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Tables of Contents for Legal Problems of International Economic Relations
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
iii
Acknowledgments
vii
Table Of Cases
xli
Table Of U.S. Administrative Decisions
xlv
Table Of GATT, CUSFTA and NAFTA Decisions
xlvii
Table Of Statutes and Constitutions
xlix
Table Of International Agreements
li
The Policies Underlying International Economic Relations
International Economic Relations and the Law
1
3
Interdependence and the Bretton Woods System
1
1
Overview and Structure of the Book
2
2
The Growth and Importance of International Trade
4
3
Economic Theory and International Economic Policy
7
24
Comparative Advantage and Gains From Trade
7
1
International Economics 17-21, 27, 33 (5th Ed. 1973)
8
4
Charles P. Kindleberger
Notes
12
2
Interference With Free Trade
14
1
Efficiency vs. Distribution
15
1
The Efficiency Case for Free Trade and the Consequences of Tariffs and Quotas
15
3
Arguments for Trade Restrictions
18
1
Some Popular Arguments
18
1
Trade Restrictions to Address Domestic Distortions
19
1
Current Issues in U.S. Trade Policies: An Overview
19
2
Alan V. Deardorff
Robert M. Stern
The ``Optimal Tariff'' Argument
21
1
Current Issues in U.S. Trade Policies: An Overview
21
1
Alan V. Deardorff
Robert M. Stern
Notes and Questions
22
1
Strategic Trade Policy and Its Extensions
22
1
Is Free Trade Passe?
22
6
Paul R. Krugman
Who's Bashing Whom? Trade Conflict in High Technology Industries 10-11, 13 (1992)
28
1
Laura D'andrea Tyson
Notes and Questions
29
1
The Political Economy of Trade Policy
30
1
Trade Policy and Economic Welfare 107-08 (1974)
30
1
W. M. Corden
Economic Theory and International Economic Policy-Continued
Notes and Questions
31
2
Mandatory Retaliation for Breach of Trade Agreements: Some Thoughts on the Strategic Design of Section 301
33
4
Alan O. Sykes
Foreign Policy Goals and International Trade Policy
37
7
War and Peace
37
1
Trade Policy and Foreign Policy
38
1
Richard N. Cooper
Other Foreign Policy Goals
39
1
Appendix. An Economic Analysis of Tariffs, Quotas and Subsidies
39
1
the International Economy 17-19, 175-77 (1985)
39
4
Peter B. Kenen
Notes
43
1
International Sales and Investment Transactions
Introduction
44
2
International Sales Transactions
46
27
Outline of the Transaction
46
2
The Sales Contract
48
1
General Considerations
48
2
The CIF Contract
50
1
Incoterms: CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight (Named Port of Destination)
51
3
Notes
54
1
The Contract of Carriage and the Bill of Lading
55
1
Export Trade: The Law and Practice of International Trade 561-62 (9th Ed. 1990)
55
2
Clive M. Schmihoff
Quaker Oats Co. v. M/v Torvanger
57
2
Notes
59
2
Financing Exports-The Letter of Credit
61
1
Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits
62
5
KMW International v. Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A.
67
3
Notes and Questions
70
3
Resolving International Commercial Disputes
73
8
Arbitration and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards
73
1
International Commercial Arbitration: A Comparison of Legal Regimes
74
3
Charles L. Evans
Robert W. Ellis
Alternatives to Litigation of International Disputes
77
1
Stephen C. Nelson
Note
78
1
Litigation and Enforcement of Judgments
78
1
Transnational Litigation in American Courts: An Overview of Problems and Issues
79
2
Robert B. Von Mehren
International Sales Problem
81
4
International Investment Transactions
85
6
National Controls on Investment
85
2
Alternatives to Investment
87
4
The United States Constitution and Regulation of International Economic Affairs
Introduction to Chapters 3 and 4
91
4
Law and World Economic Interdependence
92
2
John H. Jackson
Jean-victor Louis
Mitsuo Matsushita
Constitution of the United States of America
94
1
The United States Constitution and International Economic Relations
95
22
Introduction
95
3
The President's Inherent Foreign Affairs Powers
98
1
United States v. Curtiss-wright Export Corp.
