Describes techniques for using one's fingers as a calculator to perform a variety of complex as well as simple arithmetic operations including multiplication, division, and algebra

Language Use offers a philosophical examination of the basic conceptual framework of pragmatic theory, and contrasts this framework with detailed descriptions of our everyday practices of language use. While the results should be highly relevant to pragmatics, the investigation is not a contribution to pragmatic theory. Drawing on Ludwig Wittgenstein's approach to philosophical problems, Language Use brings out the relevance of Wittgenstein's methods to fundamental problems in central pragmatic fields of research such as deixis, implicatures, speech acts and presuppositions.

This book is concerned with the nineteenth-century education, family life and employment of working-class girls and women. Based on extensive local research, it also draws on evidence from social, labour and women's history in a wide-ranging analysis of the purposes and practices of girls' education within a variety of forms of schooling, both public and private.

Describes techniques for using one's fingers as a calculator to perform a variety of complex as well as simple arithmetic operations including multiplication, division, and algebra

Mo Fiorina and Paul Peterson's groundbreaking American government text, which emphasizes the impact of electoral forces, is now available in a brief, highly affordable Penguin Academic Series edition. Longman is proud to announce the Penguin Academic Series edition of Fiorina & Peterson's America's New Democracy. The Penguin Academic Series, in the tradition of Penguin Publishers, offers accessibly written, elegantly designed and highly affordable trade-format books by pre-eminent scholars with distinctive voices. Featuring new co-author D. Stephen Voss, America's New Democracy: The Permanent Campaign addresses the recent, fundamental shift in the way American government functions. The accessibility of instant public opinion polls, the Internet, and the ubiquitous nature of the news media-all of which the authors use to demonstrate that America is moving toward a more popular democracy-have blurred the lines between campaigning and governing. Politicians today are constantly engaged in the campaign process-a "permanent campaign"-that has affected how our government functions in profound ways. Focusing on electoral forces, America's New Democracy: The Permanent Campaign offers a stimulating, analytical approach to American government that engages readers as it gives them a unique understanding of their political system as it exists today.

What are the essential elements of a democracy? How can nations ensure a political voice for all citizens, and design a government that will respond to those varied voices? These perennial questions resonate strongly in the midst of ongoing struggles to defend democratic institutions around the world and here at home. In Designing Democratic Government, a group of distinguished political scientists provides a landmark cross-national analysis of the institutions that either facilitate or constrain the healthy development of democracy.The contributors to Designing Democratic Government use the democratic ideals of fairness, competitiveness, and accountability as benchmarks to assess a wide variety of institutions and practices. John Leighly and Jonathan Nagler find that in the U.S., the ability to mobilize voters across socioeconomic lines largely hinges on the work of non-party groups such as civic associations and unions, which are far less likely than political parties to engage in class-biased outreach efforts. Michael McDonald assesses congressional redistricting methods and finds that court-ordered plans and close adherence to the Voting Rights Act effectively increase the number of competitive electoral districts, while politically-drawn maps reduce the number of competitive districts. John Carey and John Polga-Hecimovich challenge the widespread belief that primary elections produce inferior candidates. Analyzing three decades worth of comprehensive data on Latin American presidential campaigns, they find that primaries impart a stamp of legitimacy on candidates, helping to engage voters and mitigate distrust in the democratic process. And Kanchan Chandra proposes a paradigm shift in the way we think about ethnic inclusion in democracies: nations should design institutions that actively promote—rather than merely accommodate—diversity.At a moment when democracy seems vulnerable both at home and abroad, Designing Democratic Government sorts through a complex array of practices and institutions to outline what works and what doesn’t in new and established democracies alike. The result is a volume that promises to change the way we look at the ideals of democracy worldwide.

With an emphasis on elections and their importance in the American political system, this groundbreaking offers a stimulating, analytical approach to American government and a unique perspective on contemporary politics.   Noted scholars and teachers all, the authors propose in their text that politicians today are perpetually engaged in the election process—a “permanent campaign”—which has profoundly affected how our government functions today.  The proliferation of public opinion polls, the growing influence of the Internet, the ubiquitous nature of the news media, and the increasingly important role of interest groups–all demonstrate that America is moving toward a more popular democracy and have blurred the lines between politicians campaigning and governing.    The sixth edition of this prestigious text will have been brought completely up-to-date through the end of the George W. Bush administration and 2008 Presidential Election, by its publication.  The alternate version of The New American Democracy includes the exact same coverage as the comprehensive version without the policy chapters.