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Tables of Contents for The Electronics Handbook
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
SECTION I Fundamental Electrical Theory
Introduction
1
2
Terrence P. O'Connor
Electromagnetic Spectrum
3
10
John Norgard
Introduction
3
1
Spectral Subregions
3
10
Resonance
13
8
Michael D. Ciletti
Introduction
13
1
Frequency-Domain Description of Resonance
13
2
Series-Parallel RLC Resonant Filter
15
1
The Pole--Zero Pattern Description of Resonance
15
1
Time-Domain Description of Resonance
16
1
Resonance and Energy Storage in Inductors and Capacitors
16
4
Physical Hazards with Resonant Circuits
20
1
Electroacoustics
21
9
Eugene T. Patronis, Jr.
Introduction
21
1
Linear Acoustics
21
1
Radiation Models
22
1
Dynamic Low-Frequency Loudspeaker
23
3
Radiated Power
26
1
Acoustic Impedance
27
1
Circuit Duals and Mobility Models
27
3
Thermal Noise and Other Circuit Noise
30
10
Barry G. Douglass
Introduction
30
1
Thermal Noise
31
1
Shot Noise
32
1
Noise in Systems of Cascaded Stages
33
1
Noise-Induced Error in Digital Circuits
34
2
Noise in Mixed Signal Systems
36
1
Conclusions
37
3
Logic Concepts and Design
40
18
George I. Cohn
Introduction
40
1
Digital Information Representation
40
1
Number Systems
40
1
Number Representation
41
1
Arithmetic
41
1
Number Conversion from One Base to Another
42
2
Complements
44
1
Codes
45
1
Boolean Algebra
46
1
Boolean Functions
47
1
Switching Circuits
48
1
Expansion Forms
49
1
Realization
49
1
Timing Diagrams
50
1
Hazards
51
1
K-Map Formats
51
2
K-Maps and Minimization
53
1
Minimization with K-Maps
54
1
Quine--McCluskey Tabular Minimization
55
3
Digital Logic and Sequential Logic Circuits
58
24
George I. Cohn
Combinational and Sequential Logic Circuits
58
1
Set--Reset Latch
59
1
Latch Analysis with Difference Equations
60
1
Microtiming Diagram Construction
61
1
Set--Reset Latch Nomenclature
62
1
Set--Reset Latch Truth Table
62
1
Set--Reset Latch Macrotiming Diagram
63
1
J K Latch
63
1
T Latch
63
1
D Latch
64
1
Synchronous Latches
64
1
Master--Slave Flip-Flops
65
1
Standard Master-Slave Data Flip-Flop
66
1
Sequential Logic System Description
66
1
Analysis of Synchronous Sequential Logic Circuits
67
1
Synthesis of Synchronous Sequential Logic Circuits
68
2
Equivalent States
70
1
Partitioning
70
1
Implication Table
71
1
State Assignment
72
2
State Assignment Guidelines
74
1
Implication Graph
75
1
Incompletely Specified Circuits
75
2
Algorithmic State Machines
77
1
Asynchronous Sequential Machines
78
4
Principles of Light, Vision, and Photometry
82
15
Jerry C. Whitaker
Introduction
82
1
Sources of Illumination
83
2
Monochrome and Color Vision
85
2
Photometric Measurements
87
1
Luminosity Curve
87
4
Human Visual System
91
6
SECTION II Properties of Materials and Components
Introduction
95
2
I.M. Filanovsky
Circuit Fundamentals
97
10
J. Choma, Jr.
S.K. Burgess
The Electrical Circuit
97
2
Current and Current Polarity
99
1
Energy and Voltage
100
1
Power
101
2
Circuit Classifications
103
4
Semiconductor Materials
107
20
S.K. Tewksbury
Introduction
107
1
Crystalline Structures
108
4
Energy Bands and Related Semiconductor Parameters
112
6
Carrier Transport
118
3
Crystalline Defects
121
4
Summary
125
2
Thermal Properties
127
8
David F. Besch
Introduction
127
1
Fundamentals of Heat
127
3
Other Mateiral Properties
130
2
Engineering Data
132
3
Resistive Materials
135
13
J.H. Mooij
Introduction
135
1
Fixed Resistors
135
3
Variable Resistors
138
1
Nonlinear Resistors
139
2
Fundamental Laws of Resistive Elements
141
7
Magnetic Materials for Inductive Processes
148
11
Martin R. Parker
William E. Webb
Introduction
148
1
Coils
149
2
Magnetic Materials
151
1
Self-Inductance of Wires and Transmission Lines
152
1
Transformers
153
6
Capacitance and Capacitors
159
26
I.M. Filanovsky
Capacitor and Capacitance in Linear Electromagnetic Field
159
3
Mutual Capacitance
162
2
Energy Stored in the System of Charged Capacitors
164
1
Capacitor as a Circuit Component
165
4
Series and Parallel Connection of Capacitors
169
1
Construction of Practical Capacitors
169
3
Standard Values and Tolerances of Discrete Capacitors
172
1
Typical Parameters and Characteristics of Discrete Capacitors
172
4
Capacitor Impedance Characteristic
176
1
Power, Dissipation, and Quality Factors
177
1
Capacitor Reliability
178
1
Aging and Radiation Effects
179
1
Nonlinear Dielectrics and Nonlinear Capacitors
180
5
SECTION III Properties of Passive Components
Introduction
183
2
Wai-Kai Chen
Crystal Oscillators
185
15
Jeffrey P. Tate
Patricia F. Mead
Introduction
185
1
Piezoelectric Effect
185
2
Crystal Resonators
187
4
Equivalent Circuit of a Quartz Resonator
191
1
Experimental Determination of the Crystal Oscillator Parameters
192
2
Piezoelectric Materials
194
2
Temperature and Stress Compensation Techniques and Aging Effects
196
4
