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Tables of Contents for Handbook of Physics
Time8
1
Length, area, volume9
2
Angle11
1
Mechanical systems12
2
Motion in one dimension
14
8
Velocity14
3
Acceleration17
2
Simple motion in one dimension19
3
Motion in several dimensions
22
9
Velocity vector23
2
Acceleration vector25
3
Free-fall and projectile motion28
3
Angular velocity32
1
Angular acceleration33
1
Orbital velocity34
3
Fundamental laws of dynamics
37
16
Mass and momentum37
3
Newton's laws40
8
Orbital angular momentum48
2
Torque50
2
The fundamental law of rotational dynamics52
1
Weight53
1
Spring torsion forces54
2
Frictional forces56
3
Inertial forces in rotating reference systems
59
4
Centripetal and centrifugal forces60
2
Coriolis force62
1
Work63
2
Energy65
1
Kinetic energy66
1
Potential energy67
3
Frictional work70
1
Efficiency71
1
Elastic straight-line central collisions74
2
Elastic off-center central collisions76
1
Elastic non-central collision with a body at rest76
2
Inelastic collisions78
1
Thrust79
2
Rocket equation81
1
Systems of point masses
82
4
Equations of motion82
2
Momentum conservation law84
1
Angular momentum conservation law85
1
Energy conservation law86
1
Lagrange's and Hamilton's equations
86
7
Lagrange's equations and Hamilton's principle86
3
Hamilton's equations89
4
Density93
1
Center of mass94
2
Basic kinematic quantities96
1
Force vectors98
2
Torque100
1
Couples101
2
Equilibrium conditions of statics103
1
Technical mechanics104
2
Machines106
5
Moment of inertia and angular momentum
111
7
Moment of inertia111
5
Angular momentum116
2
Work, energy and power
118
3
Kinetic energy119
1
Torsional potential energy120
1
Theory of the gyroscope
121
8
Tensor of inertia121
3
Nutation and precession124
3
Applications of gyroscopes127
2
Gravitation and the theory of relativity
129
24
Law of gravitation129
2
Planetary motion131
2
Planetary system133
4
Special theory of relativity
137
11
Principle of relativity137
3
Lorentz transformation140
4
Relativistic effects144
1
Relativistic dynamics145
3
General theory of relativity and cosmology
148
5
Stars and galaxies150
3
Mechanics of continuous media
153
58
Theory of elasticity
153
18
Stress153
3
Elastic deformation156
11
Plastic deformation167
4
Hydrostatics, aerostatics
171
15
Liquids and gases172
1
Pressure172
8
Buoyancy180
3
Cohesion, adhesion, surface tension183
3
Hydrodynamics, aerodynamics
186
25
Flow field186
1
Basic equations of ideal flow187
10
Real flow197
6
Turbulent flow203
3
Scaling laws206
3
Flow with density variation209
2
Nonlinear dynamics, chaos and fractals
211
18
Dynamical systems and chaos
212
9
Dynamical systems212
5
Conservative systems217
2
Dissipative systems219
2
Logistic mapping222
3
Universality225
1
Formula symbols used in mechanics
229
24
Solids231
6
Fluids237
1
Gases238
1
Dynamical properties
243
10
Coefficients of friction243
1
Compressibility244
4
Viscosity248
2
Flow resistance250
1
Surface tension251
2
Part II Vibrations and Waves
253
154
Free undamped vibrations
257
11
Mass on a spring258
2
Standard pendulum260
3
Physical pendulum263
2
Torsional vibration265
1
Liquid pendulum266
1
Electric circuit267
1
Friction269
4
Damped electric oscillator circuit273
2
Superposition of vibrations
277
6
Superposition of vibrations of equal frequency277
2
Superposition of vibrations of different frequencies279
1
Superposition of vibrations in different directions and with different frequencies280
2
Fourier analysis, decomposition into harmonics282
1
Basic features of waves
287
1
Coherence294
1
Interference295
1
Standing waves296
3
Waves with different frequencies299
1
Mach waves and Mach shock waves302
1
Phase relations304
1
Diffraction by a slit306
1
Diffraction by a grating307
1
Surface waves and gravity waves
309
2
Sound velocity311
2
Parameters of sound313
4
Relative quantities317
2
Sources and receivers of sound
319
9
Mechanical sound emitters319
2
Electro-acoustic transducers321
3
Sound absorption324
3
Sound attenuation327
1
Flow noise328
1
Physiological acoustics and hearing
329
2
Perception of sound330
1
Evaluated sound levels331
1
Optical imaging---fundamental concepts338
3
Reflection341
4
Refraction345
13
Thick lenses358
6
Thin lenses364
1
Lenses with diaphragms365
1
Image defects366
2
Pinhole camera369
1
Camera369
1
Eye370
2
Eye and optical instruments372
4
Scattering376
1
