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Tables of Contents for Advanced Concrete Technology
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xxiii
List of contributors
xxv
Part 1 Mix design
1 Concrete mix design
1/3
1
Joe Dewar
1.1 Introduction
1/3
1
1.1.1 Interpreting the specification
1/5
1
1.1.2 Selection of materials
1/5
1
1.1.3 Relation between target strength and specified characteristic strength
1/6
1
1.1.4 Useful simplilying assumptions
1/7
1
1.1.5 Interaction between mix design, concrete production and construction
1/8
1
1.2 Initial laboratory tests of concrete
1/9
1
1.2.1 Calculations of quantities per cubic metre from initial tests
1/10
1
1.2.2 Adjustments to allow for moisture content of aggregates
1/11
1
1.2.3 Estimation of yield and volume delivered
1/11
1
1.2.4 Estimation of volume of concrete for ordering purposes
1/11
1
1.2.5 Design of an initial test programme
1/12
1
1.2.6 Full-scale tests
1/12
1
1.2.7 Databank
1/12
1
1.3 Comprehensive mix design of ready-mixed concrete based on laboratory trials
1/12
1
1.3.1 Use of base data from the BRMCA design method
1/13
1
1.3.2 Mix design example
1/16
1
1.4 Comprehensive mix design of concrete based on materials properties
1/17
1
1.4.1 Principles and test methods
1/18
1
1.5 MixSim - a computerized comprehensive method of mix design
1/22
1
1.5.1 MixSim - key features
1/24
1
1.5.2 Materials database
1/24
1
1.5.3 Mix details
1/24
1
1.5.4 Concrete specification and selected concrete
1/26
1
1.5.5 Trials data
1/27
1
1.5.6 View
1/27
1
1.5.7 Batching data
1/30
1
1.6 Special concretes
1/30
1
1.7 Simplified mix design methods
1/31
1
1.7.1 Simplified mix design - the DoE (1988) method
1/32
1
1.7.2 Simplified mix design - the ACI (1991) method
1/35
1
1.8 Ready-to-use mix designs
1/37
1
1.9 Summary
1/38
1
References
1/39
1
Further reading
1/40
1
Part 2 Special concretes
2 Properties of lightweight concrete
2/3
1
John Newman and Phil Owens
2.1 Introduction
2/3
1
2.2 No-fines concrete (NFC)
2/4
1
2.2.1 Production
2/4
1
2.2.2 Properties
2/5
1
2.3 Aerated and foamed concrete
2/7
1
2.3.1 Introduction
2/7
1
2.3.2 Production
2/7
1
2.3.3 Properties
2/8
1
2.4 Lightweight aggregate concrete
2/9
1
2.4.1 Introduction
2/9
1
2.4.2 Properties of lightweight aggregate for structural concrete
2/10
1
2.4.3 Properties of structural lightweight aggregate concrete
2/11
1
2.4.4 Experience in use
2/24
1
References
2/25
1
3 High strength concrete
3/1
1
Bill Price
3.1 Aims and objectives
3/1
1
3.2 Introduction
3/1
1
3.3 Materials technology of HSC
3/2
1
3.3.1 Paste properties
3/2
1
3.3.2 Transition zone properties
3/3
1
3.3.3 Aggregate properties
3/3
1
3.4 Materials selection and mix design
3/4
1
3.4.1 Cements
3/4
1
3.4.2 Admixtures
3/4
1
3.4.3 Aggregates
3/5
1
3.4.4 Concrete mix design
3/6
1
3.5 Properties of HSC
3/7
1
3.5.1 Fresh concrete
3/7
1
3.5.2 Hardened concrete
3/7
1
3.6 Production and use of HSC
3/10
1
3.6.1 Production
3/10
1
3.6.2 Use on-site
3/11
1
3.6.3 Testing
3/11
1
3.7 Examples of use of HSC
3/12
1
3.8 Summary
3/14
1
References
3/14
1
Further reading
3/16
1
4 Heat-resisting and refractory concretes
4/1
1
Ron Montgomery
4.1 Introduction
4/1
1
4.2 Calcium aluminate cement (CAC) versus Portland cement (PC)
4/1
1
4.3 Refractory limits of calcium aluminate cements
4/2
1
4.4 Refractory and heat-resisting aggregates
4/4
1
4.5 Heat-resistant concretes
4/4
1
4.6 Insulating concretes
4/6
1
4.7 Abrasion and heat-resisting concretes
4/7
1
4.8 High-temperature refractory concrete
4/7
1
4.9 Low- and ultra-low cement castables