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Devices
200
13
Ardie D. Walser
Introduction
200
1
Photoelastic Effect
200
2
Acousto-Optic Effect
202
3
Devices and Applications
205
8
Electromechanical Devices
213
8
C. Sankaran
Introduction
213
1
Ampere's Law
213
1
Faraday's Law
214
1
Generator and Motor Laws
214
1
Fleming's Right-Hand (Generator) and Left-Hand (Motor) Rules
214
1
Switch Mechanisms and Relays
215
1
Fuses
215
2
Circuit Breakers
217
2
Indicating Devices
219
2
Aural Pickup Devices
221
9
Roy W. Rising
Introduction
221
1
Aural Pickup Devices
221
4
Directional Patterns
225
3
Selecting Microphone Types
228
2
Aural Reproduction Devices
230
21
Michael Starling
Introduction
230
1
Sound Theory
230
4
Environmental Effects on Sound Reproduction
234
1
Characteristics of Human Hearing
235
1
Elements of Aural Transduction Systems
236
7
Unique Approaches to Loudspeaker Design and Assessment
243
3
Headphones and Earphones
246
5
SECTION IV Passive Electrical Circuits
Introduction
249
2
Wai-Kai Chen
Coax/Transmission Line
251
8
Kerry W. Cozad
Introduction
251
1
General Applications
251
1
Theory
251
3
Power Handling
254
1
Short Interconnection Applications
254
1
Connectors
255
1
Intermodulation Products
256
1
Long Interconnection Applications
256
3
Waveguide
259
10
Kenneth Demarest
Waveguide Modes
259
10
Passive Microwave Devices
269
10
Michael B. Steer
Introduction
269
1
Characterization of Passive Elements
269
2
Transmission Line Sections
271
1
Discontinuities
271
1
Impedance Transformers
272
1
Terminations
272
1
Attenuators
273
1
Microwave Resonators
273
1
Tuning Elements
274
1
Hybrid Circuits and Directional Couplers
275
1
Filters
276
1
Ferrite Components
277
1
Passive Semiconductor Devices
278
1
Passive Filters
279
16
Cecil Harrison
Introduction
279
1
Filter Type
279
1
Filter Alignment
280
1
Filter Order
281
1
Constraints
281
1
Summary of Design Procedures
282
13
SECTION V Electron Vacuum Devices
Introduction
293
2
Steve Epstein
Electron Tube Fundamentals
295
12
Clifford D. Ferris
Introduction
295
1
Cathodes and Thermionic Emission
296
1
Thermionic Diode
297
1
Grid Tubes
298
3
Vacuum Tube Specifications
301
1
Biasing Methods to Establish a DC Operating Point
302
3
Power Amplifier Classes
305
1
Power-Output Calculation
305
2
Power Grid Tubes
307
18
Jerry C. Whitaker
Introduction
307
1
Vacuum Tube Design
307
14
High frequency Operating Limits
321
4
Neutralization Techniques
325
9
Jerry C. Whitaker
Introduction
325
1
Circuit Analysis
325
6
Self-Neutralizing Frequency
331
1
Neuralization Adjustment
332
2
Amplifier Systems
334
26
Jerry C. Whitaker
Introduction
334
2
Principles of RF Power Amplification
336
9
Cavity Amplifier Systems
345
15
Image Capture Devices
360
7
Steve Epstein
Introduction
360
1
The Plumbicon
360
7
CRT Devices and Displays
367
20
Jerry C. Whitaker
Introduction
367
1
Basic Operating System
367
8
Color CRT Devices
375
12
Projection Systems
387
26
Jerry C. Whitaker
Introduction
387
2
Projection System Fundamentals
389
9
Projection Display Systems
398
7
Operational Considerations
405
8
SECTION VI Microwave Vacuum Devices
Introduction
411
2
Robert R. Weirather
Microwave Power Tubes
413
7
Jerry C. Whitaker
Introduction
413
3
Grid Vacuum Tubes
416
4
Klystron
420
8
Robert R. Weirather
Introduction
420
1
The Klystron
421
1
Typical Klystron Amplifier
421
2
High-Efficiency Klystron Design
423
1
Broadband Klystron Operation
424
1
Frequency of Operation
424
1
Power and Linearity
424
1
Klystron Summary
425
1
Klystrode (TM): A Derivative
425
3
Traveling Wave Tubes
428
16
T.K. Ishii
Definitions
428
1
Design Principles
429
3
Electron Gun
432
2
Electron Beam Focusing
434
1
Electron Velocity Modulation
435
1
Electron Bunching
435
1
Electron Beam Coupling
436
1
Power Gain
436
1
Frequency Bandwidth
437
1
Noise
438
1
Sensitivity
438
1
Collector
439
1
Practical Examples
440
4
Other Microwave Vacuum Devices
444
14
T.K. Ishii
Introduction
444
1
Magnetrons
444
4
Backward Wave Oscillators
448
1
Strap-Fed Devices
449
1
Modified Klystrons
449
1
Electron Gyration Devices
450
4
Quasiquantum Devices
454
1
Features of Other Microwave Vacuum Devices
454
4
Operational Considerations for Microwave Tubes
458
11
Jerry C. Whitaker
Introduction
458
1
Microwave Tube Life
458
1
Life-Support System
458
2
Filament Voltage Control
460
1
Cooling System
461
8
SECTION VII Semiconductor Devices and Circuits
Introduction
467
2
Peter Aronhime
Semiconductors
469
4
Sidney Soclof
Introduction
469
1
Semiconductors
469
1
Diodes
470
3
Bipolar Junction and Junction Field-Effect Transistors
473
11
Sidney Soclof
Bipolar Junction Transistors
473
1
Amplifier Configurations
474
2
Junction Field-Effect Transistors
476
8
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
484
14
John R. Brews
Introduction
484
2
Current-Voltage Characteristics
486
1
Important Device Parameters
487
6
Limitations on Miniaturization
