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Tables of Contents for Twentieth-Century World
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xvii
List of Maps
xxiii
The Twentieth-Century: A Time Chart
xxiv
Part One Introduction
3
28
The Twentieth Century in World History
4
27
Global interrelatedness
6
10
Identity and Difference
16
6
Rise of the Mass Society
22
3
Demographic Transitions
22
1
Globalization of the Mass Society
23
2
Technology Versus Nature
25
4
Conclusion: Values for Survival
29
2
Part Two Crisis in the European-dominated World Order
31
111
World War I: The Turning Point of European Ascendancy
32
26
Causes of World War I
33
6
Aggression or Accident?
33
1
The Multinational Empire
34
2
Alliances and Mobilization
36
1
Nationalism and Interdependence
37
1
An Age of Militarism
38
1
Battlefronts, 1914-1918
39
4
The Entente Versus the Central Powers
39
40
Stalemate in the West
40
2
1917: The Turning Point
42
1
Home Fronts: 1914-1918
43
5
War and Government
44
1
War, Economics, and Society
45
1
War's Psychological Impact
46
2
Peacemaking, 1919 and After
48
8
The Wilsonian Agenda
48
1
Colonial Issues in 1919
49
1
The Peace Treaties
50
2
Clemenceau Versus Wilson
52
4
Conclusion
56
2
Restructuring the Social and Political Order: The Bolshevik Revolution in World Perspective
58
21
The End of Tsarist Russia
59
3
Society and Politics
60
1
The Western Challenge
61
1
Lenin's Russia, 1917-1924
62
4
The Provisional Government
62
2
Second Revolution, 1917
64
1
Invasion, Civil War, and New Economic Policy
65
1
Stalin's Soviet Union, 1924-1939
66
2
Socialism in One Country
66
1
Assessing the Soviet Experience Under Lenin and Stalin
67
1
Contrasts in Revolution and Mass Mobilization
68
9
The Mexican Revolution
68
3
Gandhi's Nonviolence: An Alternative to Revolution?
71
2
Marxism as a Challenge to Imperialism: Mao Zedong
73
4
Conclusion: Revolutions Compared
77
2
Global Economic Crisis and the Restructuring of the Social and Political Order
79
18
The Deceptive "Normalcy" of the 1920s
79
2
From Wall Street Crash to World Depression
81
1
Origins of the Crisis
82
4
Stock Market Collapse
83
1
Mass Production and Underconsumption: Basic U.S. Economic Flaws
84
1
The Spread of the Depression
85
1
The Depression in the Developing World
86
1
Britain, France, and the Dilemma of Democratic Socialism
87
5
The Failure of Economic Liberalism
88
1
The Socialist Alternative
89
1
Britain
90
1
France
90
2
The New Deal in Global Perspective
92
3
The "Roosevelt Revolution"
93
1
Evaluating the New Deal
94
1
Conclusion: The Global Trend Toward the Guarantor State
95
2
Restructuring the Social and Political Order: Fascism
97
22
The Varieties of Authoritarianism After 1918
97
3
Borrowings from Left and Right
98
1
Economic and Social Change and the Growth of Fascism
98
2
The Original Fascism: The Italian Model
100
4
The Rise of Fascism
101
1
Fascist Myth Versus Fascist Reality
102
2
From Weimar Republic to Third Reich
104
5
Weakness of the Weimar Republic
102
5
From Hindenburg to Hitler
107
1
The Nazi State
108
1
Nazi Society and Economy
108
1
The Road to War
109
5
Design for Aggression
110
1
Hitler's Destruction of the Versailles System
110
3
The Record of the 1930s and the lessons of History
113
1
Fascism Around the World
114
3
Other European Fascist Movements
114
1
The Brazilian Integralistas
115
1
The Lebanese Phalange
116
1
Conclusion: The Permanent Temptation of Fascism
117
2
Western Intellectual and Artistic Life
119
23
The Optimistic Vision Shattered
119
2
The Nineteenth-Century World of Certainty and Uniformity
119
1
The Discovery of Relativity and the Unconscious
120
1
Einstein's Universe: Curved Space and Subatomic Particles
121
3
The Theory of Special Relativity and E=mc2
122
1
From Atomic Physics to atomic Weapons
123
1
Freud: The Path into the Unconscious
124
4
The Founding of Psychoanalysis
125
2
Freud's Influence
127
1
Cultural Relativism: Non-Western Societies and European Global Dominance
128
1
Modern Art and Architecture: Mind Versus Eye
129
6
The Emergence of "Mass" Culture
135
1
Conclusion: The Quest for Something to Believe In
136
6
An Age of Uncertainty
136
2
Recent Intellectual Trends
138
4
Part Three Latin America, Africa, and Asia: The Struggle Against Colonialism
