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Tables of Contents for The Unfinished Nations
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
List of Illustrations
xv
List of Maps
xviii
Preface
xx
The Meeting of Cultures
1
26
America Before Columbus
1
7
The Civilizations of the South
2
1
The Civilizations of the North
3
5
Europe Looks Westward
8
11
Commerce and Nationalism
8
1
Christopher Columbus
9
2
The Spanish Empire
11
3
Northern Outposts
14
1
Biological and Cultural Exchanges
15
2
Africa and America
17
2
The Arrival of the English
19
Incentives for Colonization
19
3
The French and the Dutch in America
22
1
The First English Settlements
23
Debating the Past: The American Population Before Columbus
6
19
Conclusion
25
1
For Further Reference
26
1
The English ``Transplantations''
27
33
The Early Chesapake
28
10
The Founding of Jamestown
28
2
Reorganization and Expansion
30
4
Exchanges of Agricultural Technology
34
1
Maryland and the Calverts
35
1
Bacon's Rebellion
36
2
Caribbean Colonization
38
3
The West Indies
38
2
Masters and Slaves
40
1
The Growth of New England
41
8
Plymouth Plantation
41
2
The Massachusetts Bay Experiment
43
2
The Expansion of New England
45
1
Settlers and Natives
46
1
The Pequot War and the Technology of Battle
47
2
The Restoration Colonies
49
6
The English Civil War
49
1
The Carolinas
50
1
New Netherland New York and New Jersey
51
1
The Quaker Colonies
52
2
The Founding of Georgia
54
1
The Development of Empire
55
3
The Dominion of New England
56
1
The ``Glorious Revolution''
57
1
Conclusion
58
1
For Further Reference
59
1
Society and Culture in Provincial America
60
34
The Colonial Population
60
11
Indentured Servitude
61
1
Birth and Death
62
1
Medicine in the Colonies
63
1
Women and Families in the Colonies
64
2
The Beginnings of Slavery in English North America
66
4
Changing Sources of European Immigration
70
1
The Colonial Economies
71
7
The Southern Economy
71
3
Northern Economic and Technological Life
74
1
The Extent and Limits of Technology
75
1
The Rise of Colonial Commerce
76
2
Patterns of Society
78
5
Masters and Slaves on the Plantation
78
1
The Puritan Community
79
3
Cities
82
1
The Colonial Mind
83
The Pattern of Religions
83
1
The Great Awakening
84
1
The Enlightenment
85
1
Literacy and Technology
86
2
Education
88
1
The Spread of Science
89
1
Concepts of Law and Politics
90
Debating the Past: The Origins of Slavery
68
23
Conclusion
91
1
For Further Reference
92
2
The Empire Under Strain
94
28
Loosening Ties
94
2
A Decentralized Empire
95
1
The Colonies Divided
96
1
The Struggle for the Continent
96
6
New France and the Iroquois Nation
97
1
Anglo-French Conflicts
98
1
The Great War for the Empire
99
3
The New Imperialism
102
5
Burdens of Empire
102
1
The British and the Tribes
103
1
Battles over Trade and Taxes
104
3
Stirrings of Revolt
107
9
The Stamp Act Crisis
107
1
The Townshend Program
108
1
The Boston Massacre
109
2
The Philosophy of Revolt
111
2
Sites of Resistance
113
2
The Tea Excitement
115
1
Cooperation and War
116
4
New Sources of Authority
117
1
Lexington and Concord
118
2
Conclusion
120
1
For Further Reference
121
1
The American Revolution
122
33
The States United
122
6
Defining American War Aims
123
1
The Declaration of Independence
124
1
Mobilizing for War
125
3
The War for Independence
128
9
The First Phase: New England
128
2
The Second Phase: The Mid-Atlantic Region
130
2
Securing Aid from Abroad
132
1
The Final Phase: The South
133
3
Winning the Peace
136
1
War and Society
137
4
Loyalists and Minorities
137
1
Native Americans and the Revolution
138
1
Women's Rights and Women's Roles
139
1
The War Economy
140
1
The Creation of State Governments
141
3
The Assumptions of Republicanism
141
1
The First State Constitutions
142
1
Revising State Governments
143
1
Toleration and Slavery
143
1
The Search for a National Government
144
The Confederation
144
2
Diplomatic Failures
146
1
The Confederation and the Northwest
147
2
Indians and the Western Lands
149
1
Debts, Taxes, and Daniel Shays
150
Debating the Past: The American Revolution
126
26
Conclusion
152
1
For Further Reference
153
2
The Constitution and the New Republic
155
25
Framing a New Government
155
6
Advocates of Reform
156
1
A Divided Convention
157
2
Compromise
159
1
The Constitution of 1787
160
1
Adoption and Adaptation
161
4
Federalists and Antifederalists
161
2
Completing the Structure
163
2
Federalists and Republicans
165
4