4/8
1
4.10 Self-flow castables
4/9
1
4.11 Installation of heat-resisting and refractory concretes
4/9
1
4.11.1 Placing and compaction
4/9
1
4.11.2 Curing
4/9
1
4.11.3 Drying and firing
4/9
1
4.11.4 Reinforcement
4/10
1
4.11.5 Shrinkage and thermal expansion
4/10
1
4.11.6 Strength after firing
4/11
1
4.12 Applications
4/12
1
4.12.1 Domestic flues, fireplaces and chimneys
4/12
1
4.12.2 Foundry floors
4/12
1
4.12.3 Fire training areas
4/13
1
References
4/13
1
5 High-density and radiation-shielding concrete and grout
5/1
1
Eric Miller
5.1 Objectives
5/1
1
5.2 Introduction
5/1
1
5.3 Uses and applications
5/2
1
5.3.1 Nuclear industry
5/2
1
5.3.2 Other uses
5/3
1
5.4 Definitions and standards
5/4
1
5.5 Aggregates
5/4
1
5.5.1 Naturally occurring aggregates
5/5
1
5.5.2 Synthetic or man-made aggregates
5/5
1
5.5.3 General considerations when assessing high-density aggregates
5/6
1
5.6 Mix design
5/8
1
5.7 Production, transporting and placing
5/9
1
5.7.1 Production
5/9
1
5.7.2 Transporting, placing and curing
5/10
1
5.7.3 Summary
5/11
1
5.8 Concrete properties
5/11
1
5.8.1 Fresh concrete
5/11
1
5.8.2 Hardened concrete
5/11
1
5.9 High-density grouts
5/12
1
5.10 Quality management
5/12
1
5.11 Specifications
5/14
1
5.12 Summary
5/14
1
References
5/14
1
6 Fibre-reinforced concrete
6/1
1
D.J. Hannam
6.1 Introduction
6/1
1
6.2 Properties of fibres and matrices
6/2
1
6.3 Post-cracking composite theory
6/2
1
6.4 Theoretical stress-strain curves in uniaxial tension
6/2
1
6.4.1 Characteristic shapes of stress-strain curves
6/2
1
6.4.2 Critical volume fraction (Vfcrit) in uniaxial tension
6/4
1
6.4.3 Short random fibres which pull out rather than break
6/5
1
6.5 Principles of fibre reinforcement in flexure
6/6
1
6.5.1 Necessity for theory
6/6
1
6.5.2 Analysis using a rectangular stress block in the tensile zone of a beam
6/7
1
6.6 Steel fibre concrete
6/9
1
6.7 Mix design and composite manufacture
6/9
1
6.8 Properties
6/11
1
6.8.1 Durability
6/12
1
6.9 Testing
6/12
1
6.9.1 Fresh concrete
6/12
1
6.9.2 Hardened concrete
6/12
1
6.10 Applications
6/13
1
6.11 Polypropylene fibre-reinforced concrete
6/14
1
6.12 Mix design and manufacture
6/15
1
6.13 Properties of fresh concrete
6/15
1
6.13.1 Plastic shrinkage cracking
6/15
1
6.14 Properties of hardened concrete
6/16
1
6.14.1 Durability
6/16
1
6.15 Applications
6/16
1
6.16 Glass fibre-reinforced concrete
6/17
1
References
6/17
1
Further reading
6/17
1
7 Masonry mortars
7/1
1
Neil Beningfield
7.1 Aims and objectives
7/1
1
7.2 Historical background
7/1
1
7.2.1 Ancient mortar
7/1
1
7.2.2 The development of modern cements
7/2
1
7.3 The requirements of mortar
7/2
1
7.3.1 The hardened requirements
7/2
1
7.3.2 The plastic requirements
7/4
1
7.4 Properties of mortar
7/5
1
7.4.1 The hardened properties
7/5
1
7.4.2 The plastic properties
7/6
1
7.5 Constituents of mortar
7/8
1
7.5.1 Sand
7/9
1
7.5.2 Cement
7/12
7107
7.5.3 Lime
7114
7.5.4 Admixtures
7/15
1
7.6 Mortar standards and application documents
7/17
1
7.6.1 BS 4551 - methods of testing mortars
7/17
1
7.6.2 prEN 998 - The European Standard for mortars
7/17
1
7.6.3 Application documents
7/17
1
7.7 Mortar mix design
7/18
1
7.7.1 Mix proportions
7/18
1
7.8 Basic masonry design fir durability
7/19
1
7.9 Site problems
7/20
1
7.9.1 Incorrect mix proportions
7/20
1
7.9.2 Use of unauthorized admixtures
7/20
1
7.9.3 Sulphate attack
7/20
1
7.9.4 Freeze-thaw cycles
7/21
1
7.9.5 Aesthetic failures
7/21
1
7.10 Summary
7/21
1
References
7/22
1
8 Recycled concrete
8/1
1
Rod Collins
