search for books and compare prices
Tables of Contents for Psychology of Learning and Behavior
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xvii
1 Human Nature, Science, and Behavior Theory
3
30
UNDERSTANDING
4
1
UNDERSTANDING AND SCIENCE
5
3
Causes, Generalizations, and Laws
6
2
EXPERIMENTATION: THE TOOL OF SCIENCE
8
2
SCIENCE AND HUMAN NATURE
10
2
PSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR THEORY, AND LEARNING
12
3
PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND OF BEHAVIOR THEORY
15
2
Descartes and Hobbes: Man as Machine
15
2
Associationism
17
1
BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF BEHAVIOR THEORY
18
3
Darwin and Evolution
19
2
THE EMERGENCE OF BEHAVIOR THEORY
21
6
Single Event Learning: Habituation
22
1
Event-Event Learning: Pavlovian Conditioning
23
1
Behavior-Event Learning: Operant Conditioning
24
3
LEARNING ABOUT HUMANS BY STUDYING ANIMALS
27
1
SUMMARY
28
5
PART I Event Learning: Habituation and Pavlovian Conditioning
33
138
2 Single Event Learning: Habituation
33
23
SEPARATING HABITUATION FROM FATIGUE OR SENSORY DAMAGE
34
4
Evidence for a Learning Explanation
36
2
APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: RESPONSE RECOVERY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
38
1
CONDITIONS THAT PRODUCE HABITUATION
38
4
MECHANISMS OF HABITUATION
42
1
DUAL PROCESS THEORIES
42
7
The Structure of Neural Circuits
45
1
Using Neural Circuits to Understand Habituation
46
3
A MEMORY THEORY OF HABITUATION
49
5
SUMMARY
54
2
3 Pavlovian Conditioning: Basic Phenomena
56
30
THE CLASSIC CONDITIONING EXPERIMENT
58
1
ACQUISITION AND EXTINCTION
59
1
THE SCOPE OF PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING RESEARCH
60
6
Eyeblink Conditioning
60
1
Conditioned Fear
60
3
Conditioned Keypecking
63
2
Taste Aversion Learning
65
1
APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: CAUSES AND TREATMENTS OF PHOBIA
66
2
Pavlovian Treatment of Phobias: Flooding
66
1
Pavlovian Treatment of Phobias: Systematic Desensitization
67
1
APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: FOOD AVERSIONS IN CANCER PATIENTS RECEIVING CHEMOTHERAPY
68
1
THE NEED FOR CONTROL PROCEDURES IN STUDIES OF PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING
68
2
TEMPORAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE CS AND THE US
70
4
Delay Conditioning
71
1
Simultaneous Conditioning
72
1
Temporal Conditioning
72
1
Backward Conditioning
73
1
OTHER VARIABLES AFFECTING PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING
74
5
The CS and the US
74
1
Qualitative Relations between CS and US
75
4
CONSTRAINTS ON LEARNING
79
6
Unbiased Environments
80
2
Unbiased Environments and Substitutability
82
3
SUMMARY
85
1
4 Pavlovian Conditioning: Causal Factors
86
27
NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING
87
9
Contingency
88
4
Locating the US in Time
92
1
Informativeness, Redundancy, and Blocking
93
3
APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: PREDICTIVENESS, FEAR, AND ANXIETY
96
3
Blocking in Human Learning
96
3
PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING AND INHIBITION
99
4
Inhibition in the Nervous System
100
1
Conditioned Inhibition of Behavior
100
1
Detecting Inhibition
101
1
External Inhibition and Disinhibition
101
1
Stimulus Compound Tests
102
1
Direct Measures of Inhibition
102
1
CONDITIONS PRODUCING INHIBITION
103
5
Extinction
103
1
Conditioned Inhibition Training
104
1
Negative Contingency Training
105
1
Inhibition of Delay
105
1
Discrimination and Generalization
105
1
Excitatory and Inhibitory Generalization Gradients
106
2
Backward Conditioning
108
1
NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR INHIBITION
108
1
INHIBITION IN HUMAN CONTINGENCY JUDGMENTS
109
1
APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: EXPERIMENTAL NEUROSIS
110
1
SUMMARY
110
3
5 Pavlovian Conditioning: Explanations
113
24
THE RESCORLA-WAGNER THEORY
114
7
Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Compound Stimuli
116
1
Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Contingency
117
2
Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Inhibition
119
1
A Surprising Prediction
120
1
CONDITIONING AND CHANGES IN CS EFFECTIVENESS
121
3
Latent Inhibition
121
2
Learned Irrelevance
123
1
Another Look at Blocking
123
1
Surprise and CS Salience
124
1
PSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE RESCORLA-WAGNER THEORY
124
1
REHEARSAL AND CONDITIONING
125
2
Blocking
127
1
EFFECTS OF SINGLE EVENT EXPOSURE ON CONDITIONING
127
2
CS Preexposure (Latent Inhibition)
127
1
US Preexposure
127
2
A NEURAL MODEL OF CONDITIONING
129
4
THEORIES OF EXTINCTION
133
3
SUMMARY
136
1
6 Pavlovian Conditioning: Storage and Response Output
137
23
WHAT IS LEARNED IN CONDITIONING?