Hamilton and the Federalists
165
2
Enacting the Federalist Program
167
1
The Republican Opposition
168
1
Establishing National Sovereignty
169
3
Securing the West
170
1
Maintaining Neutrality
171
1
The Downfall of the Federalists
172
5
The Election of 1796
173
1
The Quasi War with France
173
1
Repression and Protest
174
1
The ``Revolution'' of 1800
175
2
Conclusion
177
1
For Further Reference
178
2
The Jeffersonian Era
180
38
The Rise of Cultural Nationalism
180
8
Educational and Literary Nationalism
181
2
Medicine and Science
183
1
Cultural Aspirations of the New Nation
184
1
Religion and Revivalism
185
3
Stirrings of Industrialism
188
5
Technology in America
188
3
Transportation Innovations
191
1
Country and City
192
1
Jefferson the President
193
5
The Federal City and the ``People's President''
193
2
Dollars and Ships
195
1
Conflict with the Courts
196
2
Doubling the National Domain
198
5
Jefferson and Napoleon
198
1
The Louisiana Purchase
199
1
Exploring the West
200
2
The Burr Conspiracy
202
1
Expansion and War
203
7
Conflict on the Seas
204
1
Impressment
204
1
``Peaceable Coercion''
205
1
The ``Indian Problem'' and the British
206
1
Tecumseh and the Prophet
207
2
Florida and War Fever
209
1
The War of 1812
210
5
Battles with the Tribes
210
2
Battles with the British
212
2
The Revolt of New England
214
1
The Peace Settlement
214
1
Conclusion
215
1
For Further Reference
216
2
Varieties of American Nationalism
218
24
Stabilizing Economic Growth
218
4
The Government and Economic Growth
219
2
Transportation
221
1
Expanding Westward
222
4
The Great Migration
222
1
White Settlers in the Old Northwest
223
1
The Plantation System in the Old Southwest
224
1
Trade and Trapping in the Far West
224
2
Eastern Images of the West
226
1
The ``Era of Good Feelings''
226
4
The End of the First Party System
227
1
John Quincy Adams and Florida
228
2
The Panic of 1819
230
1
Sectionalism and Nationalism
230
6
The Missouri Compromise
230
2
Marshall and the Court
232
2
The Court and the Tribes
234
1
The Latin American Revolution and the Monroe Doctrine
235
1
The Revival of Opposition
236
4
The ``Corrupt Bargain''
237
1
The Second President Adams
238
1
Jackson Triumphant
239
1
Conclusion
240
1
For Further Reference
240
2
Jacksonian America
242
30
The Rise of Mass Politics
242
8
The Expanding Electorate
243
2
The Legitimization of Party
245
1
President of the Common Man
246
4
``Our Federal Union''
250
3
Calhoun and Nullification
250
1
The Rise of Van Buren
251
1
The Webster-Hayne Debate
251
1
The Nullification Crisis
252
1
The Removal of the Indians
253
5
White Attitudes Toward the Tribes
253
1
The ``Five Civilized Tribes''
254
1
Trails of Tears
255
2
The Meaning of Removal
257
1
Jackson and The Bank War
258
3
Biddle's Institution
258
1
The ``Monster'' Destroyed
259
1
The Taney Court
260
1
The Emergence of the Second Party System
261
3
The Two Parties
261
3
Politics after Jackson
264
The Panic of 1837
264
1
The Van Buren Program
265
1
The Log Cabin Campaign
266
2
The Frustration of the Whigs
268
1
Whig Diplomacy
269
Debating the Past: Jacksonian Democracy
248
22
Conclusion
270
1
For Further Reference
271
1
America's Economic Revolution
272
38
The Changing American Population
272
5
The American Population, 1820-1840
273
2
Immigration and Urban Growth, 1840-1860
275
1
The Rise of Nativism
276
1
Transportation and Communications Revolutions
277
8
The Canal Age
277
3
The Early Railroads
280
1
The Triumpb of the Rails
281
2
The Telegraph
283
1
New Forms of Journalism
284
1
Commerce and Industry
285
4
The Expansion of Business, 1820-1840
285
1
The Emergence of the Factory
286
1
Advances in Technology
286
3
Innovations in Corporate Organization
289
1
Men and Women at Work
289
6
Recruiting a Native Work Force
290
2
The Immigrant Work Force
292
1
The Factory System and the Artisan Tradition
292
2
Fighting for Control
294
1
Patterns of Society
295
8
The Rich and the Poor
295
1
Social Mobility
296
1
Middle-Class Life
297
2
The Changing Family
299
1
The ``Cult of Domesticity''
300
1
Leisure Activities
301
2
The Agricultural North
303
5
Northeastern Agriculture
304
1
The Old Northwest
304
3
Rural Life
307
1
Conclusion
308
1
For Further Reference
309
1
Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South
310
27
The Cotton Economy
310
7
The Rise of King Cotton
311
3
Southern Trade and Industry
314
1
Sources of Southern Difference
315
2
Southern White Society
317
4
The Planter Class
317
1
