS: Nutritional Value

SELENIUM Physiology, Dietary Sources and Requirements

C Reilly

SENESCENCE see AGEING: Biological Aspects

SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME see THERAPEUTIC DIETETICS: Short Bowel Syndrome

SKINFOLD THICKNESS see NUTRITIONAL STATUS: Anthropometric Assessment

SMOKING Effects on Diet and Nutritional Status

R L Thompson

B Margetts

A A Jackson

SOCIAL CLASS see SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS: Relationship with Diet and Nutritional Status

SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS Relationship with Diet and Nutritional Status

E Dowler

J Pryer

SODIUM Physiology

A R Michell

SODIUM CHLORIDE see SALT: Epidemiology

SPIRITS see ALCOHOL: Absorption, Metabolism and Physiological Effects; Disease Risk and Beneficial Effects; Effects of Consumption on Diet and Nutritional Status

STARCH see CARBOHYDRATES: Chemistry and Classification (Including Dietary Fibre); Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism; Requirements and Dietary Importance; Resistant Starch and Oligosaccharides

STARVATION AND FASTING Biochemical Aspects

J Bines

STEATORRHOEA Nutritional Management

A Burke

J L Rombeau

STOMACH see GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: Structure and Function of the Stomach

STROKE Nutritional Management

S McLaren

SUCROSE

Nutritional Role, Absorption and Metabolism

J Brand-Miller

Dietary Sucrose and Disease

I Macdonald

SUGAR see CARBOHYDRATES: Chemistry and Classification (Including Dietary Fibre (Fiber)); Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism; Requirements and Dietary Importance; GALACTOSE: Absorption and Metabolism; GLUCOSE; Chemistry, Dietary Sources and Glycaemic Index; Metabolism and Maintenance of Blood Glucose Level; Glucose Tolerance; SUCROSE: Nutritional Role, Absorption and Metabolism; Dietary Sucrose and Disease

SURGERY

Perioperative Feeding

S A Hill

Long-term Nutritional Management of Patients

D W Wilmore

T

TEA see CAFFEINE: Chemistry and Physiological Effects

TEETH see DENTAL DISEASE: Aetiology and Epidemiology

THERAPEUTIC DIETETICS

Lung Diseases

A MacDonald

Intensive Care Management

Susan McAreavey

Patricia Queen Samour

Short Bowel Syndrome

L Howard

M Malone

THIAMIN

Physiology

A E Cathcart

D I Thurnham

Beriberi

A E Cathcart

David I Thurnham

THIRST Physiology

J Leiper

TOCOPHEROLS Physiology

T Sheehy

P A Morrissey

TRACE ELEMENTS see CHROMIUM: Physiology, Dietary Sources and Requirements; COPPER: Physiology, Dietary Sources and Requirements; IMMUNITY: Role of Iron and Zinc; IODINE: Physiology, Dietary Sources and Requirements; IRON: Physiology, Dietary Sources Requirements; MANGANESE: Physiology, Dietary Sources and Requirements; SELENIUM: Physiology, Dietary Sources and Requirements; ZINC: Physiology

TRANS-FATTY ACIDS see FATTY ACIDS: Health Effects of trans Fatty Acids

TUMOUR see CANCER: Epidemiology and Associations Between Diet and Cancer; Epidemiology of Breast Cancer; Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer; Epidemiology of Lung Cancer; Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Cancers other than Colorectal Cancers

U

ULTRATRACE ELEMENTS Physiology

F Nielsen

UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND History and Role

D Alnwick

J P Greaves

URBAN NUTRITION Overview

N Solomons

V

VEGAN DIETS see VEGETARIAN DIETS: Practice

VEGETABLES see FRUITS AND VEGETABLES: Nutritional Value

VEGETARIAN DIETS

Practice

S Reddy

Nutritional Adequacy

S Reddy

VIRUSES see INFECTION; Nutritional Interactions; Nutritional Management; Nutritional Management of Measles and Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Children

VITAMIN A see RETINOL: Physiology, Hypovitaminosis A

VITAMIN B(2) see RIBOFLAVIN: Physiology

VITAMIN B(6) Physiology

D A Bender

VITAMIN B(12) see COBALAMINS: Physiology, Dietary Sources and Requirements

VITAMIN C see ASCORBIC ACID: Physiology, Dietary Sources and Requirements; Scurvy

VITAMIN D see CHOLECALCIFEROL AND ERGOCALCIFEROL: Physiology, Dietary Sources and Requirements; Rickets and Osteomalacia

VITAMIN E see TOCOPHEROLS: Physiology

VITAMIN K Physiology

M Kohlmeier

VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION Role

C Kjolhede

W

WATER see THIRST: Physiology

WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE see ELECTROLYTES: Water-Electrolyte Balance

WEIGHT see NUTRITIONAL STATUS: Anthropometric Assessment

WEIGHT CYCLING see WEIGHT MANAGEMENT: Approaches; Weight Maintenance; Weight Cycling

WEIGHT MANAGEMENT

Approaches

N Finer

Weight Maintenance

S Bartlett

Lawrence Cheskin

Weight Cycling

R Andersen

Lawrence Cheskin

WILSON'S DISEASE see COPPER: Physiology, Dietary Sources and Requirements

WINE see ALCOHOL: Absorption, Metabolism and Physiological Effects; Disease Risk and Beneficial Effects; Effects of Consumption on Diet and Nutritional Status

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Role

J Akre

Y YOGURT see DAIRY PRODUCTS: Nutritional Value; FUNCTIONAL FOODS: Definition and Potential for Nutritional Role; PROBIOTICS AND PREBIOTICS: Definition and Role

Z ZINC Physiology

N W Solomons

COLOUR PLATE SECTION

APPENDICES

INDEX