98
3
Notes
101
5
Consumers Union of U.S., Inc. v. Kissinger
106
6
Notes and Questions
112
1
Congress and Control of International Economic Relations
112
1
The Constitution and Delegation of Authority by Congress
113
2
Note
115
1
Constitutional Limitations on Congressional Supervision of Delegated Powers
115
2
International Agreements and U.S. Law
117
17
Introduction-The Relevant Questions
117
1
Power to Enter Into International Agreements-Executive Agreements and the President's Power
117
2
Treaties and Congressional-executive or Presidential Agreements: Interchangeable Instruments of National Policy
119
1
Myres S. Mcdougal
Asher Lans
The Presidential Monopoly of Foreign Relations
120
1
Raoul Berger
U.S. Dept. of State, Foreign Affairs Manual Circular No. 175 (2d ed. 1985)
121
1
Notes and Questions
122
3
Domestic Legal Effect and Implementation of International Agreements in U.S. Law
125
1
Status of Treaties in Domestic Legal Systems
125
3
John H. Jackson
Self-Executing International Agreements
128
1
An Individual's Right to Invoke International Agreements; Standing
129
1
Hierarchy of Norms: Which Rules Take Precedence?
130
1
The Treaty Power and Domestic Legal Effect
131
1
Executive Agreements and Domestic Legal Effect
132
1
United States v. Belmont
132
1
Note
133
1
Trade Legislation in the United States: President and Congress Accommodate
134
17
Introduction
134
1
The President and Delegated International Economic Powers
134
1
The President's Emergency Powers
134
1
The President's Specific Delegated Powers
135
1
Judicial Control of Delegated Authorities
135
1
Note: Statutes Governing the Administrative Process as It Relates to International Economic Relations
136
1
The Administrative Procedure Act (APA)
137
1
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
137
1
The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
137
1
The Federal Advisory Committee Act
137
1
The United States Trade Acts and the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Program
138
1
History of U.S. Tariff Legislation
138
1
The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934
139
2
The Trade Act of 1974
141
1
The 1974 Trade Act and the Fast Track
142
1
The Trade Agreements Act of 1979
143
1
United States Law and Implementation of the Tokyo Round Negotiation
143
4
John H. Jackson
Notes and Questions
147
1
Subsequent U.S. Trade Acts and Trade Agreements
147
2
The Structure of U.S. Government for Conduct of Foreign Economic Relations
149
2
The Courts and Foreign Relations
151
11
Introduction
151
1
Judicial Review and Foreign Affairs
152
1
Chicago & Southern Air Lines, Inc. v. Waterman S.S. Corp.
152
3
Notes and Questions
155
2
Judicial Review of Administrative Action: The Problem of Standard of Review
157
1
Judicial Deference to Executive Precedent
157
1
Thomas W. Merrill
Federal Court Review of Administrative Trade Actions
158
1
The Court of International Trade
158
2
Judicial Review in International Trade Cases
160
1
Costs of Judicial Review
161
1
Scope of International ``Judicial'' Review
162
1
Federal-State Relations and International Economic Regulation
162
23
Introduction
162
1
Federal Constraints on Federal Powers to Regulate and Make Treaties Concerning International Economic Relations
163
1
United States Law and Implementation of the Tokyo Round Negotiation
163
1
John H. Jackson
Notes and Questions
164
1
State Regulation and Foreign Commerce
165
1
Introduction
165
1
Federal Action and Federal Rules that Clash With State Rules
165
1
Notes and Questions
165
1
Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. Board of Commrs.
165
3
Note
168
1
When the Federal Government Has Not Acted or Almost Not Acted (Dormant Commerce Clause)
168
1
Tupman Thurlow Company v. Moss
168
3
Notes
171
2
Some Specific Subjects
173
1
State Taxation of Foreign Commerce
173
2
Notes and Questions
175
2
State Government Purchasers and Other Proprietary Action
177
1
Notes and Questions
178
2
State Cooperation and Consultation in U.S. International Economic Affairs
180
1
Note on State Involvement in Trade Negotiations, the Development of Trade Agreement Implementing Legislation, and the Administration of Trade Agreements (January 18, 1994)
180
4
Matthew Schaefer
Questions
184
1
International Economic Regulation in the European Union, Japan, Brazil, India and South Korea
Introduction
185
2
The European Union
187
27
The Activities and Institutions of the European Union
187
2
European Integration: Reflections on Its Limits and Effects
189
6
William J. Davey
The Force of EC Law in the Member States
195
1
Van Gend & Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie Der Belastingen
196
1
Amministrazione Delle Finanze Dello Stato v. Simmenthal S.P.A.
