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Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Foreword
XV
Introduction
1
2
I Methods
5
19
1 Examination of faecal specimens
5
5
1.1 Detection of helminth eggs, larvae, oocysts, and sporocysts of protozoa in faeces
5
1
1.2 Collection and examination of faeces
6
1
1.3 Direct smear method
6
1
1.4 Flotation method
6
1
1.5 Sedimentation method
7
1
1.6 McMaster method
7
1
1.7 Baermann method
8
1
1.8 Culture and recovery of third-stage larvae
8
1
1.9 Identification of third-stage larvae of nematodes
9
1
1.10 Staining Cryptosporidia spp. in faecal smears
9
1
1.11 Scotch tape method
10
1
1.12 Sodium Acetate Formaldehyde (SAF) method
10
1
2 Examination of material for Trichinella spiralis
10
1
2.1 Demonstration of encysted larvae of T. spiralis in muscle fibre (Compressorium method)
10
1
2.2 Digestion of muscle for the release of encysted larvae of T. spiralis
10
1
3 Haematology
11
2
3.1 Bloodsmear and Giemsa-stain
11
1
3.2 Diff-Quick(R)
11
1
3.3 QBC(R)
12
1
3.4 Dark ground / phase contrast buffycoat method
12
1
4 Entomology
13
1
4.1 Skin scraping
13
1
5 Immunological methods
13
3
5.1 Introduction
13
1
5.2 Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT)
13
1
5.3 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
14
1
5.4 Immunoblotting (Western blot)
15
1
5.5 Complement Fixation Test (CFT)
15
1
6 Molecular biological techniques
16
8
Dirk Dobbelaere
Isabel Roditi
6.1 Introduction
16
1
6.2 Recombinant antigens
16
1
6.3 Detection and identification of parasites using nucleic acid probes
17
5
6.3.1 Techniques based on DNA probes
17
3
6.3.2 Detection of parasites by PCR
20
1
6.3.3 Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR
21
1
6.4 Concluding remarks
22
1
6.5 Glossary of terms
22
2
II Parasites of Cattle
24
122
1 Stages in the gut and faeces
24
31
PROTOZOA Protozoa oocysts found in the faeces
24
5
HELMINTHS
29
26
Trematoda eggs found in the faeces and adult trematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract
29
3
Cestoda eggs found in the faeces and adult cestodes living in the gastrointestinal tract
32
3
Nematoda eggs found in the faeces, adult nematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract and first-stage larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus
35
20
2 Stages in the blood and circulatory system
55
28
PROTOZOA
55
17
RICKETTSIALES
72
6
HELMINTHS
78
5
Trematoda found in the blood and circulatory system
78
3
Nematoda larvae (microfilariae) found in the blood and adult nematodes living in the circulatory system
81
2
3 Stages in the urogenital system
83
2
PROTOZOA
83
2
4 Stages in internal organs
85
20
4.1 Locomotory system
85
5
4.1.1 Muscles
85
5
PROTOZOA
85
3
HELMINTHS
88
2
Cestoda larvae found in the muscles
88
1
Nematoda larvae and adult nematodes found in the muscles
89
1
ARTHROPODS Insecta larvae found in the muscles
90
1
4.1.2 Tendons
90
1
HELMINTHS Nematoda larvae and adult nematodes found in the tendons
90
1
4.2 Liver
90
7
HELMINTHS
90
7
Trematoda found in the liver
90
4
Cestoda found in the liver
94
3
4.3 Respiratory system
97
4
HELMINTHS
97
4
Cestoda found in the lungs and trachea
97
1
Nematoda found in the lungs and trachea
97
4
4.4 Abdominal cavity
101
1
HELMINTHS
101
1
Cestoda found in the abdominal cavity
101
1
Nematoda found in the abdominal cavity
101
1
4.5 Pancreas
102
1
HELMINTHS Trematoda found in the pancreas
102
1
4.6 Central nervous system
103
2
PROTOZOA
103
1
HELMINTHS Cestoda cysts found in the central nervous system
104
1
5 Stages on the body surface
105
41
5.1 Skin and coat
105
38
PROTOZOA
105
1
HELMINTHS Nematoda found in the skin
106
3
ARTHROPODS
109
34
Arachnida found in/on the skin
109
18
Ticks
109
12
Mites
121
6
Insecta found on the skin
127
16
Lice
127
2
Fleas
129
1
Dipterida
129
14
5.2 Eyes
143
3
III Parasites of Sheep and Goats
146
58
1 and in the gut and faeces
146
21
PROTOZOA
146
3
HELMINTHS
149
18
Trematoda eggs found in the faeces and adult trematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract
149
1
Cestoda eggs found in the faeces and adult cestodes living in the gastrointestinal tract
150
2
