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Tables of Contents for Structured Cobol
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Directory to Example Programs
xxii
Preface
xxvii
CONCEPTS MODULE A The Program Development Process
1
58
Four Phases of Program Development
2
1
The Specification Phase
2
4
Determine the Needs of the Users
2
1
Input Data Format
2
1
Illustrative Layouts of the Output Record
3
1
Programming Specifications
4
2
The Design Phase
6
1
Program Design Tools
6
1
Structured Walkthrough
6
1
The Coding Phase
6
3
Writing the Cobol Program
7
1
Compiling the Program
7
2
The Testing Phase
9
1
Execution Errors
9
1
Debugging
9
1
Exercises
9
3
A First Look at Cobol
12
20
Introducing Cobol
14
4
The Patron File
14
1
A Simple Report from the Patron File
14
1
Generating Output from Input Data
14
1
Broad Elements of a Program
15
2
Reserved Words and User-Defined Words
17
1
The Identification Division: Identifying the Program
18
1
The Environment Division: Defining Input-Output
19
1
Input-Output Section
19
1
The Data Division: Defining Files, Records, and Fields
20
1
File Section
20
1
Working-Storage Section
21
1
The Procedure Division: Coding the Program Logic
21
3
The Open and Close Statements
22
1
The Read Statement
22
1
The Move Statement
23
1
The Write Statement
23
1
The Stop Run Statement
24
1
The Perform Statement
24
1
Overall Execution of the Program
24
1
Preparing the Program for the Computer
25
4
The Coding Form
25
2
Area A and Area B Entries
27
1
Spacing and the Use of Periods
28
1
Compiling and Running Patlist---Cobol-85
28
1
The Patlist Program Coded in Cobol-74
28
1
Chapter Summary
29
1
Exercises
30
1
Programming Assignments
31
1
More on the Identification, Environment and Data Divisions
32
27
Cobol Format and Terminology
34
2
Cobol Format Notation
34
1
Reserved Words
35
1
User-Defined Words
35
1
The Patlist Program---First Three Divisions
36
1
The Identification Division
36
1
The Program-ID Paragraph
36
1
Other Paragraphs
36
1
The Environment Division
37
3
The Input-Output Section---File-Control
38
2
Format of the Environment Division
40
1
The Data Division---Basic Components
40
2
File Section---The FD
40
1
FD Clauses
41
1
The Working-Storage Section
42
1
Data Division Format
42
1
Data Descriptions
42
4
Level-Numbers in Defining Records, Fields, and Subfields
43
1
Suggested Standards for Indention and Level-Numbers
44
1
Data-Names
45
1
Picture Clauses
45
1
About the 9 Picture Symbol
46
1
Common Errors of Beginning Cobol Programmers
46
2
Omitted Period
46
1
Extra Period
46
1
Omitted Hyphen
46
1
Extra Hyphen
47
1
Omitted Space
47
1
Inadvertent Space
47
1
Area A/Area B Mistakes
48
1
Misspelling
48
1
Chapter Summary
48
1
Cobol Language Element Summary
48
1
Style Summary
49
1
Exercises
50
2
Programming Assignments
52
7
CONCEPTS MODULE B Introduction to Structured Programming
59
132
About Structured Programming
60
1
Flowcharting Program Logic
60
1
Flowcharting Standards
60
1
Structured Programming Constructs
60
1
Program Modularization
60
4
The Modular Concept
60
1
The Notion of a Controlling Module
60
2
Structure Charts
62
1
Functional Nature of Modules
63
1
Module-Naming and Numbering Conventions
63
1
Expanding the Patron Program
64
3
Definition of the Problem
64
1
Ensure That the Input Is Available to Produce the Desired Output
64
1
Prepare a Print Chart
65
1
Write Programming Specifications
65
1
Structure Chart
65
1
Pseudocode For Patdfct
65
2
Module Summary
67
1
Style Summary
67
1
Exercises
67
1
More on the Procedure Division
68
27
Procedure Division Elements
70
2
The Out-of-Line Perform
72
1
Open, Close, and Stop
72
2
The Open Statement
72
1
The Close Statement
73
1
The Stop Statement
73
1
The Read Statement
74
3
Reading a Record