8.1 Introduction
8/1
1
8.2 BRE Digest 433 and the properties of recycled aggregate
8/1
1
8.2.1 General description/classification
8/2
1
8.2.2 Blends with natural aggregate
8/2
1
8.2.3 Impurities
8/3
1
8.2.4 Test methods
8/3
1
8.2.5 Other properties
8/4
1
8.3 Methods of recycling and quality
8/5
1
8.4 Recipe and performance specifications
8/6
1
8.4.1 The specification 'environment' in the UK before Digest 433
8/6
1
8.4.2 Product specifications
8/7
1
8.5 Applications - demonstration projects
8/7
1
8.5.1 Concrete blocks
8/7
1
8.5.2 Precast structural concrete
8/7
1
8.5.3 The Environmental Building at BRE
8/8
1
8.5.4 Strong floor at BRE Cardington laboratory
8/10
1
References
8/12
1
Further reading
8/13
1
9 Self-compacting concrete
9/1
1
Rob Gaimster and Noel Dixon
9.1 Introduction
9/1
1
9.2 Materials
9/2
1
9.2.1 Cements and fine fillers
9/3
1
9.2.2 Fine and coarse aggregates
9/4
1
9.2.3 Admixtures
9/4
1
9.3 Mix design
9/6
1
9.3.1 Influencing factors of SCC mix proportions
9/6
1
9.3.2 Properties of paste and mortar
9/6
1
9.3.3 Coarse aggregate content
9/7
1
9.3.4 Common mix design methods for SCC
9/7
1
9.3.5 Rational mix design method - Okamura and Ozawa (1995)
9/8
1
9.3.6 Linear optimization mix proportioning - Domone et al. (1999)
9/9
1
9.3.7 Model for self-compacting concrete - Petersson et al. (1996)
9/10
1
9.3.8 Solid suspension model mix design - Sedran et al. (1996)
9/11
1
9.4 Plastic concrete
9/11
1
9.4.1 Filling ability
9/12
1
9.4.2 Resistance to segregation
9/12
1
9.4.3 Passing ability
9/13
1
9.5 Hardened concrete
9/14
1
9.5.1 Compressive strength
9/14
1
9.5.2 Frost resistance
9/15
1
9.6 Production and transportation
9/15
1
9.7 Placement
9/15
1
9.8 Formwork
9/16
1
9.9 Surface finish
9/16
1
9.10 Mix design optimization - moving SCC to mainstream construction
9/18
1
9.11 SCC applications
9/19
1
9.11.1 City environments
9/19
1
9.11.2 Precast
9/20
1
References
9/20
1
Further reading
9/22
1
Part 3 Special processes and technology for particular types of structure
10 Sprayed concrete
10/3
1
Graham Taylor
10.1 Introduction
10/3
1
10.2 History
10/3
1
10.3 Definition of sprayed concrete
10/4
1
10.4 The wet process
10/5
1
10.4.1 Definition
10/5
1
10.4.2 General
10/6
1
10.4.3 Equipment
10/6
1
10.5 Dry process
10/6
1
10.5.1 Definition
10/6
1
10.5.2 General
10/7
1
10.5.3 Equipment
10/8
1
10.6 Constituent materials
10/8
1
10.6.1 Cement
10/9
1
10.6.2 Aggregates
10/9
1
10.6.3 Mixing water
10/9
1
10.6.4 Admixtures
10/9
1
10.6.5 Fibres
10/9
1
10.6.6 Cementitious additions
10/10
1
10.7 Spraying procedures
10/10
1
10.8 Quality assurance
10/11
1
10.8.1 Introduction
10/11
1
10.8.2 Prequalificatiun of nozzlemen
10/12
1
10.9 Quality control
10/12
1
10.9.1 Drawing review
10/12
1
10.9.2 Potential debonding and delamination
10/12
1
10.9.3 Tensile bond strength
10/12
1
10.9.4 Strength and density
10/13
1
10.9.5 In-situ testing
10/13
1
10.9.6 Daily test panels
10/13
1
10.9.7 Conclusion
10/14
1
10.10 Applications of sprayed concrete
10/14
1
10.10.1 New construction
10/14
1
10.10.2 Free-formed structures
10/16
1
10.10.3 Strengthening and repair
10/16
1
10.10.4 Protective coatings
10/17
1
Further reading
10/18
1
11 Underwater concrete
11/1
1
Graham Taylor
11.1 Introduction
11/1
1
11.2 Conventional methods of placing
11/1
1
11.2.1 Tremie
11/1
1
11.2.2 Hydrovalve
11/3
1
11.2.3 Skips
11/4
1
11.2.4 Pumps
11/4
1
11.2.5 Toggle bags
11/5
1
11.2.6 Bagwork
11/5
1
11.2.7 Concrete packaged under water
11/5
1
11.2.8 Grouted aggregates
11/5
1
11.3 Concrete properties
11/7
1
11.3.1 Basic requirements
