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Tables of Contents for Small Nations and Great Powers
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Map of the Caucasus
10
13
Acknowledgements
13
4
The Caucasus: a region in conflict
17
9
Historical and geographical settings and ethnolinguistic divisions
19
3
The museum of peoples
20
1
The crossroads of religion
21
1
The Caucasus: a security complex?
22
4
The legacy of history: underlying factors in the Caucasian conflicts
26
35
The Russian conquest of the Caucasus: the North Caucasus
26
5
The Chechen-Dagestani rebellions: 1783-1859
27
1
The Circassian resistance
28
1
The Soviet era: the last ghazawat and the deportations
29
2
The Russian conquest of the Caucasus: the South Caucasus
31
8
The Russian move into the Islamic empires
31
3
The Georgian and Armenian allies
34
1
The Armenians: a dispersed nation
35
1
The Azeris: a divided nation
36
3
The Soviet legacy: Leninist nationality policy and the structure of the Soviet Union
39
2
The Soviet structure
41
1
The devaluation of autonomy: a cause of conflict and an impediment to resolution
41
6
The legacy of Soviet-style `federalism'
42
2
The refusal of autonomy as a solution
44
3
A solution to this dilemma: international control and guarantees?
47
1
The fall of the Soviet Union and conflicting identities
47
5
Soviet identity and local identity
48
2
The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the quest for identity
50
1
Identity and conflict
51
1
A structural instability?
52
2
The nature and roots of the Caucasian conflicts
54
5
The politicization of ethnicity---not of religion
56
1
Religious rallying or Realpolitik?
57
2
Conclusions
59
2
The Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh
61
81
Early history and conflicting claims
62
11
The Soviet era and the suppression of the conflict: 1921-87
73
5
Perestroika and the re-emergence of the conflict: 1987-91
78
16
February 1988: the explosion
79
2
Sumgait: the escalation becomes irrevocable
81
4
The spiral of violence and the militarization of the conflict
85
7
The mirroring nationalisms
92
2
Full-scale war: 1992-94
94
15
The shock of Khojaly
95
1
The Armenian upper hand
96
3
Azerbaijan's disastrous internal distractions
99
3
The tide of the war
102
5
The hard road to stability in Azerbaijan
107
1
The de facto integration of Karabakh into Armenia
108
1
The search for solutions
109
29
The role of the CSCE/OSCE
109
3
The Russian challenge to the CSCE mediation and its consequences
112
3
1997-98: a semblance of progress---but a backlash?
115
5
Direct negotiations: a new stage?
120
1
The position of the parties and obstacles to a solution
121
4
Models of solutions
125
1
A return to the status quo ante
125
3
A re-negotiated autonomy
128
4
A territorial swap?
132
1
Joint sovereignty
133
2
Other suggestions and models
135
1
Pillars of a solution
136
2
Conclusions
138
4
Georgia: from unitary dreams to an asymmetric federation?
142
55
The historical background
144
7
The Georgian national revival
151
4
The re-emergence of Abkhazian separatism
155
3
Perestroika and the road to independence
158
5
The escalation of tension with the minorities
163
11
Abkhazia: the beginnings, 1989-91
163
2
The escalation to war in South Ossetia
165
3
The fall of Gamsakhurdia and the loss of South Ossetia
168
2
The war in Abkhazia: 1992-93
170
4
Post-war developments in Abkhazia
174
1
Potential disturbances in Georgia
174
11
The question of Ajaria
175
3
The Javakheti dilemma
178
4
The Meskhetians or Ahiska
182
2
The `Zviadists' in Mingrelia
184
1
Peacekeeping
185
3
The search for solutions
188
7
Abkhazia: from bad to worse?
188
5
South Ossetia: a solution on the horizon?
193
2
Conclusions
195
2
Russia's war with Chechnya
197
54
Prelude: deportation and return
197
8
The genocidal deportation of 1944
197
2
Reasons for the deportation
199
2
The return and rebuilding of the nation
201
4
The revolution
205
16
1991-94: de facto independence and Russian subversion
211
7
The failure of negotiations
218
3
The tragedy
221
13
Reasons for the war
222
3
Disastrous military intervention and steamroller tactics
225
1
Budennovsk: a narrow escape from defeat
226
2
The Chechen comeback and victory
228
2
Why did the Russian army fail to invade Chechnya?