197
1
Notes and Questions
198
2
The Union's Power in External Relations
200
1
Scope and Exclusivity of the Common Commercial Policy
201
1
International Agreement on Rubber
201
1
Notes and Questions
202
1
Implementation of the Common Commercial Policy
203
1
Notes and Questions
204
1
Internal Legal Effect of International Agreements Under EC Law
205
2
Notes and Questions
207
1
The Economic Integration of Europe
208
1
European Integration: Reflections on Its Limits and Effects
208
6
William J. Davey
Japan
214
13
GATT Secretariat Report: Trade Policy Review-Japan 153, 156-162, 172-173 (1990)
215
6
Notes and Questions
221
1
Japanese International Trade and Investment 24-25 (1989)
222
1
Mitsuo Matsushita
Thomas J. Schoenbaum
Japanese International Trade and Investment 5-18 (1989)
223
4
Mitsuo Matsushita
Thomas J. Schoenbaum
Notes and Questions
227
1
Brazil, India and South Korea
227
17
GATT Secretariat Report: Trade Policy Review-Brazil, GATT/1556, Oct. 15, 1992, at 5-13
227
6
GATT Secretariat Report: Trade Policy Review-India, GATT/1597, Oct. 20, 1993, at 5-11
233
5
GATT Secretariat Report: Trade Policy Review-Republic of Korea, GATT/1547, June 26, 1992, at 4-9
238
5
Notes and Questions
243
1
International Law and International Economic Relations
Introduction: What Is International Law and Why Do Nations Utilize It?
244
8
International Law and International Economic Law
244
1
International Law
244
2
Basic Theory of International Obligations and Policies Supporting a ``Rule Based'' System
246
1
How Nations Behave, Law and Foreign Policy 47 (2d ed. 1979)
246
1
Louis Henkin
Oscar Schachter, Towards a Theory of International Obligation
246
4
World Trade and the Law of GATT 757, 760, 763 (1969)
250
1
John H. Jackson
Statement of GATT Director-General Arthur Dunkel
251
1
Certain Fundamentals of International Law
252
16
Sources: Custom or Treaties?
252
1
the World Trading System 22-23 (1989)
253
1
John H. Jackson
Customary Norms of International Law: What Are They?
253
1
American Law Institute, Restatement of the Law (Third), Foreign Relations Law of the United States, § 102 comment b (1987)
253
1
Charles Henry Alexandrowicz, the Law-making Function of the Specialised Agencies of the United Nations 156 (1973)
254
1
Principles of Public International Law 7 (4th ed. 1990)
255
1
Ian Brownlie
Treaties
255
1
the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 2 (2d ed. 1984)
255
1
Ian Mctaggart Sinclair
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
256
3
Sovereignty, Sovereign Equality and the Problem of Voting
259
1
Principles of Public International Law 287 (4th ed. 1990)
259
1
Ian Brownlie
the Mythology of Sovereignty
259
1
Louis Henkin
Sovereign Equality Among States: The History of an Idea
260
2
Robert a. Klein
International Institutional Law §§ 681-683 (2d ed. 1980)
262
1
Henry G. Schermers
Role of Precedent
263
1
Statute of the International Court of Justice (1945)
263
1
Principles of Public International Law 21 (4th ed. 1990)
263
1
Ian Brownlie
International Standards for National Conduct
263
1
International Law: Cases and Materials 742 (3rd ed. 1971)
263
1
William W. Bishop, Jr.
Transnational Legal Problems: Materials and Text 338 (4th ed. 1994)
263
1
Henry J. Steiner
Detlev F. Vagts
Harold H. Koh
International Law: Cases and Materials 742 (3rd ed. 1971)
264
1
William W. Bishop, Jr.
