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Tables of Contents for The Wheels of Commerce
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Foreword
21
4
The Instruments of Exchange
25
113
Europe: the wheels of trade at the lowest level
26
55
Ordinary markets like those of today
28
1
Towns and markets
29
1
Markets increase in number and become specialized
30
6
Intervention by the towns
36
4
The example of London
40
2
Some statistics
42
6
From England to Europe
48
1
Markets and markets: the labour market
49
5
Markets as watersheds
54
5
Beneath the level of the market
59
1
Shops
60
7
Specialization and hierarchies
67
1
How shops came to rule the world
68
2
Some explanations of the boom in shopkeeping
70
5
Pedlars
75
4
Peddling: an archaic trade?
79
2
Europe: the wheels of trade at the highest level
81
33
Fairs: ancient instruments forever being re-tuned
82
3
Fair-time, carnival-time
85
5
Development of the fairs
90
2
Fairs and communications
92
1
The decline of the fairs
93
1
Warehouses, depots, stores, granaries
94
3
The Exchanges
97
3
The Amsterdam stock market
100
6
London: a repeat performance
106
4
Paris: is a visit really necessary?
110
2
Exchanges and paper money
112
2
The world outside Europe
114
20
Markets and shops: world-wide phenomena
114
4
The variable area of the elementary market zones
118
2
A world of pedlars or of wholesalers?
120
4
Indian bankers
124
1
Few Exchanges but many fairs
125
8
Europe versus the rest of the world?
133
1
Concluding hypotheses
134
4
Markets and the Economy
138
93
Merchants and trade circuits
138
30
Return journeys
140
2
Circuits and bills of exchange
142
2
No closure, no deal
144
1
On the problems of the return journey
145
3
Collaboration between merchants
148
5
Networks, conquests, trading empires
153
1
Armenians and Jews
154
6
The Portuguese in Spanish America: 1580-1640
160
3
Conflicting networks and networks in decline
163
2
Controlling minorities
165
3
Trading profits, supply and demand
168
16
Trading profits
168
4
Supply and demand: which came first?
172
5
Demand in isolation
177
3
Supply in isolation
180
4
Markets and their geography
184
20
Firms and their catchment areas
184
4
The catchment area of town or city
188
2
The market in primary commodities: sugar
190
4
Precious metals
194
10
National economies and the balance of trade
204
19
The `balance of trade'
204
1
Interpreting the figures
205
3
France and England before and after 1700
208
3
England and Portugal
211
3
East Europe, West Europe
214
2
Overall balances
216
3
India and China
219
4
Locating the market
223
8
The self-regulating market
224
1
The market through the ages
225
4
Can the present teach us anything?
229
2
Production: Or Capitalism Away From Home
231
143
Capital, capitalist, capitalism
232
17
The word `capital'
232
2
Capitalist and capitalists
234
3
Capitalism: a very recent word
237
2
Capital: the reality
239
3
Fixed capital, circulating capital
242
1
Trying to calculate capital in the past
243
4
The value of sector analysis
247
2
Land and money
249
48
The pre-conditions of capitalism
251
3
The peasant masses: numbers, inertia, productivity
254
1
Poverty and survival
255
1
Long-term stability does not mean absence of change
256
2
In West Europe, the seigniorial regime was not dead
258
4
Montaldeo
262
2
Overcoming the barriers
264
1
From the margins to the heart of Europe
265
1
Capitalism and the `second serfdom'
265
7
Capitalism and the American plantations
272
6
The plantations in Jamaica
278
2
Back to the heart of Europe
280
2
The outskirts of Paris: Brie in the days of Louis XIV
282
2
Venice and the Terraferma
284
3
The deviant case of the Roman Campagna in the early nineteenth century
287
2
The poderi of Tuscany
289
4
Advanced areas: the minority
293
1
The case of France
294
3
Capitalism and pre-industry
297
52
A fourfold classification
298
4
Is Bourgin's classification valid outside Europe?
302
2
No gulf between agriculture and pre-industry
304
3
Industry: providential refuge form poverty
307
1
An unsettled workforce
307
2
From country to town and back again
309
2
Were there key industries?
311
3
Merchants and guilds
314
2
The Verlagssystem
316
4
The Verlags-system in Germany
320
1
Mines and industrial capitalism
321
4
Mining in the New World
325
2
Salt, iron and coal
327
2
Manufactories and factories
329
6
The Van Robais enterprise in Abbeville
335
3
The finances of capitalist enterprise
338
4
On the profits from industry
342
2
Walter G. Hoffmann's law (1955)
344
5
Transport and capitalist enterprise
349
23
Overland transport
350
7
River traffic
357
4
At sea
361
8
Working out costs: capital and labour
369
3
A rather negative balance sheet
372
2
Capitalism on Home Ground
374
84
At the top of the world of trade
374
26
The trade hierarchy
376
1
Specialization: at ground level only
377
5
Success in trade
382
4
Who put up the money?
386
4
Credit and banking
390
5
Money: in circulation or in hiding
395
5
Capitalist choices and strategies
400
33
The capitalist mentality
401
2
Long-distance trade: the real big business
403
5
Education and communication
408
4
`Competition without competitors'
412
4
Monopolies on an international scale
416
5
A monopoly venture that failed: the cochineal market in 1787
421
2
Currency and its snares
423
5
Exceptional profits, exceptional delays
428
5
Individual firms and merchant companies
433
22
Individual firms: the beginnings of a development
434
4
Limited partnerships
438
1
Joint stock companies
439
3
A limited development
442
1
Forerunners of the great merchant companies
443
1
The rule of three
444
4
The English companies
448
2
Companies and short-term economic fluctuations
450
3
The companies and free trade
453
2
Back to a threefold division
455
3
Society: `A Set of Sets'
458
142
Social hierarchies
461
53
The pluralism of societies
464
2
Vertical elevation: the privileged few
466
6
Social mobility
472
2
How can one detect change?
474
3
The synchronization of social change in Europe
477
1
Henri Pirnne's theory
478
4
In France: gentry or noblesse de robe?
482
6
From city to state: luxury and ostentation
488
5
Revolutions and class struggles
493
4
Workers' revolts: some examples
497
6
Order and disorder
503
3
Below subsistence level
506
6
Climbing out of hell
512
2
The all-pervasive state
514
41
The tasks of the state
515
1
Maintaining law and order
516
3
When expenditure exceeded income: borrowing money
519
3
The juros and asientos of Castile
522
3
The English financial revolution: 1688-1756
525
3
Budgets, economic change and national product
528
4
The financiers
532
5
France: from the traitants to the Ferme generale
537
5
State economic policies: mercantilism
542
7
The state vis-a-vis society and culture - an incomplete entity?
549
4
State, economy and capitalism
553
2
Civilizations do not always put up a fight
555
26
Cultural transmission: the Islamic model
555
4
Christendom and merchandise, the quarrel over usury
559
7
Puritanism equals capitalism?
566
3
Retrospective geography: a good explanation
569
3
Capitalism equals rationalism?
572
6
Florence in the Quattrocento, a new art of living
578
3
Other times, other world views
581
1
Capitalism outside Europe
581
19
The miracles of long-distance trade
582
3
The ideas of Norman Jacobs
585
9
Politics and society, especially society
594
6
By Way of Conclusion
600
3
Notes
603
48
Index
651