137
5
Manipulating Representations
141
1
CONDITIONED INHIBITION: WHAT IS LEARNED?
142
3
THE PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)
145
1
THE ADAPTIVE FUNCTION OF THE CONDITIONED RESPONSE
146
1
CRs THAT OPPOSE URs
147
2
OPPONENT PROCESS THEORY
149
3
CHALLENGES TO THE CONDITIONED OPPONENT MODEL
152
1
ROLE OF CONDITIONING IN HUMAN DRUG ABUSE
153
1
USING CONDITIONING PRINCIPLES TO TREAT ADDICTION
154
4
Extinction
154
1
Counterconditioning
155
2
Competing Response Training
157
1
ASSOCIATION: THE PROCESS UNIFYING DIVERSE CRs
158
1
SUMMARY
158
2
PART I Event Learning: Habituation and Pavlovian Conditioning Review Section
160
11
PART II Behavior-Event Learning: Operant Conditioning
171
140
7 Operant Conditioning: Basic Phenomena
171
37
THE LAW OF EFFECT
172
1
THE BEHAVIOR-CONSEQUENCE RELATION
173
1
SOME METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
174
5
Measuring the Operant Response
175
1
The Conditioning Chamber
175
1
What Is Operant Behavior?
176
2
Which Operant Behaviors Should Be Studied?
178
1
CONDITIONING AND EXTINCTION
179
2
CREATING BEHAVIORAL UNITS
181
2
The Form of the Behavioral Unit
182
1
CONSTRAINED OPERANT-REINFORCER LEARNING
183
3
The Dancing Chicken
185
1
The Miserly Raccoon
185
1
APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: SHAPING NEW BEHAVIOR
186
1
THE NATURE OF REINFORCEMENT
187
1
APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: ELIMINATING BEHAVIOR
188
4
Reinforcer Relativity
190
2
CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT
192
7
Establishing a Conditioned Reinforcer--Predictiveness
193
1
Observing Responses
194
3
Token Reinforcers
197
2
THE FUNCTIONS OF CONDITIONED REINFORCERS
199
1
APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: TOKEN REINFORCEMENT IN EDUCATION
200
1
APPLICATIONS OF TOKEN REINFORCEMENT
200
1
NEGATIVE SIDE EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT?
201
4
SUMMARY
205
3
8 Operant Conditioning: Causal Factors and Explanations
208
23
WHAT PRODUCES CONDITIONING: CONTIGUITY OR CONTINGENCY?
208
5
Evidence for Contiguity
209
1
Superstition
210
1
Another Look at Superstition
211
2
CONTINGENCY LEARNING
213
3
Contingency Learning in Infants
214
1
Learned Helplessness
215
1
APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: LEARNED HELPLESSNESS AND DEPRESSION
216
3
CONTINGENCY LEARNING IN GENERAL
219
7
How Do Animals Form Contingency Judgments?
221
4
How Do Humans Form Contingency Judgments?