The Individual and International Law
264
1
American Law Institute, Restatement of the Law (Third), Foreign Relations Law of the United States, Introductory Note to Part II, at 70-71 (1987)
264
1
the Procedural Status of the Individual Before International and Supranational Tribunals 185 (1966)
265
1
W. Paul Gormley
Effectiveness and Sanctions
265
1
International Institutional Law §§ 1292-1342 (2d ed. 1980)
265
2
Henry G. Schermers
Note
267
1
International Economic Law
268
10
Introduction
268
1
the World Trading System 21-22 (1989)
268
1
John H. Jackson
International Customary Law and Economic Behavior
269
1
the Principles and Standards of International Economic Law
269
1
Georg Schwarzenberger
Equality and Discrimination in International Economic Law
270
1
Georg Schwarzenberger
Economic Treaties
271
1
United States Commercial Treaties: Their Role in Foreign Economic Policy
271
2
Eric V. Youngquist
U.s. Bilateral Investment Treaties: The Second Wave
273
1
Kenneth J. Vandevelde
Note
274
1
International Economic Organizations
274
1
OECD
275
1
UNCTAD
275
1
Other International Economic Institutions
276
2
The Bretton Woods System and World Economic Relations
278
11
the Bretton Woods Agreement-25 Years After
279
1
Gerald M. Meier
the Nexes Among Foreign Trade, Investment, and Balance-of-Payments Adjustment
280
2
Richard N. Cooper
The International Monetary Fund
282
1
Bretton Woods Agreements Act
282
2
Structure of the Fund and Voting
284
1
IMF Survey, Supplement on the Fund
284
1
IMF Survey, Supplement on the Fund
284
1
The International Monetary Fund: Its Evolution, Organization and Activities
285
1
IMF Survey, Supplement on the Fund
286
1
Questions
286
1
Interpretation of the Articles of the Fund
286
1
the Rule of Law in the International Monetary Fund 43-46 (1980)
286
1
Joseph Gold
Questions
287
1
Sanctions and the Fund
287
1
Some Characteristics of Operation-The Avoidance of Sanctions
287
2
Joseph Gold
The Legal Structure of the WTO/GATT System
Introduction: The New World Trading System
289
4
GATT and Its Troubled History
293
8
GATT's Origins and ``Birth Defects''
293
5
The GATT Legal Structure
298
1
Protocol of Provisional Application of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
299
2
The World Trade Organization
301
5
Origins of the New Charter
301
1
The Structure of the WTO
302
1
Legal Personality and Organizational Attributes
303
1
Continuity With the GATT
304
1
Impact on National Laws
304
1
Governing Structure
304
1
Appraising the New Charter
305
1
Testimony Before the Senate Finance Committee, March 23, 1994
305
1
John H. Jackson
The Organizations: Membership and Powers
306
8
Membership
306
1
How to Become a Member
306
4
Opting Out of GATT or WTO Relationships with a New Member
310
1
Decision Making in GATT and the WTO
310
4
Trade Negotiating Rounds
314
4
Overview
314
1
Tokyo Round (1973-1979)
315
1
Restructuring the GATT System 26-29 (1990)
315
1
John H. Jackson
Uruguay Round (1986-1994)
316
1
Statement of GATT Director-General Peter Sutherland
317
1
Future Negotiations
317
1
Effect of the WTO/GATT Agreements on Domestic Law
318
9
The General Agreement in U.S. Law
318
1
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in United States Domestic Law
319
3
John H. Jackson
Questions
322
1
The General Agreement and State Laws
322
1
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in United States Domestic Law
322
2
John H. Jackson
Implementation of the Tokyo and Uruguay Rounds
324
1
United States Law and Implementation of the Tokyo Round Negotiation
324
3
John H. Jackson
Dispute Settlement
Introduction
327
11
Introduction
327
1
Goals and Methods
327
1
Dispute Settlement in GATT
328
5
William J. Davey
The World Trading System 85-88 (1989)
333
3
John H. Jackson
Notes and Questions
336
2
Dispute Settlement in the WTO/GATT System
338
10
Overview
338
1
The Evolution of GATT Procedures
339
1
The WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding
340
1
Consultations
341
1
Good Offices, Conciliation and Mediation
341
1
Panel Establishment
341
1
Selection of Panel Members
