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Tables of Contents for Psychology of Learning and Behavior
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xiii
Human Nature, Science, and Behavior Theory
1
23
Understanding
2
1
Understanding and Science
3
2
Causes, Generalizations, and Laws
3
2
Experimentation: The Tool of Science
5
1
Science end Human Nature
6
2
Psychology, Behavior Theory, and Learning
8
2
Philosophical Background of Behavior Theory
10
3
Descartes and Hobbes: Man as Machine
10
2
Associationism
12
1
Biological Background of Behavior Theory
13
3
Darwin and Evolution
14
2
The Emergence of Behavior Theory
16
4
Single Event Learning: Habituation
17
1
Event-Event Learning: Pavlovian Conditioning
17
1
Behavior-Event Learning: Operant Conditioning
18
2
Learning about Humans by Studying Animals
20
1
Summary
21
3
PART I Event Learning: Habituation and Pavlovian Conditioning
Single Event Learning: Habituation
24
17
Separating Habituation from Sensory Adaptation or Motor Fatigue
25
4
Evidence for a Learning Explanation
26
3
Applying the Principles: Response Recovery in Everyday Life
29
1
Condition: that Produce Habituation
30
2
Mechanisms of Habituation
32
1
Dual-Process Theories
32
2
Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms of Habituation
34
2
A Memory Theory of Habituation
36
4
Summary
40
1
Pavlovian Conditioning: Basic Phenomena
41
29
The Classic Conditioning Experiment
42
1
Acquisition and Extinction
43
1
The Scope of Pavlovian Conditioning Research
44
2
Eyeblink Conditioning
45
1
Conditioned Fear
45
1
Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms of Eyeblink Conditioning
46
5
Applying the Principles: Causes and Treatments of Phobia
51
4
Conditioned Keypecking
53
1
Taste Aversion Learning
53
2
The Need for Control Procedure: in Studies of Pavlovian Conditioning
55
1
Applying the Principles: food Aversions in Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy
56
1
Temporal Relation: between the CS and the US
57
3
Delay Conditioning
58
1
Simultaneous Conditioning
59
1
Temporal Conditioning
59
1
Backward Conditioning
59
1
Other Variables Affecting Pavlovian Conditioning
60
4
The CS and the US
60
1
Qualitative Relations between CS and US
61
3
Constraints on Learning
64
5
Unbiased Environments
64
2
Unbiased Environments and Substitutability
66
3
Summary
69
1
Pavlovian Conditioning: Causal Factors
70
21
Necessary Condition: for Pavlovian Conditioning
71
6
Contingency
71
3
Locating the US in Time
74
2
Informativeness, Redundancy, and Blocking
76
1
Applying the Principles: Predictiveness, Fear, and Anxiety
77
3
Pavlovian Conditioning and Inhibition
80
3
Inhibition in the Nervous System
80
1
Conditioned Inhibition of Behavior
81
1
Detecting Inhibition
82
1
External Inhibition and Disinhibition
82
1
Indirect Measures of Inhibition
82
1
Direct Measures of Inhibition
83
1
Condition: Producing Inhibition
83
4
Extinction
83
1
Conditioned Inhibition Training
84
1
Negative Contingency Training
84
1
Inhibition of Delay
85
1
Discrimination and Generalization
85
1
Excitatory and Inhibitory Generalization Gradients
85
2
Backward Conditioning
87
1
Necessary Condition: for Inhibition
87
1
Applying the Principles: Experimental Neurosis
88
1
Summary
89
2
Pavlovian Conditioning: Explanations
91
18
The Rescorla-Wagner Theory
92
5
Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Compound Stimuli
93
1
Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Contingency
94
1
Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Inhibition
95
1
A Surprising Prediction
96
1
Conditioning and Changes in CS Effectiveness
97
3
Latent Inhibition
97
2
Learned Irrelevance
99
1
Another Look at Blocking
99
1
Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms Underlying Changes in CS Processing
100
3
Surprise and CS Salience
103
1
Psychological Status of the Rescorla-Wagner Theory
103
1
Rehearsal and Conditioning
103
2
Blocking
105
1
Effects of Single Event Exposure on Conditioning
105
1
CS Preexposure (Latent Inhibition)
105
1
US Preexposure
105
1
Theories of Extinction
106
2
Summary
108
1
Pavlovian Conditioning: Storage and Response Output
109
23
What Is Learned in Conditioning?