493
5
Image Capture Devices
498
7
Edward J. Delp
Image Capture
498
4
Point Operations
502
1
Image Enhancement
503
2
Image Display Devices
505
15
Jerry C. Whitaker
Introduction
505
1
Display Technology Trends
506
4
LCD Projection Systems
510
10
Solid-State Amplifiers
520
31
Timothy P. Hulick
Linear Amplifiers and Characterizing Distortion
521
5
Nonlinear Amplifiers and Characterizing Distortion
526
1
Linear Amplifier Classes of Operation
527
6
Nonlinear Amplifier Classes of Operation
533
18
Operational Amplifiers
551
26
Peter Aronhime
Introduction
551
1
The Ideal Op-Amp
551
2
A Collection of Functional Circuits
553
6
Op-Amp Limitations
559
18
Applications of Operational Amplifiers
577
34
Peter Aronhime
Instrumentation Amplifiers
577
2
Active Filter Circuits
579
18
Other Operational Elements
597
14
Switched-Capacitor Circuits
611
11
Ezz I. El-Masry
Introduction
611
1
Switched-Capacitor Simulation of a Resistor
612
1
Switched-Capacitor Integrators
613
2
Parasitic Capacitors
615
2
Parasitic-Insensitive Switched-Capacitor Integrators
617
1
Switched-Capacitor Biquad
618
4
Semiconductor Failure Modes
622
22
Victor Meeldijk
Discrete Semiconductor Failure Modes
622
4
Integrated Circuit Failure Modes
626
2
Hybrid Microcircuits and Failures
628
1
Memory IC Failure Modes
628
3
IC Packages and Failures
631
1
Screening and Rescreening Tests
632
2
Electrostatic Discharge Effects
634
10
SECTION VIII Microelectronics
Introduction
641
3
Susan A.R. Garrod
Integrated Circuits
644
10
Tom Chen
Introduction
644
1
High-Speed Design Techniques
645
6
VLSI Devices
651
3
Integrated Circuit Design
654
21
Samuel O. Agbo
Eugene D. Fabricius
Introduction
654
1
An Overview of the IC Design Process
654
1
General Considerations in IC Design
655
4
Design of Small-Scale and Medium-Scale Integrated Circuit
659
5
LSI and VLSI Circuit Design
664
1
Increasing Packing Density and Reducing Power Dissipation in MOS Circuits
664
1
Gate Arrays
665
1
Standard Cells
666
1
Programmable Logic Devices
666
3
Reducing Propagation Delays
669
3
Output Buffers
672
3
Digital Logic Families
675
18
Robert J. Feugate, Jr.
Introduction
675
1
Transistor--Transistor Logic
676
3
CMOS Logic
679
4
Emitter-Coupled Logic
683
3
Programmable Logic
686
7
Memory Devices
693
19
Shih-Lien L. Lu
Introduction
693
1
Memory Organization
694
3
Memory Device Types
697
9
Interfacing Memory Devices
706
4
Error Detection and Correction
710
1
Conclusion
710
2
Microprocessors
712
11
James G. Cottle
Introduction
712
1
Architecture Basics
713
10
D/A and A/D Converters
723
8
Susan A.R. Garrod
D/A and A/D Circuits
723
8
Application-Specific Integrated Circuits
731
18
Constantine N. Anagnostopoulos
Paul P.K. Lee
Introduction
731
1
Full Custom ASICs
732
1
Semicustom ASICs
733
13
An ASIC Design Environment
746
3
Digital Filters
749
24
Jonathon A. Chambers
Sawasd Tantaratana
Bruce W. Bomar
Introduction
749
1
FIR Filters
749
6
Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filters
755
9
Finite Wordlength Effects
764
9
Multichip Module Technology
773
11
Paul D. Franzon
Introduction
773
1
Multichip Module Technology Definitions
774
4
Design, Repair, and Test
778
2
When to Use Multichip Modules
780
1
Issues in the Design of Multichip Modules
781
1
Conclusions and the Future
782
2
Software Development Tools for Field Programmable Gate Array Devices
784
10
Bradly K. Fawcett
Introduction
784
2
Design Entry
786
1
Hardware Description Language (HDLs) and Logic Synthesis
787
1
Design Portability and Reuse
788
1
Mixed-Mode Design Entry
788
1
Implementation Tools
788
2
Design Validation
790
4
Integrated Circuit Packages
794
18
Victor Meeldijk
Introduction
794
4
Surface Mount Packages
798
8
Chip-Scale Packaging
806
1
Bare Die
806
1
Through-Hole Packages
807
1
Module Assemblies
808
4
Testing of Integrated Circuits
812
11
Wayne Needham
Introduction
812
1
Defect Types
812
2
Concepts of Test
814
3
Test Tradeoffs
817
6
SECTION IX Optoelectronics
Introduction
821
2
Bob Paulson
Optical Transmitters
823
26
Charles H. Cox, III
Introduction
823
1
Direct Modulation
824
8
External Modulation
832
17
Optical Receivers
849
15
P.K.L. Yu
Introduction: Terminology in Optical Detection and Material Considerations
849
2
Photodiodes
851
8
Photoconductors
859
2
Nonlinearity in Photodetectors
861
3
Optical Fiber and Cable for Telecommunications
864
31
Jeff Englebert
Steve Hassett
Tim Summers
Introduction
864
1
Optical Fiber
865
6
Special Use Fibers
871
3
Fiber Manufacturing
874
1
Optical Cable Design
875
14
Termination of Optical Fiber
889
6
Optical System Design
895
32
David E. Rittenhouse
Introduction
895
2
Network Design and Installation
897
18
Fiber Count
915
12
SECTION X Power Supplies and Regulation
Introduction
925
2
Robert J. Hofinger
Transformers
927
11
Sadrul Ula
Introduction
927
1
Electromagnetics of Transformers
927
3
The Ideal Transformer
930
3