74
1
The At End and Not At End Phrases
75
2
Literals and Figurative Constants
77
1
Numeric Literals
77
1
Nonnumeric Literals
77
1
Figurative Constants
78
1
Changing Field Contents by Moving Data
78
3
The Move Statement
78
2
Initializing Fields
80
1
Simple Editing with the Move
80
1
The Write Statement
81
1
Writing a Record
81
1
The Advancing Phrase
81
1
Initial-Character Printer Forms Control
82
1
Conditional Operations
82
2
Examples in the Patron Programs
82
1
The IF Statement
82
2
Printing Only the Records with a Deficit
84
1
Simple Arithmetic
84
1
Some Cobol-74 Techniques
85
4
The Priming Read
85
1
The Out-of-Line Perform/Until
86
1
Implementing Cobol-85 Techniques with Cobol-74
87
1
Periods in the Procedure Division
88
1
Formalizing Conventions and Rules
89
1
Positioning, Spacing, and Punctuation
89
1
Vertical Spacing of Cobol Coding Lines
90
1
Chapter Summary
90
1
Cobol Structure Summary
91
1
Style Summary
91
2
Exercises
93
1
Programming Assignments
94
1
Debugging/Program Testing Supplement
95
7
Compiler-Detected Errors
96
1
Error Diagnostics
96
1
About Making Corrections
96
1
Logic Errors
97
1
Data-Definition Mistakes
97
1
Incorrect Logic
97
1
Runtime Errors
98
1
Error Detection and Correcting
98
2
Structured Walkthroughs
98
1
Program Testing
99
1
Supplement Summary
100
1
Exercises
100
2
Keyboard Input and Screen Display
102
12
Screen I/O with the Display and Accept
104
1
The Display Statement
104
1
The Accept Statement
105
1
Batch and Interactive Processing
105
1
Adding Records to the Patron File
105
4
Program Planning
105
1
The Extend Mode of the Open
105
2
A Program to Add Records to the Patron File---Patdisp
107
1
Creating a New File
108
1
Displaying Records from the Patron File
109
3
Program Planning
109
1
A Program to Display Records from the Patron File---Patdisp
109
3
Chapter Summary
112
1
Exercises
112
1
Programming Assignments
112
2
Improving the Appearance of Computer Output
114
44
Picture Clauses
116
1
Basic Picture Symbols
116
1
Alphabetic Symbol
116
1
Assumed Decimal Point
116
1
Signed Fields
117
1
A Simple Editing Example
117
1
Numeric Editing---Decimal and Comma
118
2
Inserting a Decimal Point
118
1
Inserting One or More Commas
119
1
Numeric Editing---Zero Suppression
120
3
Replacement with Spaces
120
1
Replacement with Asterisks
121
1
Floating Dollar (Currency) Sign
121
1
Floating Plus and Minus
122
1
Numeric Editing---Fixed Position Insertion
123
2
Fixed Plus and Minus
123
1
Credit Symbol CR and Debit Symbol DR
124
1
Fixed Dollar (Currency) Sign
124
1
Simple Insertion Editing---Slash, Blank, and Zero
125
1
Other Editing Topics
126
2
Alphanumeric-Edited Data-Items
126
1
Warning About Picture Clauses
127
1
The Blank When Zero Clause
127
1
The Move Statement and Report Headings
128
1
Principles of the Move
128
3
Summary of the Move Categories
128
1
Comments About Some Common Move Forms
129
1
De-Editing Actions
130
1
Group Field Move Operations
130
1
The Redefines Clause
131
1
Qualification of Data-Names
131
3
Reference Modification
133
1
Defining Report Headings
134
3
The Value Clause
134
3
Output Lines in the Working-Storage Section
137
1
Printing Report Headings
137
3
Move/Print Actions
137
1
Avoiding Garbage in Printed Output
137
2
The Read/Into Statement
139
1
The Write/From Statement
139
1
Interaction with the Computer
140
1
Screen Display and Keyboard Input
140
4
The Accept and Display Statements
140
2
A Program Using Accept and Display---Patadd2
142
2
Chapter Summary
144
2
Cobol Picture Symbol Reference
146
2
Style Summary
148
1
Features Not in Cobol-74
148
1
Exercises
149
3
Programming Assignments
152
6
Arithmetic Operations
158
33
Negative Numbers in Cobol
160
1
A Preview of the Arithmetic Statements
161
1
The Add Statement
162