142
73
Latin America's Struggle for Development
143
20
Continental Overview: The Illusion of Independence
143
7
Latin American Societies
143
1
Latin American Economies
144
3
Politics and International Relations
147
3
Context of the Struggle for Independence and Development
150
1
The Amazing Argentine
150
3
The Radical Period
152
1
The Depression and the Infamous Decade
152
1
The Rise of Peron
153
1
Brazil from Empire to New State
153
4
The Old Republic
154
1
The Depression Destroys the Old Republic
155
1
Vargas and the New State
155
2
Mexico and Its Revolutionary Legacy
157
3
Mexico's Revolutionary Experience
157
1
Reconstruction and Depression
158
1
Cardenas and the Revolutionary Legacy
159
1
Conclusion: Charismatic Leaders and Their Policies Compared
160
3
Sub-Saharan Africa Under European Sway
163
23
Continental Overview: African Diversity, European Domination
165
10
African Diversity
165
3
Common Traits
168
2
Integration into the Europe-centered Global Pattern
170
2
The Impact of Colonial Rule
172
1
African Responses to Imperialism
173
2
Nigeria Under the British
175
3
Unification Under British Rule
175
1
Development Under the British
176
1
The Rise of Nigerian Nationalism
177
1
South Africa: A History of Two Struggles
178
6
The Union of South Africa: Politics and Economy
180
2
Nonwhite Responses to the Consolidation of White Supremacy
182
2
Conclusion: Africa and Imperialism
184
2
Asian Struggles for Independence and Development
186
29
Asian Centers of Civilization
187
4
Asian Diversity
187
1
Common Traits of Asian History
188
2
Integration Into the European-dominated World System
190
1
India Under the British
191
3
British Rule in India
191
1
Indian Responses to Imperialism
192
1
Gandhi and Nonviolence
192
2
The Middle East and North Africa in the Era of European Expansionism
194
8
Political Fragmentation and the Drive for National Independence
196
1
Iran
196
1
The Succession to the Ottoman Empire
196
1
Egypt
197
1
Palestine
197
1
Turkey
198
4
China and Japan: Contrasts in Development
202
5
China's Crisis of Authority
203
1
The Qing Dynasty and the Western Challenge
203
1
Nationalists Versus Communists
204
2
Japanese Aggression
206
1
Japan's First Rise to Great-Power Status
207
5
Revolution by Way of Restoration
209
1
Japan as a Great Power
210
1
Democratization or Militarism?
211
1
Conclusion: China, India, Turkey, and Japan Compared
212
3
Part Four World War II, Superpower Rivalry, and the Post-Cold War World
215
137
World War II: The Final Crisis of European Global Dominance
216
24
From Phony War to Operation Barbarossa, 1939-941
218
4
The Phony War and the Fall of France
218
2
"Their Finest Hour"
220
1
Mediterranean Campaigns
221
1
Operation Barbarossa
221
1
The Japanese Bid for Empire and the U.S. Reaction, 1941-1942
222
4
Pearl Harbor
222
3
The End of U.S. Isolation
225
1
The Turning Points, 1942
226
1
The Home Fronts
226
3
Allied Mobilization
227
1
Hitler's European Empire
227
1
The Holocaust
228
1
The Defeat of the Axis, 1943-1945
229
3
The Revolutionary Impact of World War II
232
6
A World Divided into Three
232
1
The Yalta Conference and the Postwar World
233
3
The End of the European Empires
236
1
The War and Postwar Society
236
1
The War and Postwar Technology
237
1
Conclusion: The High Point of U.S. Power
238
2
From the Cold War to the Global Marketplace: International Relations Since 1945
240
33
Interpreting International Relations, 1945-1991
241
2
The Cold War to 1953
243
4
The containment of Khrushchev, 1953-1962
247
4
The Soviet Union and Berlin
249
1
The Cuban Missile Crisis
250
1
Challenges to Bipolarity, 1962-1973
251
6
First Steps Toward the Integration of Europe
251
1
The Gaullist Challenge to U.S. Leadership
251
2
Playing the China Card
253
1
The American Misadventure in Vietnam
253
4
Multipolar DTtente Versus Renewed Confrontation, 1973-1984
257
4
The Making of DTtente
258
1
The United States and the Soviet Union in the World Economy
258
1
DTtente for Europeans
259
1
The Carter Years: DTtente Dissolved
259
1
The OPEC Challenge and the Iranian Revolution
260
1
Return to Confrontation
261
1
Reagan-Gorbachev Summitry
261
3
The End of the Cold War
263
1
The Post-Cold War World System: U.S. Hegemony or "Geoeconomic Multipolarity"?
