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Tables of Contents for Survey of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
1 Spoken Language Input
1
62
Ron Cole
Victor Zue
1.1 Overview
1
2
Victor Zue
Ron Cole
1.2 Speech Recognition
3
7
Victor Zue
Ron Cole
Wayne Ward
1.3 Signal Representation
10
5
Melvyn J. Hunt
1.4 Robust Speech Recognition
15
6
Richard M. Stern
1.5 HMM Methods in Speech Recognition
21
9
Renato De Mori
Fabio Brugnara
1.6 Language Representation
30
6
Salim Roukos
1.7 Speaker Recognition
36
6
Sadaoki Furui
1.8 Spoken Language Understanding
42
7
Patti Price
1.9 Chapter References
49
14
2 Written Language Input
63
32
Joseph Mariani
2.1 Overview
63
5
Sargur N. Srihari
Rohini K. Srihari
2.2 Document Image Analysis
68
3
Richard G. Casey
2.3 OCR: Print
71
4
Abdel Belaid
2.4 OCR: Handwriting
75
3
Claudie Faure
Eric Lecolinet
2.5 Handwriting as Computer Interface
78
5
Isabelle Guyon
Colin Warwick
2.6 Handwriting Analysis
83
4
Rejean Plamondon
2.7 Chapter References
87
8
3 Language Analysis and Understanding
95
44
Annie Zaenen
3.1 Overview
95
1
Annie Zaenen
Hans Uszkoreit
3.2 Sub-Sentential Processing
96
4
Fred Karlsson
Lauri Karttunen
3.3 Grammar Formalisms
100
2
Hans Uszkoreit
Annie Zaenen
3.4 Lexicons for Constraint-Based Grammars
102
3
Antonio Sanfilippo
3.5 Semantics
105
6
Stephen G. Pulman
3.6 Sentence Modeling and Parsing
111
10
Fernando Pereira
3.7 Robust Parsing
121
2
Ted Briscoe
3.8 Chapter References
123
16
4 Language Generation
139
26
Hans Uszkoreit
4.1 Overview
139
8
Eduard Hovy
4.2 Syntactic Generation
147
4
Gertjan van Noord
Gunter Neumann
4.3 Deep Generation
151
4
John Bateman
4.4 Chapter References
155
10
5 Spoken Output Technologies
165
5
Ron Cole
5.1 Overview
165
5
Yoshinori Sagisaka
5.2 Synthetic Speech Generation
170
5
Christophe d'Alessandro
Jean-Sylvain Lienard
5.3 Text Interpretation for TtS Synthesis
175
7
Richard Sproat
5.4 Spoken Language Generation
182
5
Kathleen R. McKeown
Johanna D. Moore
5.5 Chapter References
187
12
6 Discourse and Dialogue
199
24
Hans Uszkoreit
6.1 Overview
199
2
Barbara Grosz
6.2 Discourse Modeling
201
3
Donia Scott
Hans Kamp
6.3 Dialogue Modeling
204
6
Phil Cohen
6.4 Spoken Language Dialogue
210
4
Egidio Giachin
6.5 Chapter References
214
9
7 Document Processing
223
22
Annie Zaenen
7.1 Overview
223
3
Per-Kristian Halvorsen
7.2 Document Retrieval
226
4
Donna Harman
Peter Schauble
Alan Smeaton
7.3 Text Interpretation: Extracting Information
230
2
Paul Jacobs
7.4 Summarization
232
3
Karen Sparck Jones
7.5 Computer Assistance in Text Creation and Editing
235
3
Robert Dale
7.6 Controlled Languages in Industry
238
2
Richard H. Wojcik
James E. Hoard
7.7 Chapter References
240
5
8 Multilinguality
245
3
Annie Zaenen
8.1 Overview
245
3
Martin Kay
8.2 Machine Translation: The Disappointing Past and Present
248
3
Martin Kay
8.3 (Human-Aided) Machine Translation: A Better Future?
251
6
Christian Boitet
8.4 Machine-aided Human Translation
257
4
Christian Boitet
8.5 Multilingual Information Retrieval
261
5
Christian Fluhr
8.6 Multilingual Speech Processing
266
7
Alexander Waibel
8.7 Automatic Language Identification
273
3
Yeshwant K. Muthusamy
A. Lawrence Spitz
8.8 Chapter References
276
11
9 Multimodality
287
36
Joseph Mariani
9.1 Overview
287
11
James L. Flanagan
9.2 Representations of Space and Time
298
5
Gerard Ligozat
9.3 Text and Images
303
4
Wolfgang Wahlster
9.4 Modality Integration: Speech and Gesture
307
2
Yacine Bellik
9.5 Modality Integration: Facial Movement & Speech Recognition
309
2
Alan J. Goldschen
9.6 Modality Integration: Facial Movement & Speech Synthesis
311
12
Christian Benoit
Dominic W. Massaro
Michael M. Cohen
9.7 Chapter References
314
10 Transmission and Storage
323
14
Victor Zue
10.1 Overview
323
2
Isabel Trancoso
10.2 Speech Coding
325
5
Bishnu S. Atal
Nikil S. Jayant
10.3 Speech Enhancement
330
4
Dirk Van Compernolle
10.4 Chapter References
334
3
11 Mathematical Methods
337
44
Ron Cole
11.1 Overview
337
5
Ron Cole
11.2 Statistical Modeling and Classification
342
6
Steve Levinson
11.3 DSP Techniques
348
3
John Makhoul
11.4 Parsing Techniques
351
5
Aravind Joshi
11.5 Connectionist Techniques
356
5
Herve Bourlard
Nelson Morgan
11.6 Finite State Technology
361
4
Ronald M. Kaplan
11.7 Optimization and Search in Speech and Language Processing
365
4
John Bridle
11.8 Chapter References
369
12
12 Language Resources
381
28
Ron Cole
12.1 Overview
381
3
John J. Godfrey
Antonio Zampolli
12.2 Written Language Corpora
384
4
Eva Ejerhed
Ken Church
12.3 Spoken Language Corpora
388
4
Lori Lamel
Ronald Cole
12.4 Lexicons
392
3
Ralph Grishman
Nicoletta Calzolari
12.5 Terminology
395
4
Christian Galinski
Gerhard Budin
12.6 Addresses for Language Resources
399
4
12.7 Chapter References
403
6
13 Evaluation
409
38
Joseph Mariani
13.1 Overview of Evaluation in Speech and Natural Language Processing
409
6
Lynette Hirschman
Henry S. Thompson
13.2 Task-Oriented Text Analysis Evaluation
415
3
Beth Sundheim
13.3 Evaluation of Machine Translation and Translation Tools
418
2
John Hutchins
13.4 Evaluation of Broad-Coverage Natural-Language Parsers
420
2
Ezra Black
13.5 Human Factors and User Acceptability
422
3
Margaret King
13.6 Speech Input: Assessment and Evaluation
425
4
David S. Pallett
Adrian Fourcin
13.7 Speech Synthesis Evaluation
429
2
Louis C.W. Pols
13.8 Usability and Interface Design
431
1
Sharon Oviatt
13.9 Speech Communication Quality
432
3
Herman J.M. Steeneken
13.10 Character Recognition
435
3
Junichi Kanai
13.11 Chapter References
438
9
Glossary
447
6
Citation Index
453
21
Index
474