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Tables of Contents for The Mi'Kmaq
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Foreword
vii
4
Acknowledgments
xi
1. Introduction: Quest for Cultural Survival
1
6
2. Problems and Challenges: The Politics of History
7
12
Internal Colonialism and Domestic Dependency
7
1
Hegemony and Alienation: Endangered Heritage
7
4
The Mi'kmaq as Ethnic Group
11
1
Reconstructing History
12
1
Political Significance of History
13
6
3. Aboriginal Baseline: A Historical Ethnography
19
24
Natural Habitat
19
1
Mi'kmaq Origin Legends
20
1
Klu'skap as Culture Hero
21
1
The Prehistoric Past: Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence
22
3
Personal Appearances: Dress, Hairstyle, Tattoos
25
1
Demographics
26
1
Mode of Production at the Time of Contact: Subsistence Foraging
27
3
Portable Material Culture
30
2
Social Structure: Family, Band, Tribe
32
1
Social Division of Labor
33
1
Political Organization: Saqmaq and Nikmanaq
33
2
Grand Chief and District Chiefs
35
1
Ideology: Worldview, Dreams, Guardian Spirits, and Shamanism
35
2
Social Niche: Mi'kmaqs and Their Neighbors
37
2
Intertribal Conflicts
39
2
Conclusion
41
2
4. First Contact: Europe's Advent and Klu'skap's Exit
43
12
European Culture on the Eve of the Invasion
43
1
Wenuj: Strangers on the Coast
44
1
The Portuguese of Cape Breton: A Lost Colony (1525)
45
1
Cartier's Explorations on the Mi'kmaq Coast (1534-1536)
45
2
Cod Fishers and Fur Traders
47
2
Mi'kmaqs as Fur Trade Middlemen
49
1
Mi'kmaqs Discover Europe
50
2
Mi'kmaq Perceptions and Attitudes Toward White Newcomers
52
1
The "Great Dying": Epidemics on the Mi'kmaq Coast
53
2
5. Moving In: European Colonists in Mi'kmaq Country
55
16
International Linkages
56
1
Colonization and the Seigneurial System in Mi'kmaq Country
57
2
The Early Colonizers
59
4
The Company of New France as Feudal Overlord (1627-1663)
63
2
The French Crown Takes Over Seigneuries from New France Company
65
1
Seigneuries in Acadia and Gaspesia
65
1
Acadia's Indian Seigneuries
66
1
Mi'kmaq-Acadian Intermarriages
67
2
Conclusion
69
2
6. Christianizing the Mi'kmaq: "Black Robes" and "Bare Feet"
71
18
French Catholic Missions
72
1
Jesuit Priests and Franciscan Recollects: Missionary Perspectives and Policies
73
1
The Arrival of "Black Robes" in Mi'kmaq Country (1611-1613)
73
1
The "Bare Feet" Spread Their Gospel (1619-1624)
74
1
Capuchins: Other "Bare Feet" Priests in Mi'kmaq Country (1632-1654)
75
1
"Black Robes" Return to Mi'kmaq Country
75
2
Recollet Mission at Gaspe (1673-1690)
77
3
Baptism as Alliance Ritual
80
2
Cultural Resistance: Persistence of Shamanic Beliefs
82
2
Cultural Accommodation: From Guardian Spirit to Patron Saint
84
1
Mi'kmaq Hieroglyphs: Writing as Religious Agency
85
4
7. Accommodation and Resistance: Mi'kmaq Life in the Colonial Period
89
14
Commercial Fisheries
89
2
Mi'kmaq-French Symbiosis: A Dual Society in Colonial Acadia
91
1
Cultural Melange: Blending the New with the Old
92
3
The Fur Trade: Mi'kmaq Market Hunting
95
3
Decline of the Fur Trade: The Problem of Indian Alliances
98
1
Sea Mammal Hunting
99
1
Mi'kmaq Critiques of Europeans
100
3
8. Cultural Stress: Alcoholic Rage and Beaver Wars
103
14
Alcohol: Agent of Self-Destruction
103
2
Game Depletion
105
1
"Beaver Wars": Intertribal Conflicts
106
2
Mi'kmaq-Stadaconan War
108
1
Mi'kmaq-Abenaki War
108
1
Mi'kmaq-Maliseet War
109
1
Mi'kmaq-Massachusetts Wars
110
1
Mi'kmaq-Montagnais War
111
1
Mi'kmaq-Inuit Wars
112
1
Mi'kmaq-Iroquois Wars
112
2
Intertribal Diplomacy and Peace
114
3
9. Colonial Wars and Alliances
117
16
Mounting Anglo-French Rivalries
117
1
Indian Involvement in European Rivalries
118
1
The Wabanaki Confederacy