Diffraction and limitation of resolution377
2
Refraction in the wave picture379
1
Interference380
4
Diffractive optical elements384
5
Dispersion389
1
Spectroscopic apparatus390
1
Polarization of light391
4
Photometric quantities396
7
Photometric quantities403
4
Symbols used in formulae on vibrations, waves, arcoustics and optics
407
12
Tables on vibrations, waves,acoustics and optics
409
10
Tables on vibrations and acoustics
409
5
Part III Electricity
419
174
Charges and currents
421
18
Coulomb's law423
1
Electric charge density
424
2
Ampere's law428
1
Electric current density
428
3
Electric current flow field430
1
Electric resistance and conductance
431
8
Electric resistance431
1
Electric conductance432
1
Resistivity and conductivity432
1
Mobility of charge carriers433
1
Temperature dependence of the resistance434
1
Variable resistors435
1
Connection of resistors436
3
Electric and magnetic fields
439
62
Electrostatic induction
440
5
Electric field lines441
3
Electric field strength of point charges444
1
Equipotential surfaces448
1
Field strength and potential of various charge distributions448
3
Electric flux451
2
Electric displacement in a vacuum453
1
Electric polarization
454
3
Dielectric456
1
Parallel-plate capacitor458
1
Parallel connection of capacitors458
1
Series connection of capacitors459
1
Capacitance of simple arrangements of conductors459
1
Energy and energy density of the electric field
460
1
Electric field at interfaces
461
1
Magnetic field lines463
2
Magnetic flux density
465
2
Magnetic field strength
469
1
Magnetic potential difference and magnetic circuits
470
8
Ampere's law472
2
Biot-Savart's law474
2
Magnetic field of a rectilinear conductor476
1
Magnetic fields of various current distributions477
1
Matter in magnetic fields
478
6
Diamagnetism480
1
Paramagnetism480
1
Ferromagnetism481
2
Antiferromagnetism483
1
Ferrimagnetism484
1
Magnetic fields at interfaces
484
1
Faraday's law of induction486
1
Transformer induction487
1
Inductances of geometric arrangements of conductors490
1
Magnetic conductance491
1
Mutual induction
492
Transformer493
Energy and energy density of the magnetic field
494
2
Displacement current497
1
Electromagnetic waves498
2
Poynting vector500
1
Application in electrical engineering
501
50
Direct-current circuit
502
12
Kirchhoff's laws for direct-current circuit503
1
Resistors in a direct-current circuit503
2
Real voltage source505
2
Power and energy in the direct-current circuit507
1
Matching for power transfer508
1
Measurement of current and voltage509
1
Resistance measurement by means of the compensation method510
1
Charging and discharging of capacitors511
2
Switching the current on and off in a RL-circuit513
1
Alternating-current circuit
514
30
Alternating quantities514
3
Representation of sinusoidal quantities in a phasor diagram517
2
Calculation rules for phasor quantities519
3
Basics of alternating-current engineering522
7
Basic components in the alternating-current circuit529
5
Series connection of resistor and capacitor534
1
Parallel connection of a resistor and a capacitor535
1
Parallel connection of a resistor and an inductor536
1
Series connection of a resistor and an inductor536
2
Series-resonant circuit538
1
Parallel-resonant circuit539
2
Equivalence of series and parallel connections541
1
Radio waves542
2
Fundamental functional principle544
1
Direct-current machine545
2
Three-phase machine547
4
Current conduction in liquids, gases and vacuum
551
22
Amount of substance551
1
Ions552
1
Electrodes552
1
Electrolytes552
5
Galvanic cells557
3
Electrokinetic effects560
1
Current conduction in gases
560
5
Non-self-sustained discharge560
3
Self-sustained gaseous discharge563
2
Thermo-ionic emission565
1
Photo emission565
1
Field emission566
1
Secondary electron emission567
1
Vacuum-tube diode568
1
Vacuum-tube triode568
3
Tetrode571
1
Cathode rays571
1
Channel rays571
2
Properties of a plasma
573
13
Plasma parameters573
7
Plasma radiation580
1
Plasmas in magnetic fields581
2
Plasma waves583
3
Generation of plasmas
586
2
Thermal generation of plasma586
1
Generation of plasma by compression586
2
Energy production with plasmas
588
5
MHD generator588
1
Nuclear fusion reactors589
1
Fusion with magnetic confinement590
1
Fusion with inertial confinement591
2
Symbols used in formulae on electricity and plasma physics
593
28
Tables on electricity