Testing to Determine Transformer Parameters
933
1
Applications
934
4
Rectifier and Filter Circuits
938
6
T.S. Kalkur
Rectifier Circuits
938
4
Filter Circuits
942
2
Voltage Regulation
944
13
Melissa S. Mattmuller
Introduction
944
1
Types of Voltage Regulators
944
1
Selecting a Voltage Regulator
945
2
Two Discrete Voltage Regulator Examples
947
1
IC Regulator Examples
948
3
Reading the Voltage Regulator Specification Sheet
951
1
Voltage Regulator Packaging and Heat Sinking
952
3
Troubleshooting
955
2
Switching Power Supplies
957
20
Robert J. Hofinger
Introduction
957
1
Linear Versus Switching Power Supplies
957
1
The Buck Regulator
958
3
The Boost Regulator
961
2
The Buck/Boost Regulator
963
2
The Flyback Regulator
965
2
The Half-Forward Regulator
967
2
The Push--Pull Regulator
969
2
The Full-Bridge Regulator
971
3
The Half-Bridge Regulator
974
3
Inverters
977
14
Ashoka K.S. Bhat
Introduction
977
1
Voltage-Source Inverters
977
7
Current--Source Inverters (CSI)
984
1
Voltage Control in Inverters
984
3
Harmonic Reduction
987
1
Three-Phase Inverters
988
3
DC-to-DC Conversion
991
12
Ashoka K.S. Bhat
Introduction
991
1
Linear and Switch-Mode DC-to-DC Converters
991
1
Pulse Width Modulated Converters
991
4
Soft-Switched Converters
995
8
Power Distribution and Control
1003
19
Badrul H. Chowdhury
Introduction
1003
2
Basics of AC Analysis
1005
5
Distribution Line Equipment
1010
6
Distribution Substation
1016
1
Distribution System Analysis
1017
5
AC Power Conditioning
1022
8
Martin Sandberg
Introduction
1022
1
Origins of Transient Disturbance
1022
1
High-Frequency Noise
1023
1
Controlling Transient Disturbances
1024
3
Transient Suppression Components
1027
3
Standby Power System
1030
25
Jerry C. Whitaker
Introduction
1030
1
Blackout Effects
1030
1
Standby Power Options
1031
16
The Efficient Use of Energy
1047
8
Batteries
1055
14
Isidor Buchmann
Introduction
1055
1
Choice of Battery Chemistries
1056
3
Proper Charge Methods
1059
2
Battery Maintenance
1061
8
SECTION XI Packaging Electronic Systems
Introduction
1067
2
Glenn R. Blackwell
Printed Wiring Boards
1069
15
Ravindranath Kollipara
Vijai Tripathi
Introduction
1069
1
Board Types, Materials, and Fabrication
1069
4
Design of Printed Wiring Boards
1073
2
PWB Interconnection Models
1075
6
Signal-Integrity and EMC Considerations
1081
3
Hybrid Microelectronics Technology
1084
21
Jerry E. Sergent
Introduction
1084
1
Substrates for Hybrid Applications
1085
1
Thick-Film Materials and Processes
1086
7
Thin-Film Technology
1093
4
Resistor Trimming
1097
1
Comparison of Thick-Film and Thin-Film Technologies
1098
1
The Hybrid Assembly Process
1098
7
Surface Mount Technology
1105
16
Glenn R. Blackwell
Introduction
1105
1
Definition
1105
3
Surface Mount Device (SMD) Definitions
1108
1
Substrate Design Guidelines
1108
2
Thermal Design Considerations
1110
2
Adhesives
1112
1
Solder Paste and Joint Formation
1113
2
Parts Inspection and Placement
1115
1
Reflow Soldering
1116
2
Protype Systems
1118
3
Shielding and EMI Considerations
1121
12
Don White
Introduction
1121
1
Cables and Connectors
1121
1
Shielding
1121
4
Aperture-Leakage Control
1125
5
System Design Approach
1130
3
Heat Management
1133
28
Zbigniew J. Staszak
Introduction
1133
2
Heat Transfer Fundamentals
1135
8
Study of Thermal Effects in Packaging Systems
1143
6
Heat Removal/Cooling Techniques in Design of Packaging Systems
1149
2
Concluding Remarks
1151
10
SECTION XII Communication Principles
Introduction
1159
2
Brad Dick
Intelligence Coding
1161
14
Leon W. Couch, II
Introduction
1161
2
Complex Envelope Representation
1163
1
Representation of Modulated Signals
1163
1
Spectrum and Power of Bandpass Signals
1164
4
Bandpass Filtering and the Equivalent Low-Pass Filter
1168
1
Generalized Transmitters
1169
1
Generalized Receiver: The Superheterodyne Receiver
1170
5
Amplitude Modulation
1175
13
Robert Kubichek
Amplitude Modulation
1175
13
Frequency Modulation
1188
13
Ken Seymour
Introduction
1188
1
The Modulated FM Carrier
1189
1
Frequency Deviation
1190
1
Percent of Modulation in FM
1190
1
Modulation Index
1191
1
Bandwidth and Sidebands Produced by FM
1191
2
Narrow-Band versus Wide-Band FM
1193
1
Phase Modulation
1193
1
FM Transmission Principles
1193
4
FM Reception Principles
1197
4
Pulse Modulation
1201
12
Rodger E. Ziemer
Introduction
1201
1
The Sampling Theorem
1201
3
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
1204
1
Baseband Digital Pulse Modulation
1205
5
Detection of Pulse Modulation Formats
1210
1
Analog Pulse Modulation
1211
2
Digital Modulation
1213
24
Rodger E. Ziemer
Introduction
1213
1
Detection of Binary Signals in Additive White Gaussian Noise
1213
7
Detection of M-ary Signals in Additive White Gaussian Noise
1220
6
Comparison of Modulation Schemes
1226
5
Higher Order Modulation Schemes
1231
6
Spread Spectrum Systems
1237
15
K.L. Kosbar
W.H. Tranter
Why Use Spread Spectrum?
