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Tables of Contents for Music
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Listening Outlines Listed by Composer
xxiii
Preface
xxvii
PART I ELEMENTS
1
86
Sound: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Color
2
9
Pitch: Highness or Lowness of Sound
2
2
Dynamics
4
1
Tone Color
5
1
Listening Outlines, Vocal Music Guides, and the Properties of Sound
6
1
Lohengrin, Prelude to Act III
7
1
Richard Wagner
Listening Outline
7
1
Prelude in C Minor for Piano, Op. 28, No. 20
8
1
Frederic Chopin
Listening Outline
8
1
The Firebird, Scene 2
8
1
Igor Stravinsky
Listening Outline
9
1
Hotter Than That by Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five
9
2
Listening Outline
10
1
Performing Media: Voices and Instruments
11
27
Voices
11
2
Musical Instruments
13
22
String Instruments
16
4
Woodwind Instruments
20
4
Brass Instruments
24
5
Percussion Instruments
29
1
Keyboard Instruments
30
2
Electronic Instruments
32
3
The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra, Op. 34
35
1
Benjamin Britten
The Stars and Stripes Forever
36
2
John Philip Sousa
Listening Outline
37
1
Rhythm
38
7
Beat
39
1
Meter
40
2
Accent and Syncopation
42
1
Tempo
42
1
I Got Rhythm
43
1
George Gershwin
Unsquare Dance
44
1
Dave Brubeck
Music Notation
45
5
Notating Pitch
45
2
Notating Rhythm
47
1
Notating Silence (Rests)
48
1
Notating Meter
48
1
The Score
48
2
Melody
50
6
Over the Rainbow
54
2
Harold Arlen
Harmony
56
4
Consonance and Dissonance
57
1
The Triad
58
1
Broken Chords (Arpeggios)
59
1
Prelude in E Minor for Piano, Op. 28, No. 4
59
1
Frederic Chopin
Key
60
7
The Major Scale
61
2
The Minor Scale
63
1
The Key Signature
64
1
The Chromatic Scale
65
1
Modulation: Change of Key
65
1
Tonic Key
66
1
Musical Texture
67
5
Monophonic Texture
67
1
Polyphonic Texture
67
2
Homophonic Texture
69
1
Changes of Texture
70
1
Farandole from L'Arlesienne Suite No. 2
70
2
Georges Bizet
Listening Outline
71
1
Musical Form
72
6
Techniques That Create Musical Form
72
1
Repetition
72
1
Contrast
73
1
Variation
73
1
Types of Musical Form
73
4
Three-Part (Ternary) Form: A B A
74
1
Dance of the Reed Pipes from Nutcracker Suite
74
1
Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Listening Outline
75
1
Two-Part (Binary) Form: A B
76
1
Gavotte from French Suite No. 5 in G Major
76
1
Johann Sebastian Bach
Listening Outline
76
1
Listening for Form
77
1
Performance
78
5
The Performer
78
2
The Conductor
80
2
Recorded and Live Performance
82
1
Judging Performance
83
1
Musical Style
83
4
PART II THE MIDDLE AGES
87
20
Music in the Middle Ages (450-1450)
88
3
Gregorian Chant
91
5
The Church Modes
91
1
Alleluia: Vidimus stellam (We have seen his star)
92
2
O successores (You successors)
94
2
Hildegard of Bingen
Secular Music in The Middle Ages
96
2
Estampie
96
2
The Development of Polyphony: Organum
98
3
School of Notre Dame: Measured Rhythm
98
2
Alleluia: Nativitas (The Birth)
100
1
Perotin
Fourteenth-Century Music: The ``New Art'' in Italy and France
101
6
Francesco Landini
101
1
Ecco la primavera (Spring has come)
102
1
Guillaume de Machaut
103
4
Notre Dame Mass
103
4
PART III THE RENAISSANCE
107
24
Music in the Renaissance (1450-1600)