595
26
Specific electric resistance595
3
Electrochemical potential series598
3
Practical tables of electric engineering
606
3
Ferromagnetic properties
614
5
Magnetic anisotropy617
2
Part IV Thermodynamics
621
150
Equilibrium and state variables
623
52
Systems, phases and equilibrium
623
4
Systems623
1
Phases624
1
Equilibrium625
2
State property definitions627
2
Temperature629
5
Pressure634
3
Particle number, amount of substance and Avogadro number637
3
Entropy640
1
Thermodynamic potentials
641
9
Principle of maximum entropy---principle of minimum energy641
1
Internal energy as a potential641
1
Entropy as a thermodynamic potential642
1
Free energy643
1
Enthaply644
3
Free enthalpy647
1
Maxwell relations648
1
Thermodynamic stability649
1
Boyle-Mariotte law651
1
Law of Gay-Lussac651
1
Equation of state652
1
Kinetic theory of the ideal gas
653
8
Pressure and temperature653
2
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution655
2
Degrees of freedom657
1
Equipartition law657
1
Transport processes658
3
Equation of state of the ideal gas661
4
Equation of state of real gases665
6
Equation of states for liquids and solids671
4
Heat, conversion of energy and changes of state
675
42
Energy units675
1
Work676
1
Chemical potential677
1
Heat678
1
Conversion of equivalent energies into heat679
4
Conversion of heat into other forms of energy683
1
Exergy and anergy683
1
Total heat capacity684
2
Molar heat capacity686
1
Specific heat capacity687
4
Reversible and irreversible processes691
1
Isothermal processes692
1
Isobaric processes693
1
Isochoric processes694
1
Adiabatic (isentropic) processes695
2
Equilibrium states697
1
Laws of thermodynamics
698
4
Zeroth law of thermodynamics698
1
First law of thermodynamics698
3
Second law of thermodynamics701
1
Third law of thermodynamics702
1
Principle and application702
3
Reduced heat705
1
Thermodynamics machines
706
8
Right-handed and left-handed processes706
1
Heat pump and refrigerator707
1
Stirling cycle708
1
Steam engine709
1
Open systems710
1
Otto and Diesel engines711
2
Gas turbines713
1
Generation of low temperatures714
1
Joule-Thomson effect715
2
Phase transitions, reactions and equalizing of heat
717
54
Phase and state of aggregation
717
3
Phase717
1
Aggregation states717
1
Conversions of aggregation states718
1
Vapor719
1
Order of phase transitions
720
4
First-order phase transition720
1
Second-order phase transition721
1
Lambda transitions722
1
Phase-coexistence region722
1
Critical indices723
1
Phase transition and Van der Waals gas
724
3
Phase equilibrium724
1
Maxwell construction724
2
Delayed boiling and delayed condensation726
1
Theorem of corresponding states727
1
Examples of phase transitions
727
4
Magnetic phase transitions727
1
Order-disorder phase transitions728
1
Change in the crystal structure729
1
Liquid crystals730
1
Superconductivity730
1
Superfluidity731
1
Partial pressure and Dalton's law732
1
Euler equation and Gibbs-Duhem relation733
1
Phase equilibrium734
1
Gibbs phase rule734
1
Clausius-Clapeyron equation735
1
Vapor pressure of solutions
736
6
Raoult's law736
1
Boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression736
2
Henry-Dalton law738
1
Steam-air mixtures (humid air)738
4
Stoichiometry743
1
Phase rule for chemical reactions744
1
Law of mass action744
2
pH-value and solubility product746
2
Equalization of temperature
748
2
Mixing temperature of two systems748
1
Reversible and irreversible processes749
1
Heat flow751
1
Heat transfer751
2
Heat conduction753
4
Thermal resistance757
2
Heat transmission759
5
Heat radiation764
1
Deposition of radiation764
2
Transport of heat and mass
766
5
Fourier's law766
1
Continuity equation766
1
Heat conduction equation767
1
Fick's law and diffusion equation768
1
Solution of the equation of heat conduction and diffusion769
2
Formula symbols used in thermodynamics
771
44
Tables on thermodynamics
775
40
Characteristic temperatures
775
12
Units and calibration points775
2
Melting and boiling points777
9
Curie and Neel temperatures786
1
Characteristics of real gases
787
1
Thermal properties of substances
788
7
Viscosity788
1
Expansion, heat capacity and thermal conductivity789
6
Practical correction data
798
6
Pressure measurement798
5
Volume measurements---conversion to standard temperature803
1
Generation of liquid low-temperature baths
804
1
Solutions806
1