1237
1
Jamming and Eavesdropping
1238
1
Basic Spread Spectrum Techniques
1239
2
Performance in Jamming Environments
1241
4
Random Number Generators
1245
1
Code Synchronization
1246
2
Applications of Spread Spectrum Systems
1248
4
Digital Coding Schemes
1252
8
Oktay Alkin
Introduction
1252
3
Source Coding
1255
1
Forward Error Correction Coding
1256
4
Audio Compression Techniques
1260
13
Fred Wylie
Introduction
1260
1
Digital Audio Data Compression
1261
3
Processing and Propagation Delay
1264
1
Modern Compression Techniques
1265
1
Subband ADPCM Coding
1266
3
Subband APCM Coding
1269
2
Editing of Compressed Data
1271
2
Video Compression Techniques and Standards
1273
14
Gopal Lakhani
Demand for Video Compression
1273
1
Video Image Representation
1274
1
Scalar Quantization of Image Data
1275
1
Intraframe Compression Techniques
1275
2
Interframe Coding
1277
1
Motion Compensation
1278
1
H.261: A Videoconference Coding Standard
1278
1
MPEG: Standards for Audio and Video Compression
1279
8
SECTION XIII Electromagnetic Radiation
Introduction
1285
2
Don Bishop
Antenna Principles
1287
32
Pingjuan L. Werner
Anthony J. Ferraro
Douglas H. Werner
Antenna Types
1287
1
Antenna Bandwidth
1288
1
Antenna Parameters
1289
9
Antenna Characteristics
1298
11
Apertures
1309
2
Wideband Antennas
1311
8
Radio Wave Propagation
1319
14
Gerhard J. Straub
Introduction
1319
1
Radio Wave Basics
1319
2
Free Space Path Loss
1321
1
Reflection, Refraction, and Diffraction
1322
3
Very Low Frequency (VLF), Low Frequency (LF), and Medium Frequency (MF) Propagation
1325
1
HF Propagation
1326
3
VHF and UHF Propagation
1329
1
Microwave Propagation
1330
3
Antennas for Specific Applications
1333
20
Jerry C. Whitaker
Introduction
1333
4
Antenna Applications
1337
12
Impedance Matching
1349
4
Computer Analysis of Antenna Systems
1353
15
James B. Hatfield
Introduction
1353
1
Traditional Medium Wave Directional Antenna Design and Analysis
1354
5
Detuning Towers
1359
4
Tower Base Resistance and Reactance
1363
2
Computing Human Electric and Magnetic Field Exposure
1365
3
Combiners and Combining Networks
1368
18
Robert A. Surette
Introduction
1368
1
Applications
1368
1
Why Combiners are Used
1369
1
History of FM Combiners in the U.S.
1369
1
Components of Combiners
1370
5
Types of Combiners
1375
11
SECTION XIV Information Recording and Storage
Introduction
1383
3
Skip Pizzi
Audio Interconnection
1386
9
Roy W. Rising
Introduction
1386
1
Balanced and Unbalanced Systems
1386
4
Interconnecting Audio Equipment
1390
5
Aural Noise Reduction Systems
1395
9
William Roberts
Yariv Ephraim
Introduction
1395
1
Noise Sources
1395
1
Performance Measures
1396
1
Configurations
1397
1
Accomplishments
1397
1
Techniques
1397
5
Comments
1402
2
Magnetic Recording
1404
8
Mark H. Kryder
Introduction
1404
1
Fundamentals of Magnetic Recording
1404
3
Magnetic Recording Media
1407
2
Magnetic Recording Heads
1409
1
Conclusions
1410
2
Videotape Storage Systems
1412
22
Steve Epstein
Videotape Recorder (VTR) Fundamentals
1412
6
Quadruplex
1418
1
Three-Quarter-Inch U-matic VCRs
1419
3
One-Inch Helical Scan
1422
2
Betacam and M-II
1424
2
Consumer Betamax and Video Home System (VHS)
1426
1
S-VHS and Hi-8
1426
1
Dynamic Tracking
1426
2
Time-Base Correction
1428
1
Time Code
1429
1
Digital VCR Formats
1429
2
Capabilities and Limitations
1431
3
Magnetic Tape
1434
11
David Stafford
Introduction
1434
1
Trends in Magnetic Media
1434
3
Manufacture of Magnetic Tape
1437
8
Data Storage Systems
1445
15
Jerry C. Whitaker
Introduction
1445
1
Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks (RAID) Systems
1445
6
Digital Media Applications
1451
3
SCSI and Fiber Channel-Arbitrated Loop
1454
6
Optical Storage Systems
1460
22
Praveen Asthana
Introduction
1460
3
The Optical Head
1463
7
Worm Technology
1470
1
Magneto-Optic Technology
1470
2
Compact Disk-Recordable (CD-R)
1472
3
Optical Disk Systems
1475
7
Error Correction
1482
12
Fabrizio Pollara
Background
1482
1
Introduction
1483
1
The Development of Error Correction Codes
1484
1
Code Families
1484
1
Linear Block Codes
1485
2
Convolutional Codes
1487
2
Trellis Coded Modulation
1489
1
Applications
1490
4
Data Compression
1494
19
Jerome R. Breitenbach
Introduction
1494
1
The Data Compression Problem
1494
1
Data Compression via Fixed-Length Codes
1495
3
Data Compression via Variable-Length Codes
1498
1
Huffman Coding
1499
1
Arithmetic Coding
1500
2
Universal Codes
1502
1
Lempel--Ziv Coding
1503
2
Rate-Distortion Theory
1505
8
SECTION XV Wired Communications Systems
Introduction
1511
2
Brent Allen
Network Switching Concepts
1513
11
Tsong-Ho Wu
Introduction
1513
2
Broadband Switching Layer Model and Formats
1515
4
STM System Configuration and Operations
1519
1
ATM Cell Switching System Configuration and Operations
1520
1
Comparison Between STM and ATM
1521
1
Protection Switching Concept
1521
2
Summary and Remarks
1523
1
SONET
1524
14
Brent Allen
Introduction
1524
1
SONET Overview
1525
4
SONET Protocol
1529
4
SONET Automatic Protection Switching
1533
2
SONET/SDH Relationship
1535
3
Facsimile Systems
1538
4
Rodger E. Ziemer