4
The Add/To (Format-1) Statement
162
2
The Add/Giving (Format-2) Statement
164
2
The Subtract Statement
166
1
The Subtract/From (Format-1) Statement
166
1
The Subtract/Giving (Format-2) Statement
166
1
Dealing with Negative Results
167
1
The Multiply Statement
167
1
The Multiply/By (Format-1) Statement
167
1
The Rounded Clause
167
1
The Multiply/Giving (Format-2) Statement
168
1
The Divide Statement
168
3
The Divide/Into (Format-1) and the Divide/Into/Giving (Format-2) Statements
169
1
The Divide/Into/Giving/Remainder (Format-4) Statement
169
1
The Divide/By/Giving (Format-3) and the Divide/By/Giving/Remainder (Format-5) Statements
170
1
The Compute Statement
171
2
Compute Statement Processing
171
1
Compute Statement Syntax
172
1
The On Size Error Phrase
173
2
Selecting the Appropriate Arithmetic Form
175
1
Packed-Decimal Data Format
176
1
Defining Packed-Decimal in the Picture---The usage Clause
176
1
A Modification to the Patron Deficit Program
177
2
The Patdfct3 Program
177
1
Arithmetic Operations
177
2
Calculating a Loan Payment---An Interactive Example
179
2
Chapter Summary
181
2
Features Not in Cobol-74
183
1
Exercises
183
2
Questions Pertaining to Patdfct3
185
1
Programming Assignments
185
6
CONCEPTS MODULE C Principles Of Report Design
191
134
Report Areas
192
1
The Heading Area
192
1
The Body Area
192
1
The Footing Area
192
1
Report Design Guidelines
193
3
Identify the Report and Standardize the Heading-Identification Area
193
1
Label All Output Fields
193
1
Position Column Headings Properly
193
1
Determine Report Width and Length
193
2
Consider Margin Requirements
195
1
Make the Report Visually Attractive
195
1
Consider Intercolumn Space Requirements
195
1
Choose Suitable Negative-Value Indication
195
1
Use Appropriate Editing
196
1
Use Asterisks to Identify Total Levels
196
1
Module Summary
196
1
Exercises
197
1
Report Program Design and Coding
198
36
Page Control and Calculating Totals
200
1
Some Preliminary Concepts
200
2
Module-Numbering Conventions
200
1
Calculating Totals
200
1
Page Control
201
1
A Program with a Total Field and Page Control
202
3
Calculating the Total for the Contribution Field
202
1
Printing Headings
203
1
Page Control
203
1
The 870 Module
204
1
Other Observations About Patlist2
205
1
An Alternate Technique for Printing First-Page Headings
205
1
Some More Cobol Features
205
4
Variable Line Spacing
205
2
The Initialize Statement
207
1
The Accept/From Date Statement
208
1
Cobol-74 Version of Patlist2
209
1
Page Totals
210
4
Basic Page Total Principles
210
2
Patlist3---A Basic Page-Total Program
212
1
Comments About the Working-Storage Section
212
2
Controlling Printer Line Width---Personal Computers
214
1
Designing a Report Program
214
1
Programming Specifications for the Contribution Summary Program
214
2
The Output Report
214
1
Program Specifications
215
1
Designing the Structure Chart
216
5
Top-Down Design
216
1
List Functional Program Modules
216
1
Describe Overall Program Functions
217
2
Show Major Program Functions
219
1
Expand First-Level Modules
219
1
Identify Common Modules
220
1
Review Structure Chart
220
1
Number Each Module
220
1
A Final Comment About Modular Design
220
1
Writing the Pseudocode
221
2
000-Print-Patron-List Module
221
1
100-Initialize-Variable-Fields Module
221
1
200-Process-Patron-Record Module
222
1
700 and 710 Total Line Modules
222
1
870-Print-Headings Module
222
1
880 and 890 Write Modules
223
1
Chapter Summary
223
1
Style Summary
224
1
Exercises
225
1
Programming Assignments
226
8
Conditional Operations
234
44
Basics of the IF Statement
236
3
Continue and Next Sentence
236
1
The IF General Format
236
3
About Indenting
239
1
Types of Condition
239
1
IF Statement---The Relation Condition
239