264
7
The Panama Invasion and the Persian Gulf War
264
267
Geopolitical Versus Geoeconomic Power
267
1
"United" Europe: Geoeconomic Superpower?
268
2
Japan and the United States as Geoeconomic Competitors
270
1
Conclusion: Power in the Global Marketplace
271
2
Toward Postindustrial Society: The United States and Western Europe in the Postwar Decades
273
47
The Stages of Post-1945 Economic Transformation
274
6
The Thirty Glorious Years
274
2
Economic Transformation During and After the 1970s
276
2
Postindustrial Society and the Guarantor State
278
1
Political Developments in Postwar Western Europe and the United States
279
1
The United States and Western Europe in the Cold War Era
280
5
The Acceleration of Change
281
1
The computer Revolution and the Knowledge Explosion
282
1
The Flight to the Suburbs
283
1
Television: The Electronic World-View
284
1
The 1960s Challenge to Authority
285
7
The Black Rebellion
286
1
The Rebellion of the Young
287
2
The Limits of the Guarantor State: The Great Society
289
1
The Women's Liberation Movement
290
2
Economic Slowdown and the Search for Political Direction
292
4
Economic Slowdown in the United States
293
2
Economic Slowdown in Europe
295
1
The Triumph of Conservative Economics: Mitterrand, Thatcher, and Reagan
296
7
France Under Mitterrand
296
1
Britain Under Thatcher
297
2
The United States Under Reagan
299
4
Economic Anxiety and the Quest for Political Alternatives
303
4
The End of the "Culture of Contentment"
307
6
"New Democrat" Economics and the "Republican Revolution"
307
3
The U.S. Government Under Siege
310
1
Western Europe in the 1990s: The Politics of Economic Anxiety
311
2
Conclusion: Western Economies and Politics in the 1990s
313
7
The Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and the Collapse of Communism
320
32
Stalin's Legacy
322
2
Khrushchev and the Limits of Reform, 1953-1964
324
2
The Restive Satellites from the 1950s Through the 1980s
326
7
Hungary
326
3
Czechoslovakia
329
1
Poland
330
3
The Brezhnev Decades in the USSR: Transformation and Stagnation, 1964-1982
333
2
From Gorbachev to Yeltsin: The Dissolution of the Soviet Union
335
6
Eastern Europe in the 1990s
341
6
Hungary
343
1
The Czech Republic and Slovakia
344
1
Poland
345
1
Post-Communist Pragmatism
346
1
Russia After the Fall of Communism
347
5
Part Five Independence for the Developing Countries?
352
128
Latin America: Neocolonial Authoritarianism or Democracy and Development?
353
33
Continental Overview: The Shark and the Sardines
353
12
Mounting Social Pressures
354
2
The Uncertain Course of Economic Development
356
3
Political Reflections of Socioeconomic Stress
359
2
U.S.-Latin American Relations, with a Chilean Example
361
3
The Shark and the Sardines
364
1
Argentina: The Perils of Authoritarianism, with Charisma and Without
365
5
Toward Democracy and Development?
365
3
Neocolonial Militarism in Argentina
368
1
Again Toward Democracy and Development?