Nematoda eggs found in the faeces, adult nematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract and first-stage larvae of lungworms
152
15
2 Stages in the blood and circulatory system
167
7
PROTOZOA
167
3
RICKETTSIALES
170
2
HELMINTHS
172
2
Trematoda found in the blood and circulatory system
172
1
Nematoda found in the blood and circulatory system
173
1
3 Stages in the urogenital system
174
1
4 Stages in internal organs
174
14
4.1 Locomotory system
174
3
4.1.1 Muscles
174
3
PROTOZOA
174
2
HELMINTHS Cestoda larvae found in the muscles
176
1
4.1.2 Tendons
177
1
HELMINTHS Nematoda larvae and adult nematodes found in the tendons
177
1
4.2 Liver
177
3
HELMINTHS
177
3
Trematoda found in the liver
177
2
Cestoda found in the liver
179
1
4.3 Respiratory system
180
4
HELMINTHS
180
3
Cestoda found in the respiratory system
180
1
Nematoda found in the lungs and trachea
180
2
ARTHROPODS Insecta larvae found in the respiratory system
183
1
4.4 Abdominal cavity
184
1
HELMINTHS
184
1
Cestoda found in the abdominal cavity
184
1
Nematoda found in the abdominal cavity
185
1
4.5 Pancreas
185
1
HELMINTHS Trematoda found in the pancreas
185
1
4.6 Central nervous system
186
2
PROTOZOA
186
1
HELMINTHS Cestoda cysts found in the central nervous system
186
2
5 Stages on the body surface
188
16
5.1 Skin and coat
188
13
PROTOZOA
188
1
HELMINTHS Nematoda found in the skin
188
1
ARTHROPODS
188
13
Arachnida found in/on the skin
188
7
Ticks
188
3
Mites
191
4
Insecta found on the skin
195
6
Lice
195
1
Fleas
196
1
Dipterida
196
5
5.2 Eyes
201
3
IV Parasites of Horses and Donkeys
204
58
1 Stages in the gut and faeces
204
20
PROTOZOA
204
1
HELMINTHS
204
17
Trematoda eggs found in the faeces and adult trematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract
204
2
Cestoda eggs found in the faeces and adult cestodes living in the gastrointestinal tract
206
2
Nematoda eggs found in the faeces, adult nematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract and first-stage larvae of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi and Probsmayria vivipara
208
13
ARTHROPODS Insecta found in the gut
221
3
2 Stages in the blood and circulatory system
224
9
PROTOZOA
224
6
HELMINTHS
230
3
Trematoda found in the blood and circulatory system
230
1
Nematoda larvae and microfilariae found in the blood
231
2
3 Stages in the urogenital system
233
2
PROTOZOA
233
2
4 Stages in internal organs
235
8
4.1 Locomotory system
235
3
4.1.1 Muscles PROTOZOA
235
1
4.1.2 Tendons
236
2
HELMINTHS Nematoda larvae and adult nematodes found in the tendons
236
2
4.2 Liver
238
1
HELMINTHS
238
1
Trematoda found in the liver
238
1
Cestoda found in the liver
238
1
Nematoda found in the liver
239
1
4.3 Respiratory system
239
1
HELMINTHS
239
1
Cestoda found in the respiratory system
239
1
Nematoda found in the respiratory system
239
1
ARTHROPODS Insecta larvae found in the respiratory system
240
1
4.4 Abdominal cavity
240
1
HELMINTHS
240
1
Cestoda found in the abdominal cavity
240
1
Nematoda found in the abdominal cavity
240
1
4.5 Central nervous system
241
2
PROTOZOA
241
1
HELMINTHS Cestoda cysts found in the central nervous system
242
1
5 Stages on the body surface
243
19
5.1 Skin and coat
243
15
PROTOZOA
243
1
HELMINTHS Nematoda found in the skin
243
3
ARTHROPODS
246
12
Arachnida found in/on the skin
246
4
Ticks
246
3
Mites
249
1
Insecta found on the skin
250
8
Lice
250
2
Fleas
252
1
Dipterida
252
6
5.2 Eyes
258
4
HELMINTHS Nematoda found in the eyes
258
4
V Parasites of Dromedaries
262
30
1 Stages in the gut and faeces
262
10
PROTOZOA
262
1
HELMINTHS
263
9
Trematoda eggs found in the faeces and adult trematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract
263
1
Trematodes whose eggs may appear in the faeces
263
1
Cestoda eggs found in the faeces and adult cestodes living in the gastrointestinal tract
264
1
Nematoda eggs found in the faeces, adult nematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract and first-stage larvae of Dictyocaulus filaria
265
7
2 Stages in the blood and circulatory system
272
4
PROTOZOA
272
3
RICKETTSIALES
275
1
HELMINTHS
275
1
Trematoda found in the blood and circulatory system
275
1
Nematoda found in the blood and circulatory system
275
1