11/7
1
11.3.2 Cementitious materials
11/7
1
11.3.3 Aggregates
11/7
1
11.3.4 Admixtures
11/8
1
11.3.5 Strength
11/8
1
11.3.6 Workability
11/8
1
11.4 Non-dispersible concrete
11/9
1
11.4.1 The admixtures
11/9
1
11.4.2 Concrete handling
11/9
1
11.4.3 Testing
11/10
1
11.5 Formwork
11/11
1
11.6 Reinforcement
11/11
1
11.7 Conclusion
11/12
1
Further reading
11/12
1
12 Grouts and grouting
12/1
1
S.A. Jefferis
12.1 Introduction
12/1
1
12.2 Health and safety
12/2
1
12.3 The void to be grouted
12/2
1
12.4 Grouting theory and standards
12/3
1
12.5 Cement grouts
12/3
1
12.5.1 Cementitious grout materials
12/4
1
12.5.2 Mix proportions
12/5
1
12.5.3 Heat release
12/6
1
12.5.4 Grout mixing
12/7
1
12.6 Cementitious grout testing concepts
12/7
1
12.7 Grout properties
12/10
1
12.7.1 Flow properties - rheology
12/10
1
12.7.2 Grout penetration
12/16
1
12.7.3 Bleed
12/18
1
12.7.4 Filtration
12/22
1
12.7.5 Combined bleed and filtration
12/22
1
12.7.6 Escape of water
12/23
1
12.7.7 Injectable time
12/24
1
12.7.8 Set time
12/25
1
12.8 Grout injection
12/25
1
12.8. Duct grouting
12/27
1
12.9 Volume change
12/29
1
12.9.1 Hydration of Portland cement grouts
12/29
1
12.9.2 Drying shrinkage
12/32
1
12.10 The hardened state of Cementitious grouts
12/32
1
12.11 Durability
12/33
1
12.12 Chemical grout systems - materials issues
12/33
1
12.12.1 Fluid properties
12/34
1
12.12.2 Setting
12/35
1
12.12.3 Measurement of set time
12/35
1
12.12.4 Injectable time
12/35
1
12.12.5 Injected quantity
12/36
1
12.12.6 Geotechnical grout penetration
12/36
1
12.13 Volume change in chemical grouts
12/37
1
12.13.1 Drying shrinkage
12/39
1
12.14 The hardened state for chemical grouts
12/39
1
12.14.1 Strength
12/40
1
12.14.2 Permeability
12/40
1
12.14.3 Durability
12/41
1
12.15 Chemical and geotechnical grout materials
12/41
1
12.15.1 Active clays
12/42
1
12.15.2 Cement grouts
12/42
1
12.15.3 Clay - cement grouts
12/42
1
12.15.4 Microfine cement grouts
12/43
1
12.15.5 Chemical grouts
12/43
1
12.16 Conclusions
12/45
1
References
12/45
1
13 Concreting large-volume (mass) pours
13/1
1
Phil Bamforth
13.1 Introduction
13/1
1
13.1.1 Definition of a mass pour
13/1
1
13.1.2 Benefits
13/2
1
13.1.3 Technical considerations
13/2
1
13.2 The designer's role
13/3
1
13.2.1 Approaches to the specification
13/3
1
13.2.2 Response to contractors' proposals
13/4
1
13.2.3 Early age thermal cracking
13/4
1
13.2.4 Limitation of cracking
13/5
1
13.2.5 Performance of construction joints
13/9
1
13.2.6 Materials specification
13/10
1
13.2.7 Testing for conformance
13/10
1
13.2.8 Specification for monitoring of temperatures
13/11
1
13.2.9 Action in event of non-conformance
13/12
1
13.3 Planning
13/13
1
13.3.1 Capability
13/14
1
13.3.2 Planning meeting
13/14
1
13.3.3 Plant
13/14
1
13.3.4 Labour
13/15
1
13.3.5 Material supply
13/16
1
13.3.6 Access
13/16
1
13.3.7 Timing
13/16
1
13.3.8 Quality assurance
13/17
1
13.3.9 Monitoring
13/17
1
13.3.10 Contingency plan for loss of concrete supply
13/18
1
13.3.11 Responsibilities
13/18
1
13.4 Concrete mix design
13/19
1
13.4.1 Properties to be considered
13/20
1
13.4.2 Factors influencing key properties
13/21
1
13.4.3 Early age thermal cracking
13/26
1
13.5 Construction of large-volume pours
13/33
1
13.5.1 Reinforcement design and detailing
13/33
1
13.5.2 Formwork
13/33
1
13.5.3 Construction procedure to minimize restraints
13/33
1
13.5.4 Placing methods
13/35
1
13.5.5 Compaction
13/36
1
13.5.6 Finishing
13/37
1
13.5.7 Thermal control
13/37
1
13.5.8 Monitoring and actions in the event of non-compliance