119
1
Alliance Ceremonial Practices
119
1
Kinship Terminology and Alliance
120
1
French Missionaries as Warrior-Priests
121
1
The Introduction of Commercial Scalping
122
1
The First Anglo-Wabanaki War (1676-1678)
123
1
The Second Anglo-Wabanaki War (1688-1698)
123
6
The Rise and Fall of New England's Fort Pemaquid (1692-1696)
125
3
New England's Counterattack and Termination of War
128
1
The Third Anglo-Wabanaki War (1703-1713)
129
2
Losing the Fight for Acadia
130
1
Treaty of Utrecht (1713): Making Peace and Dividing Wabanaki Lands
131
2
10. Colonial Wars: Losing the Armed Struggle for Independence
133
20
Aboriginal Title: French Opportunism in Acadia After 1713
133
2
Cape Breton as the New French Political Center
135
1
French Proxy Warfare: Mi'kmaq Seafighters
135
1
Mi'kmaq Missions and French Warrior-Priests
136
1
The Fourth Anglo-Wabanaki War (1722-1726)
137
3
Uneasy Peace and New Missionaries
140
1
The Fifth Anglo-Wabanaki War (1744-1748)
141
2
Mi'kmaqs in Exile
142
1
Cease-Fire
143
1
Halifax (1749) and the Changing Power Balance in Nova Scotia
143
2
Treaty of 1752
145
2
Keeping Anger Alive: France's Ongoing Need for Indian Allies
147
1
The Sixth Anglo-Wabanaki War (1755-1760)
148
5
Ethnic Cleansing: Expulsion of the French Acadians
148
2
Fall of French Canada (1758-1759)
150
3
11. More Treaties and Broken Promises
153
14
The Royal Proclamation of 1763: Dispossession by Default
153
2
Settling Mi'kmaq Lands
155
1
The American Revolution (1775-1783)
156
6
Wabanakis Join the Revolution
156
1
Treaty of Watertown (1776)
157
1
Warriors at Machias (1777-1780)
157
3
Julian's Treaty (1779)
160
1
Diplomatic Betrayal: The Treaty of Paris (1783)
161
1
International Border-Crossing Rights: Jay Treaty (1794)
162
1
The Demographics of Dispossession
163
3
Conclusion
166
1
12. Survival under Internal Colonialism
167
22
Birth of the Reservation
168
2
Spiritual Resort: Return of Catholic Priests
170
2
Saint Anne: Mi'kmaq Patron Saint
172
2
Mi'kmaq Chiefs: Political Organization and Indirect Rule
174
2
Mi'kmaq Districts
176
1
Changing Subsistence Strategies
177
2
Porpoise Hunting in the Bay of Fundy (c. 1815-1895)
179
1
Changing Material Culture: Fixed Dwellings and Common Dress
180
2
Political Paternalism: Indian Agents
182
1
Federal Guardianship: The Indian Act (1876)
183
2
Indian Residential School of Shubenacadie
185
1
Magic Heroes in the Enchanted World of Imagination
186
1
Conclusion
187
2
13. Mi'kmaq Cultural Survival: A Tribal Nation in the Modern World
189
30
Mi'kmaq Personhood and Indian "Status"
189
1
Mi'kmaq Bands Today: Federal Hegemony
190
1
Reserves: Places of Refuge and Government Dependency
191
1
Mi'kmaq Mobility and the Tribal Network
192
6
Caroline Sark Copage: Oral History
193
2
Donald and Mary Sanipass: Oral History
195
3
Counterculture and Revival in Indian Country
198
1
Political Resistance: Indian Unions and Self-Determination
199
1
Radical Politics: AIM and the Killing of Anna Mae Pictou
200
2
Cultural Renaissance
202
7
The Paradox of Imprisonment: Discovering Indianness in Jail
202
1
Sante' Mawio'mi and the Paradox of St. Anne
203
4
Language: Key to the Survival of Mi'kmaq Culture
207
2
Political Revitalization: Mi'kmaq Native Rights
209
5
Land Claims
209
1
Treaty Rights: Hunting and Fishing
210
1
Challenging Sex Discrimination
211
1
Boston Indian Council: Resurrecting the 1776 Watertown Treaty
212
1
Rebirth of the Wabanaki Confederacy
212
1
Beating the Melting Pot: Federal Recognition of the Aroostook Band in Maine
213
1
Mi'kmaq Sovereignty
214
2
Sovereignty and the Sante' Mawio' mi
214
2
Conclusion
216
3
Glossary
219
2
Bibliography
221
14
Credits
235
2
Films on the Mi'kmaq: An Annotated List
237
2
Index
239