108
5
Music and Renaissance Society
108
3
Characteristics of Renaissance Music
111
2
Words and Music
111
1
Texture
112
1
Rhythm and Melody
112
1
Sacred Music in the Renaissance
113
5
Josquin Desprez and the Renaissance Motet
113
1
Ave Maria...Virgo serena (Hail Mary...serene virgin)
113
2
Palestrina and the Renaissance Mass
115
2
Pope Marcellus Mass
117
1
Secular Music in the Renaissance
118
8
Vocal Music
118
3
The Renaissance Madrigal
119
1
As Vesta Was Descending
119
2
Thomas Weelkes
The Renaissance Ballett (Fa-La)
121
1
Now Is the Month of Maying
121
1
Thomas Morley
Instrumental Music
122
4
Ricercar in the Twelfth Mode
124
1
Andrea Gabrieli
The most sacred Queene Elizabeth, her Galliard
124
1
John Dowland
Listening Outline
125
1
The Venetian School: From Renaissance to Baroque
126
5
Giovanni Gabrieli and the Polychoral Motet
127
1
Plaudite (Clap Your Hands)
127
4
PART IV THE BAROQUE PERIOD
131
76
Baroque Music (1600-1750)
133
7
Characteristics of Baroque Music
136
3
Unity of Mood
136
1
Rhythm
136
1
Melody
136
1
Terraced Dynamics
136
1
Texture
137
1
Chords and the Basso Continuo (Figured Bass)
137
1
Words and Music
138
1
The Baroque Orchestra
139
1
Baroque Forms
139
1
Music in Baroque Society
140
3
The Concerto Grosso And Ritornello Form
143
4
Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D Major Johann Sebastian Bach: First movement
144
3
Listening Outline
145
2
The Fugue
147
5
Organ Fugue in G Minor (Little Fugue)
149
3
Johann Sebastian Bach
Listening Outline
150
2
The Elements of Opera
152
5
Opera In The Baroque Era
157
2
Claudio Monteverdi
159
3
Orfeo (Orpheus)
160
2
Henry Purcell
162
3
Ground Bass
163
1
Dido and Aeneas
163
2
The Baroque Sonata
165
1
Arcangelo Corelli
166
1
Trio Sonata in A Minor, Op. 3, No. 10
166
1
Antonio Vivaldi
167
5
La Primavera (Spring), Concerto for Violin and String Orchestra, Op. 8, No. 1, from the Four Seasons
168
4
Listening Outline: First movement
169
3
Johann Sebastian Bach
172
7
Bach's Music
174
1
Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D Major: Second and third movements
175
2
Mass in B Minor
177
2
The Baroque Suite
179
2
Suite No. 3 in D Major
180
1
Johann Sebastian Bach
The Chorale and Church Cantata
181
10
The Church Cantata
183
1
Cantata No. 140: Wachet auf, ruft uns die stimme (Awake, a voice is calling us)
184
7
Johann Sebastian Bach
The Oratorio
191
1
George Frideric Handel
192
15
Handel's Music
195
1
Guilio Cesare (Julius Caesar)
195
3
Messiah
198
9
PART V THE CLASSICAL PERIOD
207
88
The Classical Style (1750-1820)
208
7
Characteristics of the Classical Style
212
1
Contrast of Mood
212
1
Rhythm
212
1
Texture
212
1
Melody
212
1
Dynamics and the Piano
213
1
The End of the Basso Continuo
213
1
The Classical Orchestra
213
1
Classical Forms
214
1
Composer, Patron, And Public In The Classical Period
215
3
Social Trends and Classical Composition
215
2
Vienna
217
1
Sonata Form
218
5
Exposition
219
1
Development
219
1
Recapitulation
219
1
Coda
219
2
Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Fourth movement
221
2
Listening Outline
222
1
Theme and Variations
223
3
Symphony No. 94 in G Major (Surprise), by Joseph Haydn: Second movement
224
2
Listening Outline