2
Basics of the Relation Condition
239
1
Numeric Comparisons
239
1
Alphanumeric Comparisons
240
1
The Not Operator
241
1
The IF Statement---Other Condition Types
241
3
Class Condition
241
1
Programmer-Defined Class Condition
242
1
Sign Condition
243
1
Condition-Names
244
3
Condition-Name Condition
244
1
About the Value Clause
245
1
Using the Set Command with Condition-Names
246
1
Combined Conditions
247
4
The And Logical Operator
248
1
The Or Logical Operator
249
1
Complex Conditions
249
2
Other IF Capabilities
251
3
Negated Conditions
251
1
Implied Subjects and Relation Operators
252
1
The Nested IF
252
2
The Evaluate Statement
254
6
The Case Structure
254
3
Multiple Selection Objects/Subjects
257
1
Simulating the Evaluate Statement with Cobol-74
258
1
Another Form of the Evaluate Statement
258
2
General Form of the Evaluate
260
1
About the Perform
260
2
The Perform With Test After
260
2
Early Exit from a Performed Paragraph
262
1
Chapter Summary
262
2
Style Summary
264
1
Exercises
265
3
Programming Assignments
268
10
Designing and Writing Control Break Programs
278
47
A Single-Level Control-Break Program
280
1
Introduction to Control-Break Processing
280
2
Programming Specifications
282
1
Program Design
282
5
Single-Level Control-Break Structure
282
3
Program Logic---Pseudocode
285
2
Program Coding
287
9
the Working-Storage Section
287
2
Stepping Through the Procedure Division
289
3
Other Factors Relating to Sctlbrk
292
1
Two Alternate Forms of the Evaluate
293
1
Alternate Forms for Cobol-74
294
2
A Multiple-Level Control-Break Program
296
1
Programming Specifications/Input-Record Layout
297
3
Print Chart
297
3
Program Design
300
1
Multiple-Level Control-Break Logic
300
1
Design Documentation
300
1
Program Coding
301
8
The Working-Storage Section
301
6
Coding the Procedure Division
307
1
An Alternate Form of the Evaluate
308
1
An Alternate Form for Cobol-74
309
1
Chapter Summary
309
3
Exercises
312
1
Programming Assignments
313
12
CONCEPTS MODULE D Data Validation Concepts
325
134
About Garbage
326
1
Character Testing
326
1
Class Test
326
1
Sign Test
327
1
Field Checking
327
4
Presence Check
327
1
Absence Check
327
1
Range Check
328
1
Limit Check
328
1
Reasonableness Check
328
1
Consistency Check
329
1
Justification Check
329
1
Embedded-Blank Check
329
1
Date Check
330
1
Code-Existence Check
330
1
Data Validation Programs
331
1
On-Line vs. Batch Data Validation
331
1
Module Summary
332
1
Exercises
332
2
Data Validation Design and Coding
334
46
The Elements of an Editing Task
336
1
The Inspect/Replacing Statement
336
2
Replacing All Option
336
1
Replacing Leading Option
336
2
Replacing First Option
338
1
The Inspect/Tallying Statement
338
1
Tallying All Option
338
1
Tallying Leading Option
339
1
Definition of the Editing Task
339
3
The Overall Job
339
1
The Validation Portion of the Job
339
3
Validating Numeric Fields
342
1
Blanks in Numeric Fields
342
1
Zero-Filling of Numeric Fields
342
1
Numeric Class Tests
342
1
Validation Modules
343
4
Record-Code Validation
343
1
Date-of-Sale Validation
343
1
Department-Number and Item-Number Validation
344
1
Item-Description Validation
345
1
Employee-Number Validation
345
1
Quantity Validation
346
1
Price Validation
346
1
Type-of-Sale Validation
346
1
Alternate Coding Techniques
347
2
88-Level Condition-Names for Applicable Validations
347
1
Error Messages in Working-Storage
348
1
The Complete Data Validation Program
349
1
Programming Specifications for the Sales-Transaction Validation Program
350
1
Design Documentation for the Sales-Transaction Validation Program
350
4
Structure Chart
350
4
Pseudocode
354
1
The Complete Dataval Program
354
6
Redefinition of the Quantity and Price Fields
354
4
Valid/Invalid Record Control