369
1
Brazil: Political and Economic Vacillations
370
4
The Second Republic
370
1
Military Rule and Growth Without Development
371
2
A Masquerade of Democracy
373
1
Mexico: Drifting Away from the Revolutionary Legacy
374
5
The Single-Party Regime
375
1
Economic Issues to the Forefront
376
1
Abandoning the Revolutionary Legacy
377
2
Cuba: Social Revolution Without an End to Dependency
379
4
Whence the Cuban Revolution?
379
2
Castro and the Revolution
381
2
Conclusion: Development or Disappointment?
383
3
Sub-Saharan Africa: Decay or Development?
386
30
Continental Overview: The Underdeveloped World par Excellence
387
14
The Spread of Independence
387
3
Africa's Population Explosion
390
2
Economic Development in Reverse?
392
4
Political Evolution: Common Phases and Themes
396
4
Africa and Outside Powers
400
1
Nigeria: Independence plus Oil Dependency
401
5
Rise and Fall of the First Republic
401
1
From the Biafran Civil War Through the Oil Boom and Bust
402
4
South Africa: Inequality, Exploitation, Isolation
406
8
White Domination, Economic and Political
406
1
Apartheid in Action
407
3
African Responses to Apartheid
410
2
Toward Majority Rule
412
2
Conclusion: Moving Beyond Change Without Development?
414
2
The Middle East and North Africa Since World War II
416
32
Regional Overview: The Search for Independence and Integration
417
6
Entering the Age of the Mass Society
417
1
Economics: Oil and Development?
418
2
Politics and Cultural Reassertion
420
3
Turkey: Democratization and Development
423
5
From Single-Party to Multi-Party Politics
423
2
Crisis and Reorientation
425
1
Turkey in the 1990s
426
2
Iran in Revolution: Turban Against Crown and Necktie
428
5
The Regime of Crown and Necktie
428
2
The Turbaned Regime
430
3
Egypt: The Struggle to Escape Poverty
433
6
Nasser and Arab Socialism
433
3
Sadat's Opening to the West
436
1
Mubarak and Islamic Activism
437
2
Israel: The Search for Security
439
8
Israel Under the Labor Party, 1948-1977
439
3
Israel's Move to the Right
442
1
The Palestinian Uprising
443
1
Peacemaking versus Identity Politics
444
3
Conclusion
447
1
Asian Resurgence
448
32
South and East Asia: From Decolonization to Reassertion
449
453
Decolonization in South and East Asia
449
1
Population Growth, Superurbanization, and Human Development
450
1
Divergent Economic Strategies
451
1
Cultural Reintegration
451
2
India: Development Amid Underdevelopment
453
7
India Under Nehru
453
2
India Under Indira Gandhi
455
2
Democracy in Danger
457
3
China Under the Communists
460
8
The first Phase of communist Rule, 1949-1953
460
1
The socialist Transformation, 1953-1961
461
1
The Second Revolution, 1962-1976
462
1
Economic Liberalization
463
5
Japan: Re-emergence and Pre-eminence
468
8
Reconstruction Under U.S. Occupation
468
1
The Emergence of an Economic Superpower
469
1
Major Factors in Japan's Success
470
2
Japanese Society and Economic Growth
472
2
Political Consensus: Rise and Decline
474
1
The End of Hegemony?
475
1
The High-Performance Asian Economies
476
1
Conclusion: The Fork in Asia's Development Road
477
3
Part Six The World Today
480
1
Toward the Twenty-First Century
481
2
From Global Interrelatedness to Globalization
483
1
Globalization and the Nation-State
484
1
Globalization and Economic Development
485
2
Growth Versus Human Development
487
1
Globalization as Revolution
488
2
Identity and Difference: Cultural Disequilibrium
490
1
Multiple Levels of Identity Politics
490
1
Revolutionary Implications of Identity Politics
491
3
The Future of the Mass Society
494
1
A Third Demographic Transition?
494
1
Masses in Motion
495
2
The Mass Society and Democratization
497
1
Nature, Technology, and Globalization
498
1
Food, Energy, and climate: An Ecological Transition?
499
1
Food Security
499
2
Energy
501
2
Human-induced Climate Change
503
2
Nuclear Arms and Weapons of Mass Destruction: 160 Million Chernobyls?
505
1
Global Militarization
506
1
Arms Control: The Cold War Record
507
1
A Global Arms Control Agenda
508
3
Looking Ahead
511
Index
I-1