109
5
Manipulating Representations
113
1
Neuroscience and Learning: A Neural Distinction between URs and CRs
114
2
Conditioned Inhibition: What Is Learned?
116
2
The Pavlovian Conditioned Response (CR)
118
1
The Adaptive Function of the Conditioned Response
119
2
CRs That Oppose URs
121
1
Opponent Process Theory
122
2
Challenges to the Conditioned Opponent Model
124
1
Role of Conditioning in Human Drug Abuse
125
1
Using Conditioning Principles to Treat Addiction
126
3
Extinction
126
1
Counterconditioning
127
2
Competing Response Training
129
1
Association: The Process Unifying Diverse CRs
129
1
Summary
130
2
PART II Behavior-Event Learning: Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning: Basic Phenomena
132
33
The Law of Effect
133
1
The Behavior-Consequence Relation
134
1
Some Methodological Issues
134
5
Measuring the Operant Response
135
1
The Conditioning Chamber
135
2
What Is Operant Behavior?
137
1
Which Operant Behaviors Should Be Studied?
138
1
Conditioning and Extinction
139
1
Creating Behavioral Units
140
2
The Form of the Behavioral Unit
141
1
Constrained Operant-Reinforcer Learning
142
2
The Dancing Chicken
143
1
The Miserly Raccoon
143
1
Applying the Principles: Shaping New Behavior
144
2
The Nature of Reinforcement
146
1
Reinforcer Relativity
146
1
Applying the Principles: Eliminating Behavior
147
3
Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms of Reward
150
3
Conditioned Reinforcement
153
5
Establishing a Conditioned Reinforcer--Predictiveness
153
1
Observing Responses
154
2
Token Reinforcers
156
2
The Function: of Conditioned Reinforcers
158
1
Applications of Token Reinforcement
158
1
Applying the Principles: Token Reinforcement in Education
159
1
Negative Side Effects of Reinforcement?
160
3
Summary
163
2
Operant Conditioning: Causal Factors and Explanations
165
21
What Produces Conditioning: Contiguity or Contingency?
166
5
Evidence for Contiguity
166
1
Superstition
167
1
Another Look at Superstition
168
1
Another Look at Contiguity and Conditioning
169
2
Contingency Learning
171
4
Contingency Learning in Infants
173
1
Learned Helplessness
174
1
Applying the Principles: Learned Helplessness and Depression
175
3
Contingency Learning in General
178
4
How Do Animals Form Contingency Judgments?
179
3
Operant Conditioning: What Is Learned?
182
3
Response-Reinforcer Learning
183
1
Stimulus-Reinforcer Learning
184
1
Stimulus-Response Associations
185
1
Summary
185
1
Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment and Avoidance
186
29
Conditioned Suppression
187
1
Punishment
188
1
The Effectiveness Of Punishment
189
6
Does Punishment Work?
190
1
Maximizing the Effects of Punishment
191
2
Punishment and General Suppression
193
2
Applying the Principles: Effectiveness of Punishment
195
2
Negativity of Punishment
197
1
Avoidance Behavior
197
2
Discrete-Trial Signaled Avoidance
198
1
Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms of Avoidance Learning
199
3
Shock Postponement
201
1
Theories of Aversive Control
202
10
Two-Factor Theory
203
4
Operant Theory
207
1
Cognitive Theory
208
2
Biological Theory
210
2
Applying the Principles: Eliminating Avoidance Behavior
212
1
Summary
213
2
The Maintenance of Behavior: Intermittent Reinforcement, Choice, and Economics
215
32
Schedules of Intermittent Reinforcement
217
1
Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedules
217
1
Variable-Interval (VI) Schedules
217
1
Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedules
218
1
Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedules
218
1
Can Schedules Of Reinforcement Maintain Behavior?