The ``Southern Lady''
318
1
The Plain Folk
319
2
The ``Peculiar Institution''
321
8
Varieties of Slavery
323
1
Life Under Slavery
324
1
Slavery in the Cities
325
1
Free Blacks
326
1
Slave Resistance
326
3
The Culture of Slavery
329
1
Slave Religion
329
3
Language and Music
332
1
The Slave Family
333
Debating the Past: the Character of Slavery
330
4
Conclusion
334
1
For Further Reference
335
2
Antebellum Culture and Reform
337
27
The Romantic Impulse
338
9
Nationalism and Romanticism in American Painting
339
1
An American Literature
340
1
Literature in the Antebellum South
341
1
The Transcendentalists
342
2
Visions of Utopia
344
1
Redefining Gender Roles
345
1
The Mormons
346
1
Remaking Society
347
9
Revivalism, Morality, and Order
348
1
Health, Science, and Phrenology
348
3
Medical Science
351
1
Education
352
1
Rehabilitation
353
2
The Rise of Feminism
355
1
The Crusade Against Slavery
356
6
Early Opposition to Slavery
356
1
Garrison and Abolitionism
357
1
Black Abolitionists
357
2
Anti-Abolitionism
359
1
Abolitionism Divided
359
3
Conclusion
362
1
For Further Reference
362
2
The Implending Crisis
364
37
Looking Westward
364
8
Manifest Destiny
365
1
Americans in Texas
366
1
Oregon
367
2
The Westward Migration
369
3
Expansion and War
372
5
The Democrats and Expansion
372
1
The Southwest and California
373
1
The Mexican War
374
3
The Sectional Debate
377
7
Slavery and the Territories
377
2
The California Gold Rush
379
2
Rising Sectional Tensions
381
1
The Compromise of 1850
381
3
The Crises of the 1850s
384
14
The Uneasy Truce
384
1
``Young America''
385
1
Slavery, Railroads, and the West
386
1
The Kansas-Nebraska Controversy
387
1
``Bleeding Kansas''
388
2
The Free-Soil Ideology
390
1
The Pro-Slavery Argument
391
1
Buchanan and Depression
392
1
The Dred Scott Decision
393
1
Deadlock over Kansas
394
1
The Emergence of Lincoln
395
1
John Brown's Raid
396
1
The Election of Lincoln
397
1
Conclusion
398
1
For Further Reference
399
2
The Civil War
401
40
The Secession Crisis
401
4
The Withdrawal of the South
401
1
The Failure of Compromise
402
2
The Opposing Sides
404
1
The Mobilization of the North
405
9
Economic Nationalism
405
3
Raising the Union Armies
408
1
Wartime Leadership and Politics
409
1
The Politics of Emancipation
410
1
African Americans and the Union Cause
411
2
The War and Economic Development
413
1
Women, Nursing, and the War
413
1
The Mobilization of the South
414
4
Confederate Government
415
1
Money and Manpower
416
1
Economic and Social Effects of the War
417
1
Strategy and Diplomacy
418
4
The Commanders
418
2
The Role of Sea Power
420
1
Europe and the Disunited States
421
1
Campaigns and Battles
422
The Technology of War
423
2
The Opening Clashes, 1861
425
1
The Western Theater, 1862
426
2
The Virginia Front, 1862
428
3
1863: Year of Decision
431
4
The Last Stage, 1864-1865
435
Debating the Past: The Causes of the Civil War
406
33
Conclusion
439
1
For Further Reference
440
1
Reconstruction and the New South
441
The Problems of Peacemaking
442
The Aftermath of War and Emancipation
443
Competing Notions of Freedom
444
Plans for Reconstruction
446
The Death of Lincoln
448
Johnson and ``Restoration''
448
Radical Reconstruction
449
The Black Codes
449
The Fourteenth Amendment
452
The Congressional Plan
453
The Impeachment of the President
455
The South in Reconstruction
455
The Reconstruction Governments
456
Education
457
Landownership and Tenancy
458
Incomes and Credit
459
The African-American Family in Freedom
460
The Grant Administration
462
The Soldier President
462
The Grant Scandals
463
The Greenback Question
463
Republican Diplomacy
464
The Abandonment of Reconstruction
465
The Southern States ``Redeemed''
465
Waning Northern Commitment
466
The Compromise of 1877
466
The Legacy of Reconstruction
468
The New South
469
The ``Redeemers''
470
Industrialization and the ``New South''
471
Tenants and Sharecroppers
473
African Americans and the New South
473
The Birth of Jim Crow
475
Debating the Past: Reconstruction
450
Conclusion
477
For Further Reference
479
APPENDIXES
A-1
Maps
The United States in 1996
A-2
United States Territorial Expansion, 1783-1998
A-4
Documents and Tables
The Declaration of Independence
A-5
The Constitution of the United States
A-10
Presidential Elections
A-30
Population of the United States, 1790-1998
A-37
Employment, 1870-1998
A-38
Production, Trade, and Federal Spending/Debt, 1790-1998
A-39
Illustration Credits
IC-1
Index
I-1