230
1
Consequences of the war for Russia
231
3
International reaction and attitudes
234
4
The United States
234
1
Western Europe
235
1
The Islamic World
235
1
Eastern Europe and the CIS
236
2
The International Court of Justice
238
1
Legal considerations: the decolonization aspect
238
2
The post-war era
240
9
Russian-Chechen relations since 1996
240
6
Chechen domestic politics
246
3
Conclusions
249
2
Conflicts in the North Caucasus
251
34
The Ingush-Ossetian conflict
251
11
Background to the conflict
251
2
The Soviet era
253
1
The fall of the Soviet Union and the escalation of the conflict
254
2
October 1992: war
256
2
The Russian intervention
258
1
The outcome of the conflict and its aftermath
259
3
The Northwestern Caucasus
262
6
The Lezgin quest for unification
268
4
Dagestan: complexity par excellence
272
11
Russia and Dagestan
273
2
The return of Islam
275
3
Multi-ethnic Dagestan
278
3
August 1999
281
1
Political prospects
282
1
Conclusions
283
2
Turkey: priority to Azerbaijan
285
32
Turkish policy: 1923-91
286
3
Early euphoria
289
2
Turkey: Azerbaijan's only ally?
291
11
Nagorno-Karabakh: Turkey's wake-up call
293
2
Turkey's dilemma in the Caucasus: the constraining factors upon Turkey
295
4
The Azeri reaction
299
1
The Javadov scandal
300
2
Turkey and Armenia: doomed to animosity?
302
4
Initial good signs but rapid deterioration
302
1
Moderate governments prisoners of their own predicaments
303
1
The strategic context
304
2
Georgia: from neglect to commitment
306
4
The Abkhazia dilemma
306
1
Initial Turkish neglect
307
1
The rapid development of the Turkish-Georgian partnership
308
2
Chechnya and the North Caucasus: an ambiguous stance
310
3
Implications for Turkey in the CIS and regional power alignments
313
2
Conclusions
315
2
Iran: a reluctant neighbour
317
16
The Azerbaijan question up to the Soviet breakup
319
3
The perceived Azerbaijani threat
322
4
The Russo-Iranian axis over the Caspian Sea
326
1
Iran and the Karabakh war
327
3
The Tehran-Moscow-Yerevan triangle
330
1
Conclusions
331
2
Russia: a retreating hegemonic power
333
33
The Russian foreign policy debate and foreign policy goals in the `Near Abroad'
334
9
Initial Western orientation and its critics
334
5
The return of imperial attitudes and the 1993 security doctrine
339
3
The climax: the subduing of the Transcaucasus and the war in Chechnya
342
1
Patterns of intervention
343
19
Georgia: from confusion to assertiveness
344
9
Azerbaijan and Armenia: subtle but effective
353
6
Caspian oil: a lost round
359
3
Implications for Eurasian strategy
362
3
Conclusions: the retreating hegemonic power
365
1
The United States: towards engagement
366
25
1991-94: incoherence and `Russia-First' policy
367
5
Proof of indifference: Section 907a and the Armenian lobby
368
4
1994-96: the formulation of a policy
372
4
The creation of an `Azerbaijan lobby': Heydar Aliyev's masterpiece
372
3
The watershed: war in Chechnya
375
1
1997 and after: strategic engagement of the Caspian region
376
11
An increasingly assertive policy
372
10
Reasons for the policy switch
382
2
The NATO connection
384
1
US strategic interests: the gateway to Central Asia
385
2
Conclusions
387
4
The Caucasus in Eurasian geopolitics: from backwater to centre-stage?
391
20
The security complex revisited: Caucasian geopolitics
392
6
The inner triangle
393
3
The outer tri-quadrangle
396
2
Caucasian strategic alignments in Eurasian geopolitics
398
4
GUUAM and the emergence of axes within the CIS
399
2
The Middle East
401
1
Implications for conflict resolution
402
5
Conclusions
407
4
Notes
411
37
Bibliography
448
23
Index
471