224
2
Minuet and Trio
226
3
Eine Kleine Nachtmusik (A Little Night Music), K. 525, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Third movement
227
2
Listening Outline
227
2
Rondo
229
1
String Quartet in C Minor, Op. 18. No. 4, by Ludwig van Beethoven: Fourth movement
229
1
Listening Outline
229
1
The Classical Symphony
230
2
The Classical Concerto
232
1
Classical Chamber Music
233
1
Joseph Haydn
234
10
Haydn's Music
237
2
Symphony No. 94 in G Major (Surprise)
239
3
Trumpet Concerto in E Flat Major: Third movement
242
2
Listening Outline
243
1
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
244
27
Mozart's Music
247
2
Don Giovanni
249
9
Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550
258
5
Listening Outline: First movement
260
3
Piano Concerto No. 23 in a Major, K. 488
263
5
Listening Outline: First movement
264
4
Requiem in D Minor, K. 626
268
3
Ludwig Van Beethoven
271
24
Beethoven's Music
275
2
Piano Sonata in C Minor, Op. 13 (Pathetique)
277
4
Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67
281
9
Listening Outlines: First movement, second movement
283
7
String Quartet in B Flat Major, Op. 130: Fourth movement (Alla danza tedesca)
290
5
Listening Outline
292
3
PART VI THE ROMANTIC PERIOD
295
138
Romanticism in Music (1820-1900)
296
9
The Romantic Period in Music
299
1
Characteristics of Romantic Music
300
5
Individuality of Style
300
1
Expressive Aims and Subjects
300
1
Nationalism and Exoticism
301
1
Program Music
301
1
Expressive Tone Color
302
1
Colorful Harmony
302
1
Expanded Range of Dynamics, Pitch, and Tempo
303
1
Form: Miniature and Monumental
303
2
Romantic Composers and Their Public
305
3
The Art Song
308
2
Strophic and Through-Composed Form
309
1
The Song Cycle
309
1
Franz Schubert
310
9
Schubert's Music
312
1
Erlkonig (The Erlking)
313
3
Heidenroslein (The Wild Rose)
316
1
Piano Quintet in A Major (Trout): Fourth movement
317
2
Listening Outline
318
1
Robert Schumann
319
6
Schumann's Music
321
1
Carnaval
322
3
Clara Wieck Schumann
325
4
Romance in G Minor for Violin and Piano, Op. 22, No. 2
327
2
Listening Outline
328
1
Frederic Chopin
329
7
Chopin's Music
331
1
Nocturne in E Flat Major, Op. 9, No. 2
332
2
Listening Outline
333
1
Etude in C Minor, Op. 10, No. 12 (Revolutionary)
334
1
Polonaise in a Flat Major, Op. 53
334
2
Franz Liszt
336
5
Liszt's Music
338
1
Transcendental Etude No. 10 in F Minor
339
2
Listening Outline
340
1
Felix Mendelssohn
341
7
Mendelssohn's Music
343
1
Concerto for Violin and Orchestra in E Minor, Op. 64
344
4
Listening Outline: First movement
345
3
Program Music
348
3
Hector Berlioz
351
11
Berlioz's Music
353
1
Symphonie fantastique (Fantastic Symphony)
354
8
Listening Outline: Fifth movement
359
3
Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Music
362
6
The Russian Five
363
1
Modest Mussorgsky
364
4
Boris Godunov
Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
368
7
Tchaikovsky's Music
370
1
Romeo and Juliet, Overture-Fantasy
371
4
Listening Outline
372
3
Bedrich Smetana
375
2
The Moldau
375
2
Listening Outline
376
1
Antonin Dvorak
377
8
Symphony No. 9 in E Minor (From the New World)
378
7
Listening Outlines: First movement, second movement
379
6