13/42
1
13.6 Review
13/44
1
References
13/45
1
14 Slipform
14/1
1
Reg Horne
14.1 Vertical slipforming
14/1
1
14.1.1 Types of structure suitable for slipform construction
14/1
1
14.1.2 Standard equipment
14/2
1
14.1.3 Tapering equipment
14/4
1
14.2 Design of the slipform
14/6
1
14.2.1 Standard system operations
14/6
1
14.3 Concrete mix
14/7
1
14.3.1 Performance and development
14/7
1
14.3.2 Mix design
14/9
1
14.3.3 Cement
14/9
1
14.3.4 Aggregates
14/9
1
14.3.5 Admixtures
14/10
1
14.3.6 Distribution on the slipform rig
14/10
1
14.3.7 Vibration
14/12
1
14.3.8 Curing
14/12
1
14.3.9 Methods of concrete distribution
14/13
1
14.3.10 Problems that may arise with slipforming
14/14
1
14.3.11 Remedial action
14/15
1
14.3.12 Slipform mixes - examples
14/17
1
14.3.13 Operations in varying temperatures
14/17
1
14.3.14 Hot weather concreting
14/18
1
14.3.15 Cold weather concreting
14/18
1
14.3.16 Catering for horizontal connections and openings
14/18
1
14.3.17 Connections for concrete
14/19
1
14.3.18 Connections for steelwork
14/19
1
14.3.19 Example of slipformed project
14/20
1
14.3.20 Dayshift-only sliding
14/20
1
14.3.21 Conclusions
14/21
1
14.4 Horizontal slipforming
14/21
1
14.4.1 Paving
14/22
1
14.4.2 Kerbing
14/23
1
14.4.3 Concrete mix
14/23
1
14.4.4 Vibration
14/24
1
15 Pumped concrete
15/1
1
Tony Binns
15.1 Liquids
15/1
1
15.2 Suspensions
15/2
1
15.3 Rheology
15/4
1
15.4 Pressure gradients
15/6
1
15.5 Types of concrete pump
15/7
1
15.5.1 General description
15/7
1
15.5.2 Reciprocating piston pumps
15/8
1
15.5.3 Peristaltic pumps
15/8
1
15.5.4 Static pumps
15/10
1
15.5.5 Mobile pumps
15/11
1
15.5.6 Satellite booms
15/12
1
15.5.7 Pneumatic placers
15/13
1
15.5.8 Condition of pumping equipment
15/13
1
15.6 Requirements of a concrete for pumping
15/13
1
15.6.1 Segregation pressure
15/14
1
15.6.2 Consistence class
15/14
1
15.6.3 Controlled bleeding
15/15
1
15.6.4 Factors that control bleeding
15/15
1
15.7 Effects of aggregates, cement and admixtures on the pumpability of concrete
15/17
1
15.7.1 Cement types
15/17
1
15.7.2 Aggregates
15/18
1
15.7.3 Admixtures
15/20
1
15.7.4 Batching and mixing of materials
15/22
1
15.8 Modifications to the concrete mix design to ensure pumpability
15/22
1
15.9 Void content of aggregate and procedures for measuring void content in combined aggregate grading
15/23
1
15.10 Suitable combinations of aggregates for pumpable concrete
15/26
1
15.10.1 Suitable gradings
15/26
1
15.11 Recognizing pumpable concrete
15/29
1
15.12 Pressure bleed test apparatus
15/30
1
15.13 Conclusion
15/31
1
References
15/32
1
16 Concrete construction for liquid-retaining structures
16/1
1
Tony Threlfall
16.1 Introduction
16/1
1
16.2 Permeability and durability
16/2
1
16.2.1 Concrete grades
16/2
1
16.2.2 Maximum cement content
16/2
1
16.2.3 Concrete cover
16/3
1
16.3 Constituent materials
16/3
1
16.3.1 Use of ground granulated blastfurnace slag
16/3
1
16.3.2 Use of limestone aggregates
16/4
1
16.3.3 Aqueous leaching of metals
16/4
1
16.4 Cracking and autogenous healing
16/5
1
16.4.1 Design crack width
16/6
1
16.5 Cracking due to temperature and moisture effects
16/7
1
16.5.1 Early thermal cracking
16/7
1
16.5.2 External restraint factors and critical temperature changes
16/8
1
16.5.3 Methods of control
16/10
1
16.5.4 Movement joints
16/10
1
16.5.5 Minimum reinforcement for options 1 and 2
16/12
1
16.5.6 Crack spacing and crack width
16/13
1
16.5.7 Summary of design options and reinforcement requirements in BS 8007
16/14
1