Relative humidity806
1
Vapor pressure of water807
2
Part V Quantum physics
815
250
Photons, electromagnetic radiation and light quanta
817
8
Planck's radiation law
817
3
Matter waves---wave mechanics of particles
825
26
Wave character of particles
825
2
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
827
1
Wave function and observable
827
8
Piecewise constant potentials837
4
Harmonic oscillator841
2
Pauli principle843
1
Spin and magnetic moments
844
7
Spin844
3
Magnetic moments847
4
Atomic and molecular physics
851
32
Fundamentals of spectroscopy
851
3
Bohr's postulates855
4
Stationary states and quantum numbers in the central field
859
5
Applications of x-rays870
1
Atoms in external fields
874
3
Periodic Table of elements
877
2
Interaction of photons with atoms and molecules
879
4
Spontaneous and induced emission879
4
Elementary particle physics---standard model
883
24
Unification of interactions
883
8
Standard model883
4
Field quanta or gauge bosons887
2
Fermions and bosons889
2
Leptons, quarks, and vector bosons
891
9
Leptons891
1
Quarks892
2
Hadrons894
4
Accelerators and detectors898
2
Symmetries and conservation laws
900
7
Parity conservation and the weak interaction900
1
Charge conservation and pair production901
1
Charge conjugation and antiparticles902
1
Time-reversal invariance and inverse reactions903
1
Conservation laws903
1
Beyond the standard model904
3
Constituents of the atomic nucleus
907
3
Basic quantities of the atomic nucleus
910
2
Nucleon-nucleon interaction
912
3
Phenomenologic nucleon-nucleon potentials912
2
Meson exchange potentials914
1
Fermi-gas model915
1
Nuclear matter915
1
Droplet model916
1
Shell model917
3
Collective model920
2
Reaction channels and cross-sections922
4
Conservation laws in nuclear reactions926
2
Elastic scattering928
1
Compound-nuclear reactions929
2
Optical model931
1
Direct reactions931
1
Heavy-ion reactions932
3
Nuclear fission935
2
Decay law938
3
α-decay941
2
β-decay943
3
γ-decay946
1
Emission of nucleons and nucleon clusters947
1
Types of reactors949
1
Interaction of radiation with matter
953
5
Ionizing particles953
3
γ-radiation956
2
Methods of dosage measurements962
2
Environmental radioactivity964
3
Structure of solid bodies
967
12
Basic concepts of solid-state physics967
1
Structure of crystals968
2
Bravais lattices970
4
Methods for structure investigation974
2
Bond relations in crystals976
3
Point defects979
2
One-dimensional defects981
1
Two-dimensional lattice defects982
1
Amorphous solids983
1
Mechanical properties of materials
984
7
Macromolecular solids984
3
Compound materials987
1
Alloys988
2
Liquid crystals990
1
Phonons and lattice vibrations
991
9
Elastic waves991
4
Phonons and specific heat capacity995
1
Einstein model996
1
Debye model997
2
Heat conduction999
1
Electrons in solids
1000
11
Free-electron gas1001
6
Band model1007
4
Extrinsic conduction1014
2
Semiconductor diode1016
7
Transistor1023
7
Unipolar (field effect) transistors1030
2
Thyristor1032
2
Integrated circuits (IC)1034
3
Operational amplifiers1037
5
Fundamental properties of superconductivity1043
4
High-temperature superconductors1047
2
Ferromagnetism1052
2
Antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism1054
1
Dielectric properties
1055
5
Para-electric materials1059
1
Ferroelectrics1059
1
Optical properties of crystals
1060
5
Excitons and their properties1061
1
Photoconductivity1062
1
Luminescence1063
1
Optoelectronic properties1063
2
Formula symbols used in quantum physics
1065
30
Tables in quantum physics
1071
24
Ionization potentials
1071
7
Atomic and ionic radii of elements
1078
4
Interaction of radiation with matter
1088
1
Thermal, magnetic and electric properties of semiconductors1093
2
Measurements and measurement errors
1097
18
Description of measurements
1097
3
Quantities and SI units1097
3
Error theory and statistics
1100
15
Types of errors1100
2
Mean values of runs1102
2
Variance1104
1
Correlation1105
1
Regression analysis1106
1
Rate distributions1106
5
Reliability1111
4
Vectors1115
1
Multiplication by a scalar1116
1
Addition and subtraction of vectors1117
1
Multiplication of vectors1117
4
Differential and integral calculus
1121
4
Differential calculus
1121
1
Differentiation rules1121
1
Integration rules1123
1
Derivatives and integrals of elementary functions
1124
1
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