Introduction
1538
1
Scanning
1538
1
Encoding
1539
1
Modulation and Transmission
1539
1
Recording
1540
1
Group 4 Facsimile
1540
2
Cable Television and Digital Video Delivery Systems
1542
9
Rodger E. Ziemer
Introduction
1542
1
Cable TV System Configuration
1542
1
Interactive Multimedia Cable Television Systems
1543
1
The History of Regulation in Cable TV
1544
7
SECTION XVI Wireless Communications Systems
Introduction
1549
2
Rhonda L. Wickham
Radio Broadcasting
1551
17
Dutch Doelitzsch
Standard Broadcasting (Amplitude Modulation)
1551
8
Frequency Modulation
1559
5
Audio Production Systems
1564
4
Digital Audio Broadcasting
1568
7
Stanley Salek
Almon H. Clegg
Introduction
1568
1
The Need for DAB
1568
1
DAB System Design Goals
1569
1
Historical Background
1569
1
Technical Overview of DAB
1570
1
Audio Compression and Source Encoding
1571
2
System Example: Eureka-147/DAB
1573
2
Television and Video Production Systems
1575
24
Curtis J. Chan
Introduction
1575
6
Television Industry Standards
1581
7
Transmission Equipment
1588
5
Television Reception
1593
6
Terrestrial High-Definition Television
1599
12
Charles W. Rhodes
Historical Background of High-Definition Television (HDTV) in the U.S.
1599
1
High-Definition Television
1600
2
Spectrum Utilization Considerations for HDTV
1602
4
Siting of HDTV Transmitters
1606
1
Power Ratings of NTSC and ATV
1606
1
NTSC UHF Taboo Channels for HDTV
1607
1
Interference into HDTV Signals from Signals Other Than Cochannel
1607
1
HDTV Display and Display Scanning Formats
1608
1
Dynamic Channel Equilization
1608
3
Propagation Considerations for Mobile Radio Systems
1611
15
Michael Daoud Yacoub
Introduction
1611
1
Basic Propagation Models
1611
4
Field Strength Prediction Models
1615
4
Statistical Distributions of the Received Envelope
1619
1
Radio Coverage
1620
4
Summary and Conclusions
1624
2
Cellular Radio
1626
14
Harry E. Young
Cellular Service Evolution
1626
1
Regulation and Competition
1627
1
Cellular Radio Spectrum Requirements
1627
2
Basic Cellular Architecture
1629
5
Call Processing
1634
6
Personal Communications Services
1640
7
Thomas P. Stanley
Introductory Overview: Views and Visions of Personal Communications Services
1640
2
Description of Personal Communications Services
1642
5
Satellite Communications
1647
18
Daniel F. DiFonzo
Introduction
1647
1
Satellite Applications
1647
1
Satellite Functions
1648
2
Satellite Orbits and Pointing Angles
1650
2
Communication Link
1652
1
System Noise Temperature and G/T
1653
1
Digital Links
1654
1
Interference and Total C/N and Eb/(No + Io)
1654
1
Some Particular Orbits
1655
1
Access and Modulation
1656
2
Frequency Allocations
1658
1
Satellite Subsystems
1658
1
Trends
1659
6
SECTION XVII Radar and Radionavigation
Introduction
1663
2
Melvin L. Belcher
Radar Principles
1665
19
James M. Howell
Introduction
1665
1
Applications
1665
1
Radar Configuration and Subsystems
1666
7
Targets and RCS
1673
9
ECCM
1682
2
Radar System Implementation
1684
26
Melvin L. Belcher
James A. Scheer
Radar System Design, Evaluation, and Assessment
1684
2
Radar Functions
1686
2
Radar Subsystem Implementation
1688
16
Driving Implementation Requirements
1704
6
Electronic Navigation Systems
1710
24
Benjamin B. Peterson
Introduction
1710
1
The Global Positioning System (NAVSTAR GPS)
1711
2
Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)
1713
2
LORAN C History and Future
1715
3
Position Solutions from Radionavigation Data
1718
8
Overdetermined Solutions
1726
1
Weighted Least Squares
1727
2
Kalman Filters
1729
5
Underwater Sonar Systems
1734
19
Sanjay K. Mehta
G. Clifford Carter
Bernard E. McTaggart
Introduction
1734
2
Underwater Propagation
1736
3
Underwater Sound Systems: Components and Processes
1739
7
Signal Processing Functions
1746
2
Advanced Signal Processing
1748
1
Application
1749
4
Electronic Warfare and Countermeasures
1753
20
Robert D. Hayes
Introduction
1753
1
Radar and Radar Jamming Signal Equations
1753
4
Radar Antenna Vulnerable Elements
1757
5
Radar Counter-Countermeasures
1762
3
Chaff
1765
8
SECTION XVIII Control and Instrumentation Technology
Introduction
1771
2
Cecil Harrison
Measurement Techniques: Sensors and Transducers
1773
22
Cecil Harrison
Introduction
1773
1
Motion and Force Transducers
1774
9
Process Transducers
1783
10
Transducer Performance
1793
1
Loading and Transducer Compliance
1793
2
Data Acquisition
1795
28
Edward McConnell
Dave Jernigan
Fundamentals of Data Acquisition
1795
4
Data Acquisition Software
1799
1
Digital Sampling
1800
6
Equivalent-Time Sampling
1806
2
Factors Influencing the Accuracy of Your Measurements
1808
6
Common Issues with PC-Based Data Acquisition
1814
9
Process Dynamics and Control
1823
17
T.F. Edgar
Introduction
1823
1
Objectives of Process Control
1823
2
Development of a Mathematical Model
1825
2
Control Valve Characteristics
1827
1
Feedback Control Systems
1828
4
Advanced Control Techniques
1832
4
Computer Control Systems
1836
4
Servo Systems
1840
8
John E. McInroy
Introduction
1840
1
Principles of Operation
1840
8
Power Control and Switching
1848
11
Gibson Morris, Jr.
