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Tables of Contents for Foundations of Computational Linguistics
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Introduction
1
12
Part I. Theory of Language
Computational language analysis
13
20
Human-computer communication
13
3
Language science and its components
16
5
Methods and applications of computational linguistics
21
2
Electronic medium in recognition and synthesis
23
3
Second Gutenberg revolution
26
7
Exercises
31
2
Technology and grammar
33
18
Indexing and retrieval in textual databases
33
3
Using grammatical knowledge
36
3
Smart versus solid solutions
39
2
Beginnings of machine translation
41
4
Machine translation today
45
6
Exercises
49
2
Cognitive foundations of semantics
51
18
Prototype of communication
51
2
From perception to recognition
53
3
Iconicity of formal concepts
56
5
Context propositions
61
4
Recognition and action
65
4
Exercises
67
2
Language communication
69
20
Adding language
69
3
Modeling reference
72
3
Using literal meaning
75
2
Frege's principle
77
3
Surface compositionality
80
9
Exercises
87
2
Using language signs on suitable contexts
89
14
Buhler's organon model
89
2
Pragmatics of tools and pragmatics of words
91
2
Finding the correct subcontext
93
3
Language production and interpretation
96
3
Thought as the motor of spontaneous production
99
4
Exercises
101
2
Structure and foundationing of signs
103
22
Reference mechanisms of different sign-types
103
4
Internal structure of symbols and indexicals
107
3
Repeating reference
110
4
Exceptional properties of icon and name
114
4
Pictures, pictograms, and letters
118
7
Exercises
121
4
Part II. Theory of Grammar
Generative grammar
125
16
Language as a subset of the free monoid
125
4
Methodological reasons for generative grammar
129
2
Adequacy of generative grammars
131
1
Formalism of C-grammar
132
4
C-grammar for natural language
136
5
Exercises
139
2
Language hierarchies and complexity
141
22
Formalism of PS-grammar
141
3
Language classes and computational complexity
144
2
Generative capacity and formal language classes
146
6
PS-Grammar for natural language
152
5
Constituent structure paradox
157
6
Exercises
161
2
Basic notions of parsing
163
20
Declarative and procedural aspects of parsing
163
2
Fitting grammar onto language
165
5
Type transparency between grammar and parser
170
6
Input-output equivalence with the speaker-hearer
176
2
Desiderata of grammar for achieving convergence
178
5
Exercises
181
2
Left-associative grammar (LAG)
183
20
Rule types and derivation order
183
3
Formalism of LA-grammar
186
4
Time-linear analysis
190
2
Absolute type transparency of LA-grammar
192
3
LA-grammar for natural language
195
8
Exercises
200
3
Hierachy of LA-grammar
203
20
Generative capacity of unrestricted LAG
203
3
LA-Hierarchy of A-, B-, and C-LAGs
206
3
Ambiguity in LA-grammar
209
3
Complexity of grammars and automata
212
3
Subhierarchy of C1-, C2-, and C3-LAGs
215
8
Exercises
221
2
LA- and PS-hierarchies in comparison
223
18
Language classes of LA- and PS-grammar
223
2
Subset relations in the two hierarchies
225
2
Non-equivalence of the LA- and PS-hierarchy
227
2
Comparing the lower LA- and PS-classes
229
3
Linear complexity of natural language
232
9
Exercises
237
4
Part III. Morphology and Syntax
Words and morphemes
241
18
Words and word forms
241
4
Segmentation and concatenation
245
4
Morphemes and allomorphs
249
1
Categorization and lemmatization
250
3
Methods of automatic word form recognition
253
6
Exercises
257
2
Word form recognition in LA-Morph
259
22
Allo-rules
259
4
Phenomena of allomorphy
263
6
Left-associative segmentation into allomorphs
269
3
Combi-rules
272
3
Concatenation patterns
275
6
Exercises
279
2
Corpus analysis
281
20
Implementation and application of grammar systems
281
3
Subtheoretical variants
284
4
Building corpora
288
3
Distribution of word forms
291
4
Statistical tagging
295
6
Exercises
299
2
Basic concepts of syntax
301
20
Delimitation of morphology and syntax
301
3
Valency
304
3
Agreement
307
3
Free word order in German (LA-D1)
310
6
Fixed word order in English (LA-E1)
316
5
Exercises
318
3
LA-syntax for English
321
22
Complex fillers in pre- and postverbal position
321
5
English field of referents
326
2
Complex verb forms
328
3
Finite state backbone of LA-syntax (LA-E2)
331
4
Yes/no-interrogatives (LA-E3) and grammatical perplexity
335
8
Exercises
340
3
LA-syntax for German
343
28
Standard procedure of syntactic analysis
343
3
German field of referents (LA-D2)
346
5
Verbal positions in English and German
351
3
Complex verbs and elementary adverbs (LA-D3)
354
6
Interrogatives and subordinate clauses (LA-D4)
360
11
Exercises
366
5
Part IV. Semantics and Pragmatics
Three system types of semantics
371
18
Basic structure of semantic interpretation
371
2
Logical, programming, and natural languages
373
2
Functioning of logical semantics
375
5
Metalanguage-based or procedural semantics?