358
1
Testing for End-of-Page
359
1
Writing Output Records
360
1
Interactive Data Validation
360
1
The Dataent Program
360
9
Program Specifications
360
1
Sample Screen Displays
361
1
Program Planning
362
2
The Data Division of the Data-Entry Program---Dataent
364
1
Procedure Division Features
365
4
Chapter Summary
369
1
Exercises
370
1
Programming Assignments
371
9
Processing Arrays/Tables
380
40
Calculating an Average
382
1
Basic Principles of Arrays
383
4
Subscripting
383
1
Defining a Table in the Working-Storage Section
384
1
Accessing the Array Data Using Subscripts
385
1
Varying the Subscript
385
1
The Varying Option of the Perform Statement
386
1
Loading and Using a Data Set---Highrep1
387
5
Data Division Features
387
2
Procedure Division Features
389
1
An Array with Two Columns
390
2
Wrap-Up
392
1
Principles of Tables
392
2
Positional Table Organization
394
1
Establishing a Table
394
1
Accessing a Positionally Organized Table
394
1
A Table with Arguments and Functions
395
2
Establishing the Table
395
1
Random Table Organization
396
1
Searching the Table
396
1
Using an Index
397
3
Index Versus Subscript
397
1
The Set Statement
398
1
The Format-1 (Serial) Search Statement
398
1
Using the Format-1 (Serial) Search
399
1
Binary Search Lookup
400
3
Sequential Table Organization
400
1
Principles of the Binary Search
401
1
The Format-2 (Binary) Search Statement
402
1
Additional Topics
403
5
Tables with Range-Step Arguments
403
2
Loading a Table from a Randomly Arranged Input File
405
3
Usage Index and the Search/Varying
408
1
The Value Clause Use with the Occurs Clause
408
1
Relative Subscripting
408
1
Chapter Summary
408
1
Cobol Language Element Summary
409
1
Style Summary
410
1
Exercises
410
2
Programming Assignments
412
8
Processing Multi-Dimension Tables
420
39
Introduction to Multiple-Level Tables
422
1
Example Definition
422
1
The Programming Task
422
1
General Pseudocode Solution
422
1
Hard-Coded and File-Loaded Tables
423
1
Positionally Organized Table
423
3
Establishing a Two-Level Table
423
1
Accessing a Two-Level Positionally Organized Table---Paytble1
424
2
A Two-Level Table with One (First-Level) Explicit Argument
426
2
The Table
426
1
The Paytble2 Program
427
1
A Two-Level Table with Two Explicit Arguments
428
3
The Table
428
2
The Paytble3 Program
430
1
A Three-Level Table Loaded from a File
431
4
Table-File Loading Concepts
431
1
Three-Level Table Definition
431
1
Loading the Pay Rate Table
431
2
Accessing the Three-Level Table
433
2
Using Argument Tables to Access a Multiple-Level Table Directly
435
2
Another Table-Accessing Technique
437
2
Printing a Table
437
1
Data Division Entries---Paytble5
437
1
Procedure Division Entries---Paytble5
438
1
The Perform/Varying/After Statement
439
2
Program Example---Processing Using an Input-Loaded Table
441
6
Introduction to the Cobol Institute of Technology
441
4
Data Division Coding---Rooms
445
1
Loading the Table
446
1
Accepting a User Request
446
1
Searching the Table
446
1
Other Modules
447
1
Chapter Summary
447
1
Exercises
448
1
Programming Assignments
449
10
CONCEPTS MODULE E Principles of File Processing
459
140
Types of Files
460
1
Master File
460
1
Transaction File
460
1
Summary File
460
1
Table File
460
1
Control File
460
1
History File
460
1
Journal File
461
1
File-Organization Principles
461
2
Some Elementary File-Access Concepts
461
1
Sequential File Organization
461
1
Relative File Organization
461
1
Indexed File Organization
462
1
Access Mode
463
1
Master-Transaction Processing
463
3
Master File Updating---Batch
463
2
Master File Updating---On-Line
465
1
File Maintenance
465
1
Module Summary
466
1
Exercises
466
2
Sorting
468
28
Sorting Concepts
470
2
Field Type
470
1
What Is Sorting?