Introduction
1848
1
Electric Power Distribution
1849
2
Pulsed Power
1851
8
SECTION XIX Computer Systems
Introduction
1857
2
Joy S. Shetler
Fundamental Architecture
1859
13
Joy S. Shetler
Introduction
1859
1
Defining a Computer Architecture
1859
1
Single Processor Systems
1860
3
Multiple Processor Systems
1863
2
Memory Hierarchy
1865
1
Implementation Considerations
1866
6
Software Design and Development
1872
12
Margaret H. Hamilton
Introduction
1872
1
The Notion of Software
1872
3
The Nature of Software Engineering
1875
3
Development Before the Fact
1878
3
Select the Right Paradigm and then Automate
1881
3
Embedded Digital Signal Processing Software Development
1884
9
Terry Lim
Introduction
1884
2
Development Tools
1886
2
Networked Digital Signal Processors
1888
2
Real and Virtual Targets
1890
3
Neural Networks and Fuzzy System
1893
22
Bogdan M. Wilamowski
Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems
1893
1
Neuron Cell
1893
2
Feedforward Neural Networks
1895
2
Learning Algorithms for Neural Networks
1897
5
Special Feedforward Networks
1902
5
Recurrent Neural Networks
1907
1
Fuzzy Systems
1908
3
Genetic Algorithms
1911
4
Machine Vision
1915
24
David A. Kosiba
Rangachar Kasturi
Introduction
1915
2
Image Formation
1917
3
Segmentation
1920
4
Feature Extraction and Matching
1924
5
Three-Dimensional Object Recognition
1929
2
Dynamic Vision
1931
4
Applications
1935
4
Network Communication
1939
47
James E. Goldman
General Principles of Network Analysis and Design
1939
3
Personal Remote Connectivity
1942
8
Local Area Networks
1950
17
Internetworking
1967
7
Wide Area Networks
1974
12
Computer-Based Circuit Simulation
1986
29
Bashir Al-Hashimi
Introduction
1986
1
PSPICE
1986
18
Other Simulators
2004
11
Parallel Computing Systems
2015
10
R. Michael Hord
Introduction
2015
1
Architecture
2015
2
History
2017
1
Programming
2018
1
Current Hardware
2019
1
Programming Environments
2020
1
Alternative Architectures
2021
1
The Role of Government
2022
3
Printing Technologies and Systems
2025
22
John D. Meyer
Introduction
2025
1
Print Quality Fundamentals
2025
2
Printing Technologies
2027
1
Nonimpact Printing Technologies
2028
6
Thermal Printing Technologies
2034
1
Electrophotographic Printing Technology
2035
3
Magnetographic and Ionographic Technologies
2038
1
System Issues
2038
9
SECTION XX Signal Measurement, Analysis, and Testing
Introduction
2045
2
Rodger E. Ziemer
Audio Frequency Distortion Mechanisms and Analysis
2047
16
Jerry C. Whitaker
Introduction
2047
1
Level Measurements
2048
2
Noise Measurement
2050
1
Phase Measurement
2051
1
Nonlinear Disortion Mechanisms
2052
3
Multitone Audio Testing
2055
4
Considerations for Digital Audio Systems
2059
4
Video Display Distortion Mechanisms and Analysis
2063
19
Jerry C. Whitaker
Introduction
2063
1
Video Signal Spectra
2063
4
Measurement of Color Displays
2067
1
Assessment of Color Reproduction
2068
2
Display Resolution and Pixel Format
2070
1
Applications of the Zone Plate Signal
2071
5
CRT Measurement Techniques
2076
6
Radio Frequency Distortion Mechanisms and Analysis
2082
19
Samuel O. Agbo
Introduction
2082
1
Types of Distortion
2083
3
The Wireless Radio Channel
2086
3
Effects of Phase and Frequency Errors in Coherent Demodulation of AM Signals
2089
4
Effects of Linear and Nonlinear Distortion in Demodulation of Angle Modulated Waves
2093
4
Interference as a Radio Frequency Distortion Mechanism
2097
4
Digital Test Equipment and Measurement Systems
2101
13
Jerry C. Whitaker
Introduction
2101
1
Logic Analyzer
2101
3
Signature Analyzer
2104
1
Manual Probe Diagnosis
2104
1
Checking Integrated Circuits
2104
1
Emulative Tester
2105
1
Protocol Analyzer
2106
1
Automated Test Instruments
2106
1
Digital Oscilloscope
2107
7
Fourier Waveform Analysis
2114
12
Jerry C. Hamann
John W. Pierre
Introduction
2114
1
The Mathematical Preliminaries for Fourier Analysis
2115
3
The Fourier Series for Continuous-Time Periodic Functions
2118
1
The Fourier Transform for Continuous-Time Aperiodic Functions
2119
1
The Fourier Series for Discrete-Time Periodic Functions
2120
1
The Fourier Transform for Discrete-Time Aperiodic Functions
2120
1
Example Applications of Fourier Waveform Techniques
2121
5
Computer-Based Signal Analysis
2126
11
Rodger E. Ziemer
Introduction
2126
1
Signal Generation and Analysis
2126
4
Symbolic Mathematics
2130
7
SECTION XXI Reliability Engineering
Introduction
2135
2
Michael Pecht
Iuliana Bordelon
Probability and Statistics
2137
23
Allan White