16.5.8 Crack prediction models in BS 8007 and EC2: Part 3
16/16
1
16.6 Workmanship
16/16
1
16.7 Summary
16/17
1
References
16/17
1
17 Coatings
17/1
1
Shaun A. Hurley
17.1 Introduction
17/1
1
17.2 Reasons for use
17/2
1
17.2.1 Summary of uses
17/2
1
17.2.2 The specification of surface coatings/treatments
17/2
1
17.2.3 Additional comments
17/5
1
17.3 Materials for surface coating/treatment
17/6
1
17.4 Surface preparation and application
17/9
1
17.4.1 Surface preparation
17/10
1
17.4.2 Application
17/12
1
17.4.3 Quality control
17/13
1
References
17/14
1
Further reading
17/14
1
Part 4 Readymixed concrete
18 Production of readymixed concrete
18/3
1
Steve Crompton
18.1 Development of readymixed concrete
18/3
1
18.2 Effects of transportation on concrete properties
18/4
1
18.3 Production methods
18/7
1
18.3.1 Constraints on plant design
18/7
1
18.3.2 Types of plant
18/10
1
18.3.3 Weighing systems
18/12
1
18.3.4 Computerization
18/13
1
18.3.5 Environment considerations
18/13
1
18.3.6 Delivery
18/14
1
References
18/14
1
Part 5 Exposed concrete finishes
19 Weathering of concrete
19/3
1
Frank Hawes and the British Cement Association
19.1 Introduction
19/3
1
19.2 The inevitability of weathering
19/3
1
19.3 Alternative approaches
19/5
1
19.4 Weathering on old buildings
19/5
1
19.5 The weathering system
19/7
1
19.6 Characteristics of concrete
19/8
1
19.6.1 Properties of concrete surfaces
19/9
1
19.6.2 Performance of concrete surfaces
19/11
1
19.6.3 Biological growth on concrete
19/12
1
19.6.4 Variability
19/12
1
19.7 External factors
19/13
1
19.7.1 Climate
19/13
1
19.7.2 Wind and rain on buildings
19/15
1
19.7.3 Air pollution
19/15
1
19.8 The visible effects of weathering
19/20
1
19.8.1 Rain and dirt on buildings
19/20
1
19.8.2 Movement of water on building facades
19/21
1
19.9 Control of weathering
19/25
1
19.9.1 Prediction
19/25
1
19.9.2 Control
19/26
1
References
19/31
1
Part 6 Formwork
20 Formwork and falsework
20/3
1
P.F. Pallett
20.1 Introduction
20/3
1
20.2 Definitions
20/3
1
20.3 Formwork
20/4
1
20.3.1 Specifications and finishes
20/4
1
20.3.2 Tolerances
20/5
1
20.3.3 Timber and wood-based products
20/5
1
20.3.4 Release agents
20/6
1
20.3.5 Formwork ties
20/9
1
20.3.6 Proprietary formwork equipment
20/10
1
20.3.7 The pressure of concrete - using a tabular approach
20/12
1
20.3.8 Controlled permeability formwork
20/14
1
20.3.9 Design of wall formwork
20/14
1
20.3.10 Soffit formwork
20/16
1
20.4 Falsework
20/18
1
20.4.1 General
20/18
1
20.4.2 Contents of BS 5975
20/18
1
20.4.3 Materials used in falsework
20/19
1
20.4.4 Loadings
20/19
1
20.4.5 Stability of falsework
20/20
1
20.4.6 Continuity of members
20/22
1
20.5 Striking formwork and falsework
20/23
1
20.5.1 Criteria for striking wall and column formwork
20/24
1
20.5.2 Criteria for striking soffit formwork - beams and slabs
20/24
1
20.5.3 Backpropping slabs in multistorey construction
20/25
1
References
20/26
1
Part 7 Precast concrete
21 Precast concrete structural elements
21/3
1
John Richardson
21.1 Summary
21/3
1
21.2 Structural precast concrete
21/4
1
21.3 The advantages to be achieved by employing precast concrete
21/4
1
21.3.1 Advantages of precast concrete in terms of control and innovation
21/5
1
21.4 Principles of precasting
21/7
1
21.4.1 The construction sequence
21/7
1
21.4.2 Establishing standards
21/9
1
21.4.3 Drawings and controls
21/10
1
21.4.4 Organizing the precast operation
21/10
1
21.4.5 Drawing and documentation control
21/10
1
21.4.6 Design of mouldwork and the way up of casting
21/11
1
21.4.7 Daily make
21/12
1
