Life science research and industry is developing rapidly all over the world. Microbial biotechnology is increasingly being regarded as a core subject in most university and polytechnic life science courses. There already exist a number of general textbooks on microbiology and biotechnology that deal with the basic principles of the field. To complement them, this work focuses on the various applications of microbial-biotechnological principles. A teaching-based format is adopted, whereby working problems, as well as answers to frequently asked questions, supplement the main text. The volume also includes real-life examples of how the application of microbial-biotechnological principles has achieved breakthroughs in both research and industrial production. Although this text was written for polytechnic students and undergraduates, it should contain sufficient information to be used as a reference for postgraduate students and lecturers. It may also serve as a resource book for corporate planners, managers and applied research personnel.