Johannes Brahms
385
11
Brahms's Music
387
1
Symphony No. 4 in E Minor, Op. 98: Fourth movement
388
5
Listening Outline
390
3
Ein Deutsches Requiem (A German Requiem)
393
3
Giuseppe Verdi
396
8
Verdi's Music
398
1
Rigoletto
399
5
Giacomo Puccini
404
11
La Boheme
405
10
Richard Wagner
415
11
Wagner's Music
418
1
Die Walkure (The Valkyrie)
419
7
Gustav Mahler
426
7
Mahler's Music
427
1
Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen (Songs of a Wayfarer): Ging heut' Morgen uber's Feld (This morning I went through the fields)
428
5
PART VII THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
433
124
Musical Styles: 1900-1950
434
12
1900-1950: An Age of Musical Diversity
435
2
Characteristics of Twentieth-Century Music
437
9
Tone Color
439
1
Harmony (Consonance and Dissonance; New Chord Structures)
440
1
Alternatives to the Traditional Tonal System
441
2
Rhythm
443
2
Melody
445
1
Music and Musicians in Society
446
2
Impressionism and Symbolism
448
2
French Impressionist Painting
449
1
French Symbolist Poetry
450
1
Claude Debussy
450
10
Debussy's Music
453
2
Prelude a L'Apres-midi d' un faune (Prelude to The Afternoon of a Faun)
455
2
Listening Outline
456
1
Voiles (Sails) from Preludes for Piano, Book I
457
3
Listening Outline
459
1
Maurice Ravel
460
4
Bolero
461
3
Listening Outline
462
2
Neoclassicism
464
1
Igor Stravinsky
465
17
Stravinsky's Music
467
2
Petrushka
469
5
Listening Outline: Opening scene
471
3
Le Sacre du printemps (The Rite of Spring)
474
6
Listening Outline: Part I, Introduction, Omens of Spring---Dances of the Youths and Maidens, Ritual of Abduction
477
3
Symphony of Psalms: First movement
480
2
Expressionism
482
2
Arnold Schoenberg
484
11
Schoenberg's Music
486
5
Atonality
487
1
The Twelve-Tone System
488
3
Five Pieces for Orchestra, Op. 16: Vorgefuhle (Premonitions)
491
1
A Survivor from Warsaw, Op. 46
492
3
Alban Berg
495
6
Wozzeck
496
5
Anton Webern
501
3
Webern's Music
502
1
Five Pieces for Orchestra, Op. 10
503
1
Listening Outline: Third piece
503
1
Bela Bartok
504
7
Bartok's Music
505
2
Concerto for Orchestra
507
4
Listening Outline: First movement, second movement
508
3
Charles Ives
511
6
Ives's Music
513
1
Putnam's Camp, Redding, Connecticut, from Three Places in New England
514
3
Listening Outline
515
2
George Gershwin
517
6
Rhapsody in Blue
519
4
Listening Outline
521
2
Aaron Copland
523
5
Appalachian Spring
525
3
Listening Outline: Theme and Variations on Simple Gifts
527
1
Musical Styles Since 1950
528
11
Characteristics of Music since 1950
529
10
Increased Use of the Twelve-Tone System
529
2
Extensions of the Twelve-Tone System: Serialism
531
1
Chance Music
531
2
Minimalist Music
533
1
Musical Quotation
534
1
Return to Tonality
534
1
Electronic Music
535
2
``Liberation of Sound''
537
1
Mixed Media
538
1
Rhythm and Form
539
1
Music Since 1950: Eight Representative Pieces
539
18
Semi-Simple Variations
539
3
Milton Babbitt
Listening Outline
541
1
Poeme electronique (Electronic Poem)
542
1
Edgard Varese
Listening Outline
543
1
Threnody: To the Victims of Hiroshima, for 52 Strings
543
2
Krzysztof Penderecki
Listening Outline
544
1
Ancient Voices of Children
545
2
George Crumb
A Mirror on Which to Dwell