21.4.8 Mechanical handling
21/12
1
21.4.9 Clear shed principle
21/13
1
21.4.10 Accelerated curing
21/13
1
21.4.11 Condition of stock
21/14
1
21.5 Moulds for precast concrete
21/14
1
21.6 Casting techniques
21/15
1
21.6.1 Concrete supply
21/15
1
21.6.2 Static machines
21/16
1
21.6.3 Mobile casting machines
21/16
1
21.6.4 Casting in individual moulds
21/16
1
21.6.5 Tilting tables
21/16
1
21.6.6 Gang casting
21/17
1
21.6.7 Battery and cell unit casting
21/17
1
21.6.8 Long and short line casting
21/18
1
21.6.9 Post-tensioned beam production
21/19
1
21.6.10 Tilt-up construction
21/20
1
21.6.11 Casting massive elements for civil engineering
21/20
1
21.7 Curing
21/21
1
21.8 Testing and controls
21/22
1
21.9 Frame components
21/23
1
21.9.1 Structural visual components
21/23
1
21.9.2 Flooring
21/26
1
21.9.3 Connections
21/26
1
21.10 Cladding
21/27
1
21.10.1 Surface finishes
21/27
1
21.10.2 Brick, the and stone-faced panels
21/29
1
21.10.3 Exposed aggregate, textured and featured finishes
21/30
1
21.10.4 Reconstructed stone
21/30
1
21.10.5 Plain-formed concrete finishes
21/31
1
21.10.6 Size of elements
21/31
1
21.10.7 Joints in cladding
21/32
1
21.10.8 Cladding fixings
21/32
1
21.10.9 Weathering
21/32
1
21.11 Bridge beams
21/33
1
21.12 Double-tee beams
21/33
1
21.13 Sea-defence units
21/34
1
21.13.1 Dollos units
21/34
1
21.13.2 'Shed' units
21/34
1
21.13.3 Walling units
21/34
1
21.14 Piles
21/34
1
21.15 Sleepers
21/35
1
21.16 Structural elements for groundwork and support
21/35
1
21.16.1 Box culverts
21/35
1
21.16.2 Retaining wall units and sound barriers
21/36
1
21.16.3 Tunnel segments
21/36
1
21.17 Erection at site
21/37
1
21.17.1 Delivery
21/37
1
21.17.2 Handling equipment
21/37
1
21.17.3 Responsibilities
21/38
1
21.18 Segmental casting
21/38
1
21.18.1 Countcrcasting
21/38
1
21.18.2 Incremental launching
21/39
1
21.19 Troubleshooting precast concrete
21/39
1
21.19.1 Visual defects
21/40
1
21.19.2 Structural defects
21/41
1
22.19.3 Accuracy of product
21/43
1
21.20 Conclusions
21/44
1
Case studies
21/45
1
References
21/46
1
Part 8 Concrete roads
22 Concrete roads and pavements
22/1
1
Geoffrey Griffiths
22.1 Introduction
22/1
1
22.2 Typical concrete pavement types
22/2
1
22.2.1 Jointed unreinforced concrete pavement (URC) description
22/2
1
22.2.2 Typical applications for URC pavement
22/3
1
22.2.3 Jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRC) description
22/4
1
22.2.4 Typical applications for JRC pavement
22/5
1
22.2.5 Description of continuously reinforced concrete pavements CROP
22/5
1
22.2.6 CROP applications
22/8
1
22.3 Manner of pavement failure
22/8
1
22.3.1 Fatigue cracking of concrete
22/8
1
22.3.2 Loss of support
22/9
1
22.3.3 Frost damage
22/9
1
22.3.4 Surface abrasion
22/10
1
22.3.5 Skidding characteristics
22/11
1
22.4 Design methods
22/11
1
22.4.1 The empirical approach
22/11
1
22.4.2 The semi-empirical approach
22/12
1
22.4.3 Continuous reinforced concrete pavements
22/13
1
22.5 Joint design and detailing
22/14
1
22.5.1 Transverse contraction joints
22/14
1
22.5.2 Longitudinal joints
22/14
1
22.5.3 Expansion or isolation joints
22/15
1
22.5.4 Typical jointing related problems
22/16
1
22.6 Materials and concrete properties
22/17
1
22.6.1 Compressive cube strength and tensile strength relationships
22/17
1
22.6.2 Slip membranes
22/20
1
22.7 Construction methods
22/20
1
22.7.1 Traditional techniques
22/20
1
22.7.2 Slipforming
22/21
1
22.8 Maintenance issues and repair of pavements
22/21
1
22.8.1 Emergency repairs
22/22
1
22.8.2 Medium-term repairs