218
1
Patterns of Behavior Maintained by Reinforcement Schedules
219
2
Schedules of Reinforcement in the Natural Environment
221
3
Fixed Ratios
221
1
Variable Ratios
222
1
Variable Intervals
222
1
Fixed Intervals
222
2
The Study of Choice: Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement
224
7
The Matching Law
225
1
The Matching Law in Operation
226
5
Applying the Principles: Procrastination
231
3
Matching and Maximizing
232
2
Neuroscience and Learning: Electrical Brain Stimulation Can Be Used to Study Choice Behavior and Matching
234
3
Choice and Foraging
236
1
Operant Behavior and Economics
237
7
The Concept of Demand
238
2
Demand and Income
240
1
Substitutability of Commodities
241
1
Open and Closed Economic Systems
242
2
Summary
244
3
PART III Complex Learning Processes
Stimulus Control of Operant Behavior
247
28
Pervasiveness of Stimulus Control Phenomena
248
1
Discrimination and Generalization
249
1
Procedure: for Studying Stimulus Control
250
3
The Process of Discrimination
253
8
Predictiveness and Redundancy
253
2
Discrimination Training as a Stimulus Selector
255
1
Discrimination Training and Incidental Stimuli
256
3
Attention in Discrimination Learning
259
2
The Process of Generalization: Excitation and Inhibition
261
1
The Peak Shift
261
1
Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms of Auditory Discrimination Learning
262
7
Transportation and the Nature of Perceptual Judgment
265
4
Compound Stimulus Control
269
4
Configural Stimulus Control
270
1
Positive Patterning
271
1
Negative Patterning
272
1
Biconditional Discrimination
272
1
Summary
273
2
Interactions between Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning
275
23
Distinguishing Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning
276
7
Operant Conditioning of Reflexive Responses
278
1
Pavlovian Conditioning of Voluntary Behavior
279
1
The Omission Procedure
280
3
Pavlovian Contingencies and Operant Behavior
283
6
Types of Pavlovian-Operant Combinations
285
2
Studies of Pavlovian Contingencies and Operant Behavior
287
2
Pavlovian Conditioned States as Information
289
1
Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning: One Underlying Process?
290
6
Competition between Operant Responses and Pavlovian CSs
291
2
Occasion Setting in Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning
293
3
Summary
296
2
Behavior and Conceptualization
298
20
Discrimination and Generalization In a New Light
299
1
From Discrimination and Generalization to Conceptualization
300
2
Natural Concepts
302
5
Presence versus Absence of Objects from Natural Concepts
302
1
Discriminating Objects in Multiple Natural Concepts
303
4
Conceptualization Via Primary or Secondary Generalization
307
3
Nonsimilarity-based Conceptualization by Pigeons
308
1
Joint Category Learning by Pigeons
308
2
Abstract Concepts
310
7
Matching-to-sample by Pigeons
311
1
Oddity Learning by Pigeons
312
3
Same-different Learning by Pigeons
315
2
Summary
317
1
Memory and Cognition
318
38
Remembering and Language
320
1
Remembering and Knowing
321
1
Delayed Matching-to-Sample
321
14
Basic Methods and Findings
323
3
Trace Theory
326
2
Complexity and Flexibility of Memory
328
7
Memory Loss?
335
1
Selective Attention
336
3
Spatial Memory
339
5
Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms of Spatial Learning
344
2
Control By Time
346
5
Control By Number
351
3
Summary
354
2
Human Learning and Cognition: Learning about Causes
356
Conditioning and Causation
357
1
Causality Detection
357
2
David Hume and Causality
357
1
Causation as a Psychological Impression
358
1
Conditions of Causation
358
1
A Mechanical Model of Causality Perception
358
1
Factors that Affect Causal Judgments
358
1
Comparative Psychology of Causal Association
359
1
Empirical Investigations of Human Causality Detection
359
7
Contingency
359
7
Applying the Principles: Inhibition in Human Contingency Judgments
366
2
Reconciling Disparate Results
366
1
Temporal Contiguity
367
1
Applying the Principles: The Illusion of Control
368
7
Cue Competition
371
4
Applying the Principles: Blocking in Human Learning
375
1
Learning and Cognition: A Theoretical Perspective
376
1
Applying the Principles: Why People Believe Weird Things
377
1
Summary
378
References
1
32
Credits
33
2
Name Index
35
6
Subject Index
41