470
1
The Sort Key
470
1
The File to Be Sorted
471
1
Basic Principles of the Sort Verb
471
1
A Sort-Only Program
472
1
Environment and Data Division Coding
473
1
Select Statement for the Sort-Work File
473
1
The SD Entry and Corresponding Record-Description Entry
473
1
Procedure Division Coding
474
2
The Sort Statement
474
1
The Using and Giving Phrases
475
1
Other Sort Considerations
476
2
Format of the Sort Statement
476
1
The Duplicates Phrase
476
1
The Collating Sequence
476
1
Designating a Collating Sequence
477
1
Sorting with Input File Preprocessing and Output File Postprocessing
478
5
Programming Specifications
478
2
The Release and Return Statements
480
1
The Sort Program
481
2
Module Numbering
483
1
Special Needs of Sorting with Cobol-74
483
2
Sections in the Procedure Division
483
1
The Go To Statement
484
1
The Exit Statement
485
1
Limitations on the Cobol-74 Sort Statement
485
1
Cobol-74 Sort Program
485
1
Recap of Sort Programs with the Input File Preprocessing and/or Sorted File Postprocessing
485
2
The Merge Statement
487
1
Chapter Summary
488
1
Cobol Language Element Summary
488
1
Exercises
489
1
Programming Assignments
490
6
Sequential Master-Transaction File Processing
496
26
Principles of Master-Transaction Processing
498
3
Records Must Be in Sequence
498
1
Matching Records from Two Files
498
3
Sequential Master-Transaction Processing Logic
501
3
Pseudocode and Structure Chart
501
1
Program Switches
501
1
Reading Input Records
501
1
Processing Master-Transactions
502
2
Sequence Checking
504
1
About Master-Transaction Processing
504
1
A Budget Control Application
504
3
Program Specifications
504
1
Fields Not Subject to Change
505
1
Sequencing of Transactions on Transaction Code
505
1
Data Validation and Report Generation
506
1
Master-Transaction Maintenance Program
507
8
Data Division Coding
507
3
Procedure Division Coding---Input Record Control
510
1
The 220-Process-Record Module
510
1
Record Processing Modules
511
1
The 500-Change-Fields Module
511
1
Adding a Master---The 600-Add-New-Account Module
511
1
Deleting a Master---The 650-Delete-Account Module
512
1
The 400 and 450 Modules
512
1
The Read Modules
512
3
Variations on Seq-MNT
515
2
Data Validation Example for the 500-Change-Fields Module
515
1
No More Than One Transaction Per Master
516
1
Matching Records
516
1
Updating In-Place
516
1
Chapter Summary
517
1
Exercises
517
1
Programming Assignments
518
4
Indexed File Processing
522
44
Generating a New File
524
3
The Employee File
524
1
The Select Clause
524
1
Creating a File
525
2
Adding Records from a Sequential File
527
3
Adding Records to an Indexed File
527
2
Designating Access Is Sequential for Record Addition
529
1
Adding Records to a Relative File
529
1
Sequential Processing of an Indexed File
530
4
Listing the Employee Records in Employee Number Sequence
530
2
Using an Alternate Key
532
2
Interactive File Maintenance
534
4
Programming Specifications
534
2
Trial Runs
536
2
Interactive File Maintenance Program
538
5
Mainline Code
538
1
Data Division Entries of EMPMNT
539
1
The Menu and Employee Number Entry
539
1
Adding a Record to the File
539
3
The Modify Module and the Rewrite Statement
542
1
The Delete Module and the Delete Statement
542
1
Positioning of Elements on the Screen
542
1
Updating an Indexed Master File from a Sequential Transaction File
543
4
Programming Specifications and Pseudocode Solution
543
1
Sales Master Update Program Solution---SLSUPD
543
4
Dynamic File Access
547
5
Accessing a File Both Randomly and Sequentially
547
1
The Start Statement
548
1
Logic of a Dynamic File-Access Program
549
1
The EMPGETA Program
549
3
Exception Handling During Input and Output Operations
552
5
Handling of Common Exception Conditions
552
1
I-O Status
552
2
Inspecting the I-O Status
554
1
Declarative Procedures and the Use Statement
554
3
Optional Clauses on Input and Output Statements
557
1
Chapter Summary
557
3
Exercises
560
1
Programming Assignments
561
5
Program Management
566
33
Introduction to Managing Large Programs
568
2
About Data and Data Descriptions
568
1
The Paytble4 Program---The Illustration Program
568
1
Extracted Source Code
569
1
Storage and Retrieval of Source Code Segments
570
1
Copying Source Components into a Program
570
5
General Format of the Copy Statement
573
1
Replacing Elements of the Copied Source Code
573
2
Calling a Separate Program from Another Program
575
8
Data Definition Considerations with Multiple Modules
575
2
Calling and Called Programs
577
1
Other Inter-Program Communication Features
578
2
By Reference and By Content Phrases
580
2
Error Handling
582
1
The Cancel Statement
582
1
Called Subprograms Calling Other Subprograms
582
1
Nested Programs
583
4
Characteristics of Nested Programs
583
1
Pay-T-Ld As a Nested Program
583
1
The Is Global Clause
584
1
The Pay-Rate Program As a Nested Program
585
2
Chapter Summary
587
3
Exercises
590
1
Programming Project
590
9
Appendix A Cobol Report Writer Feature
599
26
Appendix B Intrinsic Functions
625
6
Appendix C Printer Control from Cobol
631
4
Appendix D Complete Cobol-85 Language Format
635
18
Appendix E Cobol Reserved Words
653
4
Index
657