22/22
1
22.8.3 Long-term repairs
22/23
1
22.9 New techniques
22/23
1
22.9.1 Fibre-reinforced concrete
22/23
1
22.9.2 Thin overlays and white topping
22/23
1
22.10 Conclusions
22/24
1
References
22/24
1
23 Cement-bound materials (CBM)
23/1
1
David York
23.1 Introduction
23/1
1
23.1.1 Cement-stabilized soil (CSS)
23/1
1
23.1.2 Soil cement (SC)
23/2
1
23.1.3 Cement-bound granular materials (CBGM)
23/2
1
23.1.4 Lean concrete (LC)
23/2
1
23.1.5 Roller-compacted concrete (RCC)
23/3
1
23.1.6 Modes of failure
23/3
1
23.2 Methods of specifying CBM
23/4
1
23.2.1 Compressive or tensile strength
23/4
1
23.2.2 Designing CBM (the mix)
23/5
1
23.2.3 Producing CBM
23/6
1
23.2.4 Laying CBM
23/7
1
23.2.5 Compacting CBM
23/9
1
23.2.6 Curing CBM
23/11
1
23.2.7 Testing CBM
23/11
1
23.3 Summary
23/12
1
References
23/12
1
Part 9 Industrial floors
24 Concrete floors
24/3
1
Neil Williamson
24.1 Introduction
24/3
1
24.1.1 Floor slab function
24/3
1
24.1.2 Concrete floor slab design and construction: key issues
24/4
1
24.2 Concrete for industrial floors
24/4
1
24.2.1 Mix properties
24/4
1
24.3 Production issues: consistency
24/12
1
24.4 Floor construction
24/14
1
24.4.1 Methods
24/14
1
24.4.2 The finishing process
24/14
1
24.4.3 Planning
24/15
1
24.4.4 Supervision and workmanship
24/16
1
24.5 Design and loading
24/17
1
24.5.1 Structural design
24/18
1
24.5.2 Design and workmanship
24/26
1
24.6 Floor toppings
24/30
1
24.7 Floor specification
24/30
1
24.7.1 Tolerances
24/30
1
24.7.2 Wearing surface performance
24/32
1
24.8 Defect identification and remedial measures
24/34
1
24.8.1 Common flooring defects
24/35
1
24.8.2 Joint spalling
24/35
1
24.8.3 Cracks
24/36
1
24.8.4 Delamination
24/37
1
24.8.5 Pop outs
24/37
1
24.8.6 Dusting
24/37
1
Part 10 Reinforced and prestressed concrete
25 Reinforced and prestressed concrete
25/3
1
Ban Seng Choo
25.1 Objectives
25/3
1
25.2 Principles of limit state design
25/4
1
25.2.1 Introduction
25/4
1
25.2.2 Permissible stress method
25/4
1
25.2.3 Load factor method
25/4
1
25.2.4 Limit state method
25/4
1
25.3 Structural elements
25/6
1
25.4 Design values
25/7
1
25.4.1 Actions
25/7
1
25.4.2 Materials
25/8
1
25.4.3 Partial safety factors
25/8
1
25.5 Load testing of simple structures
25/10
1
25.6 Behaviour of reinforced concrete beams
25/10
1
25.7 Behaviour of prestressed concrete beams
25/14
1
25.8 Summary
25/16
1
References
25/16
1
Part 11 Alternative reinforcement for concrete
26 Alternative reinforcement for concrete
26/3
John L. Clarke
26.1 Aims and objectives
26/3
1
26.2 Other types of reinforcement
26/4
1
26.2.1 Galvanized steel reinforcement
26/4
1
26.2.2 Fusion-bonded epoxy-coated steel reinforcement
26/6
1
26.2.3 Stainless steel reinforcement
26/7
1
26.3 General introduction to fibre composites
26/8
1
26.3.1 Background
26/8
1
26.3.2 Materials
26/8
1
26.3.3 Manufacturing processes
26/9
1
26.3.4 Short-term properties
26/10
1
26.3.5 Long-term properties
26/10
1
26.3.6 Health and safety
26/11
1
26.4 FRP internal reinforcement
26/11
1
26.4.1 Review of materials and manufacturing processes
26/11
1
26.4.2 Advantages and disadvantages
26/12
1
26.4.3 Summary of research
26/12
1
26.4.4 Design guidance
26/13
1
26.4.5 Applications
26/15
1
26.5 FRP prestressing strand
26/16
1
26.5.1 Review of materials and manufacturing processess
26/16
1
26.5.2 Advantages and disadvantages
26/17
1
26.5.3 Summary of research
26/17
1
26.5.4 Design guidance
26/18
1
26.5.5 Applications
26/19
1
26.6 Summary
26/19
1
References
26/20
1
Further reading
26/21
Index
I/1