380
3
Tarski's problem for natural language semantics
383
6
Exercises
387
2
Truth, meaning, and ontology
389
20
Analysis of meaning in logical semantics
389
3
Intension and extension
392
3
Propositional attitudes
395
4
Four basic ontologies
399
3
Sorites paradox and the treatment of vagueness
402
7
Exercises
406
3
Absolute and contingent propositions
409
20
Absolute and contingent truth
409
4
Epimenides in a [+sense, +constructive] system
413
3
Frege's principle as homomorphism
416
4
Time-linear syntax with homomorphic semantics
420
3
Complexity of natural language semantics
423
6
Exercises
426
3
Database semantics
429
26
Database metaphor of natural communication
429
4
Descriptive aporia and embarrassment of riches
433
3
Communication between the speaker and the hearer
436
6
Three kinds of propositions
442
4
Spatio-temporal indexing
446
9
Exercises
453
2
Structure and functions of a Slim machine
455
22
Representing vs. activating propositional content
455
3
Motor algorithm for powering the navigation
458
3
Autonomous control structure
461
3
Contextual cognition as the basis of coherence
464
2
The ten Slim states of cognition
466
11
Exercises
474
3
A formal fragment of natural language
477
30
DBL-LEX and LA-INPUT
477
8
LA-MOTOR and LA-OUTPUT
485
4
LA-QUERY and LA-INFERENCE
489
7
Relating stored content to the current situation
496
4
Mapping between meaning1 and meaning2
500
7
Exercises
505
2
Schematic summary
507
4
Conclusion
511
28
Appendix
A Another example of a word bank
515
6
A.1 Embedding and extracting information
515
1
A.2 Translating the content of a knowledge base into propositions
516
1
A.3 An equivalent graphical representation
516
1
A.4 Word bank representation
517
1
A.5 Embedding and extracting propositional content
518
3
B. Interpretation of a complex sentence (LA-E4)
521
12
B.1 The sample sentence
521
1
B.2 Definition of LA-E4
521
2
B.3 Pre-verbal application of DET+N
523
1
B.4 Application of NOM+FV
524
1
B.5 Application of FV+MAIN
525
1
B.6 Reapplication of FV+MAIN
525
1
B.7 Post-verbal application of DET+N
526
1
B.8 Transition to the subordinate clause based on ADD-ADP
527
1
B.9 Beginning of the subordinate clause based on START-SUBCL
528
1
B.10 Reapplication of NOM+FV
529
1
B.11 Completing the subordinate clause with FV+MAIN
530
1
B.12 Result of the derivation
531
2
C. Subordinating navigation in the speaker mode
533
6
C.1 Different navigation types
533
1
C.2 Embedding constructions
534
1
C.3 Realization of clauses with the verb in final position
535
1
C.4 Lexical realization of conjunctions
536
1
C.5 Multiple center embeddings
537
2
Bibliography
539
20
Name Index
559
4
Subject Index
563