547
2
Elliott Carter
Concerto Grosso 1985
549
3
Ellen Taaffe Zwilich
Listening Outline: First movement
551
1
Sextet
552
2
Steve Reich
Listening Outline: Third movement
553
1
Ritual Melodies
554
3
Jonathan Harvey
Listening Outline: Opening section
554
3
PART VIII JAZZ
557
34
Jazz Styles: 1900-1950
558
5
Roots of Jazz
558
2
Jazz in Society
560
1
Elements of Jazz
561
2
Tone Color
561
1
Improvisation
561
1
Rhythm, Melody, and Harmony
562
1
Ragtime
563
3
Scott Joplin
564
1
Maple Leaf Rag
565
1
Blues
566
5
Lost Your Head Blues
568
3
Bessie Smith
New Orleans Style
571
4
Dippermouth Blues
573
1
King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band
Listening Outline
573
1
Louis Armstrong
574
1
Swing
575
5
Duke Ellington
577
1
Take the ``A'' Train, by Billy Strayhorn, as performed by Duke Ellington and His Famous Orchestra
578
2
Listening Outline
579
1
Bebop
580
4
Bebop Style
580
2
Charlie ``Bird'' Parker
582
1
Bloomdido
582
2
Listening Outline
583
1
Jazz Styles Since 1950
584
7
Cool Jazz
584
1
Free Jazz: Ornette Coleman and John Coltrane
585
1
Jazz Rock (Fusion)
586
2
Miles Runs the Voodoo Down
588
3
Miles Davis
PART IX THE AMERICAN MUSICAL
591
14
Musical Theater
592
6
Elements of the Musical
592
1
Development of the Musical
593
2
Sources of the Musical
593
1
The Golden Era of the American Musical (1920-1960)
593
1
The Musical after 1960
594
1
Oklahoma!
595
3
Richard Rodgers
Oscar Hammerstein
Leonard Bernstein
598
7
West Side Story
601
4
Listening Outline: Tonight ensemble
602
3
PART X ROCK
605
18
Rock Styles
606
6
Development of Rock
606
5
Elements of Rock
611
1
Tone Color
611
1
Rhythm
611
1
Form, Melody, and Harmony
612
1
Rock In American Society
612
4
Rock and Recordings
615
1
Rock and Television (MTV)
615
1
Rock and Dancing
615
1
The Beatles
616
7
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
618
5
Listening Outline: Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds
619
4
PART XI NONWESTERN MUSIC
623
24
Music in Nonwestern Cultures
624
4
Characteristics of Nonwestern Music
624
3
Oral Tradition
624
1
Improvisation
625
1
Voices
625
1
Instruments
625
1
Melody, Rhythm, and Texture
626
1
Interaction between Nonwestern and Western Music
627
1
Music in Sub-Saharan Africa
628
7
Music in Society
628
2
Elements of African Music
630
1
Rhythm and Percussion
630
1
Vocal Music
631
1
Texture
631
1
African Instruments
631
3
Idiophones
631
2
Membranophones
633
1
Aerophones and Chordophones
633
1
Song from Angola
634
1
Listening Outline
634
1
Mitamba Yalagla Kumchuzi
634
1
Listening Outline
634
1
Hinganyengisa Masingita
635
1
Classical Music of India
635
6
Performers
636
1
Improvisation
636
1
Elements of Indian Classical Music
637
2
Melodic Structure: Raga
637
1
Rhythmic Structure: Tala
638
1
Instruments
639
1
Maru-Bihag
640
1
Ravi Shankar
Koto Music of Japan
641
6
The Koto
642
1
Historical Background
642
1
Koto Music
643
1
Godan-Ginuta
644
3
Mitsuzaki Kengyo
Listening Outline: Opening section
646
1
APPENDIXES
647
42
[1] Glossary and Example Locator
648
29
[2] Tone Color and The Harmonic Series
677
1
[3] Key Signatures
678
1
[4] Chronology
679
7
[5] Bibliography and Selected Readings
686
3
Recordings
689
8
Acknowledgments
697
4
Index
701