Hagbae Kim
Survey of Probability and Statistics
2137
12
Components and Systems
2149
4
Markov Models
2153
5
Summary
2158
2
Electronic Hardware Reliability
2160
11
Michael Pecht
Iuliana Bordelon
Introduction
2160
1
The Life Cycle Usage Environment
2161
1
Characterization of Materials, Parts, and the Manufacturing Processes
2161
1
Failure Mechanisms
2162
1
Design Guidelines and Techniques
2163
2
Qualification and Accelerated Testing
2165
1
Manufacturing Issues
2166
3
Summary
2169
2
Software Reliability
2171
26
Carol Smidts
Introduction
2171
1
Software Life Cycle Models
2172
3
Software Reliability Models
2175
16
Conclusions
2191
6
SECTION XXII Safety
Introduction
2195
2
Clifford D. Ferris
Electric Shock
2197
7
Clifford D. Ferris
Introduction
2197
1
Physiological Effects
2198
3
First Aid
2201
1
Prevention of Electrical Shock
2202
2
Nonionizing Electromagnetic Radiation
2204
6
William F. Hammett
Definition of Nonionizing Electromagnetic Radiation (NIER)
2204
1
Exposure Standards for NIER
2205
2
Sources of NIER
2207
1
Avoidance of NIER
2207
3
PCBs and Other Hazardous Substances
2210
8
Jerry C. Whitaker
Introduction
2210
1
Health Risk
2210
1
Governmental Action
2211
4
Equipment Operating Hazards
2215
3
Facility Grounding Practices
2218
14
W.E. DeWitt
Introduction
2218
1
Reasons for Grounding
2218
1
Equipment Grounding
2219
1
System Grounding
2219
4
Facilities Grounding for Computer and Electronics Equipment
2223
9
SECTION XXIII Engineering Management, Standardization, and Regulation
Introduction
2229
3
Gene DeSantis
Systems Engineering Concepts
2232
21
Gene DeSantis
Introduction
2232
1
Systems Theory
2232
1
Systems Engineering
2233
7
Phases of a Typical System Design Project
2240
11
Conclusion
2251
2
Engineering Documentation
2253
7
Fred Baumgartner
Terry Baun
Introduction
2253
1
Computer Versus Paper
2254
1
Types of Documentation
2254
3
Other Documentation Tasks
2257
3
Disaster Planning and Recovery
2260
15
Richard Rudman
Introduction
2260
1
Emergency Management 101 for Designers
2261
3
The Planning Process
2264
2
Workplace Safety
2266
1
Outside Plant Communications Links
2267
1
Emergency Power and Batteries
2268
2
Air Handling Systems
2270
1
Water Hazards
2270
1
Electromagnetic Pulse Protection (EMP)
2270
1
Alternate Sites
2271
1
Security
2271
1
Workplace and Home: Hand-in-Hand Preparedness
2271
1
Expectations, 9-1-1, and Emergencies
2272
1
Business Rescue Planning for Dire Emergencies
2272
1
Managing Fear
2272
3
Concurrent Engineering
2275
17
Francis Long
Introduction
2275
2
The Process View of Production
2277
10
Robust Design
2287
5
Standardization: History and Purpose
2292
9
Donald C. McCroskey
History and Purpose
2292
9
ISO 9000
2301
9
Cynthia L. Tomovic
Introduction: Definition and Purpose
2301
1
Description: ISO 9000 Series
2302
1
Registration and Auditing Process
2303
1
Implementation: Process Flow
2304
2
Benefits vs Costs and Associated Problems
2306
1
Key Questions
2307
1
ISO 9000: Summary
2308
2
FCC: Organization and Purpose
2310
6
Federal Communications Commission
Introduction
2310
1
International Bureau
2311
1
The Office of Engineering and Technology
2312
1
Wireless Telecommunications Bureau (Formerly Private Radio Services)
2313
1
Other FCC Functions
2313
3
Associations and Societies
2316
10
SECTION XXIV Conversion Factors, Standards, and Constants
Introduction
2325
1
Jerry C. Whitaker
Properties of Materials
2326
26
James F. Shackelford
Introduction
2326
1
Structure
2326
1
Composition
2326
1
Physical Properties
2327
1
Mechanical Properties
2327
2
Thermal Propeties
2329
1
Chemical Properties
2329
1
Electrical and Optical Properties
2329
1
Additional Data
2330
22
Frequency Bands and Assignments
2352
96
Robert D. Greenberg
U.S. Table of Frequency Allocations
2352
96
International Standards and Constants
2448
8
Jerry C. Whitaker
International System of Units (SI)
2448
2
Physical Constants
2450
6
Conversion Factors
2456
19
Jerry C. Whitaker
Introduction
2456
16
Conversion Constants and Multipliers
2472
3
General Mathematical Tables
2475
47
W.F. Ames
George Cain
Introduction to Mathematics Chapter
2476
1
Elementary Algebra and Geometry
2476
5
Trigonometry
2481
4
Series
2485
5
Differential Calculus
2490
6
Integral Calculus
2496
4
Special Functions
2500
7
Basic Definitions: Linear Algebra Matrices
2507
5
Basic Definitions: Vector Algebra and Calculus
2512
4
The Fourier Transforms: Overview
2516
6
Communications Terms: Abbreviations
2522
Carl Bentz
Indexes
Author Index
2539
Subject Index
2543