3 Stages in the urogenital system
276
1
4 Stages in internal organs
277
7
4.1 Locomotory system
277
2
4.1.1. Muscles
277
2
PROTOZOA
277
1
HELMINTHS Cestoda larvae found in the muscles
278
1
4.1.2. Tendons
279
1
HELMINTHS Nematoda larvae and adult nematodes found in the tendons
279
1
4.2 Liver
279
2
HELMINTHS
279
2
Trematoda found in the liver
279
1
Cestoda found in the liver
280
1
4.3 Respiratory system
281
1
HELMINTHS
281
1
Cestoda found in the lungs and trachea
281
1
Nematoda found in the lungs and trachea
281
1
ARTHROPODS Insecta larvae found in the respiratory system
281
1
4.4 Abdominal cavity
282
1
HELMINTHS Cestoda found in the abdominal cavity
282
1
4.5 Pancreas
283
1
HELMINTHS Trematoda found in the pancreas
283
1
4.6 Central nervous system
283
1
HELMINTHS Cestoda cysts found in the central nervous system
283
1
5 Stages on the body surface
284
8
5.1 Skin and coat
284
5
HELMINTHS Nematoda found in the skin and subcutis
284
1
ARTHROPODS
284
5
Arachnida found in/on the skin
284
4
Ticks
284
2
Mites
286
2
Insecta found on the skin
288
1
Lice
288
1
Fleas
288
1
Dipterida
288
1
5.2 Eyes
289
3
VI Parasites of Swine
292
17
1 Stages in the gut and faeces
292
17
PROTOZOA
292
5
HELMINTHS
297
12
Trematoda eggs found in the faeces and adult trematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract
297
1
Eggs of the following trematodes may occasionally be found in the faeces of pigs
298
1
Nematoda eggs found in the faeces, adult nematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract and first-stage larvae of lungworms (Meta strongylus spp.)
298
11
2 Stages in the blood and circulatory system
309
4
PROTOZOA
309
2
RICKETTSIALES
311
1
HELMINTHS Nematoda larvae (microfilariae) found in the blood and circulatory system
312
1
3 Stages in the urogenital system
313
3
HELMINTHS Nematoda found in the urogenital system
313
3
4 Stages in internal organs
316
11
4.1 Locomotory system
316
6
4.1.1. Muscles
316
6
PROTOZOA
316
3
HELMINTHS
319
3
Cestoda larvae found in the muscles
319
1
Nematoda larvae and adult nematodes found in the muscles
320
2
4.2 Liver
322
1
HELMINTHS
322
1
Trematoda found in the liver
322
1
Cestoda found in the liver
322
1
Nematoda found in the liver
323
1
4.3 Respiratory system
323
2
HELMINTHS Nematoda found in the lungs and trachea
323
2
4.4 Abdominal cavity
325
1
HELMINTHS Nematoda found in the abdominal cavity
325
1
4.5 Pancreas
325
1
HELMINTHS Trematoda found in the pancreas
325
1
4.6 Central nervous system
326
1
PROTOZOA
326
1
HELMINTHS
326
1
Cestoda cysts found in the central nervous system
326
1
Nematoda found in the central nervous system
326
1
5 Stages on the body surface
327
11
5.1 Skin and coat
327
11
HELMINTHS Nematoda found in the skin
327
1
ARTHROPODS
327
11
Arachnida found in/on the skin
327
4
Ticks
327
3
Mites
330
1
Insecta found on the skin
331
7
Lice
331
1
Fleas
332
2
Dipterida
334
4
VII Parasites of Poultry
338
57
1 Stages in the gut and faeces
338
29
PROTOZOA
338
12
HELMINTHS
350
17
Trematoda eggs found in the faeces and adult trematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract
350
2
Cestoda eggs and proglottids found in the faeces and adult cestodes living in the gastrointestinal tract
352
5
Nematoda eggs found in the faeces and adult nematodes living in the gastrointestinal tract
357
10
2 Stages in the blood and circulatory system
367
4
PROTOZOA
367
2
RICKETTSIALES
369
2
3 Stages in the urogenital system
371
2
HELMINTHS Trematoda found in the urogenital system
371
2
4 Stages in internal organs
373
4
4.1 Locomotory system
373
1
4.1.1. Muscles PROTOZOA
373
1
4.2 Liver PROTOZOA
374
1
4.3 Respiratory system
374
3
PROTOZOA
374
1
HELMINTHS Nematoda found in the respiratory system
374
2
ARTHROPODS Arachnida found in the respiratory system
376
1
5 Stages on the body surface
377
18
5.1 Skin and feathers
377
15
HELMINTHS Trematoda found in the subcutaneous tissue
377
1
ARTHROPODS
377
15
Arachnida found in/on the skin
377
8
Ticks
377
3
Mites
380
5
Insecta found on the skin
385
7
Lice
385
3
Heteroptera
388
1
Fleas
389
1
Dipterida
390
2
5.2 Eyes
392
3
HELMINTHS Nematoda found in the eyes
392
3
Bibliography
395
3
Further Reading
398
3
Acknowledgement
401
2
Index
403