225
1
OPERANT CONDITIONING: WHAT IS LEARNED?
226
3
Response-Reinforcer Learning
227
1
Stimulus-Reinforcer Learning
228
1
Stimulus-Response Associations
228
1
SUMMARY
229
2
9 Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment and Avoidance
231
34
CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION
232
2
PUNISHMENT
234
2
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUNISHMENT
236
6
Does Punishment Work?
236
2
Maximizing the Effects of Punishment
238
2
Punishment and General Suppression
240
2
APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: EFFECTIVENESS OF PUNISHMENT
242
3
Negativity of Punishment
244
1
AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR
245
3
Discrete-Trial Signaled Avoidance
245
2
Shock Postponement
247
1
THEORIES OF AVERSIVE CONTROL
248
12
Two-Factor Theory
249
6
Operant Theory
255
2
Cognitive Theory
257
2
Biological Theory
259
1
APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES: ELIMINATING AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR
260
3
SUMMARY
263
2
10 The Maintenance of Behavior: Intermittent Reinforcement, Choice, and Economics
265
35
SCHEDULES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT
267
2
Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedules
268
1
Variable-Interval (VI) Schedules
268
1
Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedules
268
1
Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedules
269
1
CAN SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT MAINTAIN BEHAVIOR?
269
1
PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR MAINTAINED BY REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES
270
2
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
272
4
Fixed Ratios
272
1
Variable Ratios
273
1
Variable Intervals
274
1
Fixed Intervals
274
2
THE STUDY OF CHOICE: CONCURRENT SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
276
13
The Matching Law
277
2
The Matching Law in Operation
279
6
Matching and Maximizing
285
3
Choice and Foraging
288
1
OPERANT BEHAVIOR AND ECONOMICS
289
9
The Concept of Demand
290
3
Demand and Income
293
1
Substitutability of Commodities
294
1
Open and Closed Economic Systems
295
3
SUMMARY
298
2
PART II Behavior-Event Learning: Operant Conditioning Review Section
300
11
PART III Complex Learning Processes
311
80
11 Stimulus Control of Operant Behavior
311
48
PERVASIVENESS OF STIMULUS CONTROL PHENOMENA
312
1
DISCRIMINATION AND GENERALIZATION
313
2
PROCEDURES FOR STUDYING STIMULUS CONTROL
315
3
THE PROCESS OF DISCRIMINATION
318
11
Predictiveness and Redundancy
320
2
Discrimination Training as a Stimulus Selector
322
2
Discrimination Training and Incidental Stimuli
324
3
Transfer of Training
327
2
THE PROCESS OF GENERALIZATION: EXCITATION AND INHIBITION
329
9
The Peak Shift
330
2
Transposition and the Nature of Perceptual Judgment
332
6
CONCEPTS
338
9
Abstract Concepts
341
1
Natural Concepts
342
5
BEHAVIOR THEORY AND MEMORY
347
7
Remembering and Knowing
348
1
Delayed Matching-to-Sample
349
2
Working Memory as Active
351
3
SPATIAL MEMORY AND COGNITIVE MAPS
354
3
SUMMARY
357
2
12 Interactions between Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning
359
27
DISTINGUISHING PAVLOVIAN AND OPERANT CONDITIONING
360
9
Operant Conditioning of Reflexes
363
1
Pavlovian Conditioning of Voluntary Behavior
363
3
The Omission Procedure
366
3
PAVLOVIAN CONTINGENCIES AND OPERANT BEHAVIOR
369
7
Types of Pavlovian-Operant Combinations
370
3
Studies of Pavlovian Contingencies and Operant Behavior
373
3
PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONED STATES AS INFORMATION
376
1
PAVLOVIAN AND OPERANT CONDITIONING: ONE UNDERLYING PROCESS?
377
6
Competition between Operant Responses and Pavlovian CSs
378
2
Occasion Setting in Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning
380
3
SUMMARY
383
3
PART III Complex Learning Processes Review Section
386
5
References
391
36
Credits and Permissions
427
2
Name Index
429
4
Subject Index
433