342
1
Terms of Reference
342
1
Panel Procedures
342
1
Consideration and Adoption of Panel Reports
342
1
The Appellate Body
343
1
Implementation and Suspension of Concessions
343
1
Notes and Questions
344
2
Developing Countries in the Dispute Settlement System
346
2
The Law of Article XXIII
348
23
The Structure of Article XXIII
348
2
Violations of the General Agreement
350
1
Nullification or Impairment
350
1
United States-Taxes on Petroleum and Certain Imported Substances
351
3
Notes and Questions
354
1
Burden of Proof
355
1
Japan-Restrictions on Imports of Certain Agricultural Products
355
1
Notes and Questions
356
1
Nonviolation Nullification or Impairment
357
1
EEC-Payments and Subsidies Paid to Processors and Producers of Oilseeds and Related Animal-Feed Proteins
357
5
Notes and Questions
362
2
Standards of Review
364
2
Remedies and Sanctions
366
1
Remedies
366
1
Norway-Procurement of Toll Collection Equipment for the City of Trondheim
366
3
Notes and Questions
369
1
Sanctions
369
1
Dispute Settlement in GATT
369
2
William J. Davey
Notes and Questions
371
1
Dispute Settlement in Free Trade Areas
371
1
Tariffs, Quotas and Nontariff Barriers
Introduction
372
6
Regulatory Principles and Import Restraints: The Core of the System
372
1
Introduction to Chapter 8
373
5
GATT Tariff Commitments: The Bindings
378
14
GATT Tariff Negotiations
379
1
The Early Years (1947-1961)
379
1
The Kennedy Round (1963-1967)
380
1
The Tokyo Round Tariff Negotiations
381
1
The Uruguay Round Tariff Negotiations (1986-1994)
382
1
Problems of Tariff Negotiations
383
1
The Obligation to Limit Tariffs
384
2
Notes and Questions
386
1
Renegotiation of Tariff Bindings
387
5
Customs Law
392
29
Introduction
392
1
Classification
393
1
International Rules: The Harmonized System
394
1
Notes and Questions
394
1
Classification Under U.S. Law
395
1
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (1994)(Supp. 1)
395
2
Lynteq, Inc. v. United States
397
3
Notes and Questions
400
3
Valuation
403
1
The GATT Customs Valuation Code
403
1
Senate Report 96-249
404
1
Notes and Questions
405
1
U.S. Valuation Rules
406
1
Generra Sportswear Co. v. United States
406
2
Notes and Questions
408
3
Rules of Origin
411
1
The International Rules on Origin
411
1
The Application of Origin Rules
412
1
Superior Wire v. United States
412
4
Notes and Questions
416
3
Other Customs Issues
419
1
Export Promotion: Foreign Trade Zones and Drawback
419
1
Customs Law Enforcement
420
1
GATT Rules on Quotas and Nontariff Barriers
421
15
Introduction
421
1
The Quantitative Restrictions in the Major Trading Countries, Executive Branch GATT Studies, No. 6, 90-93 (1973)
421
2
Article XI
423
2
Japan-Trade in Semi-Conductors
425
4
Notes and Questions
429
2
The GATT Import Licensing Agreement
431
1
U.S. Quota Practices
431
2
Review Problems
433
3
Nondiscrimination and the Most-Favored-Nation Clause
Introduction
436
8
The Policies Underlying the MFN Principle
436
2
The World Trading System 136-38 (1989)
438
2
John H. Jackson
The History of Mfn
440
1
The Most-Favored-Nation Provision, Executive Branch GATT Studies, No. 9, 133-35 (1973)
440
2
World Trade and the Law of GATT 250-251 (1969)
442
1
John H. Jackson
The Nondiscrimination Obligation in Customary International Law
443
1
The Most Favored Nation Obligation in GATT
444
16
Introduction
444
1
The Scope of the MFN Obligation
445
1
The Concept of Like Product
445
1
Japan-Tariff on Import of Spruce-Pine-Fir (SPF) Dimension Lumber
445
2
Spain-Tariff Treatment of Unroasted Coffee
447
1
Notes and Questions
448
2
Treatment by Germany of Imports of Sardines
450
1
Notes and Questions
451
1
The Breadth of the MFN Obligation
451
1
United States-Denial of Most-Favored-Nation Treatment as to Non-rubber Footwear From Brazil
451
3
Notes and Questions
454
1
GATT and the MFN Exceptions
455
1
Non-GATT MFN Clauses-Notecases
456
2
Problems
458
2
Most Favored Nation Obligation in the United States
460
4
The Trade Act of 1974
460
1
Notes and Questions
461
1
U.S. Implementation of the Tokyo Round Agreements and MFN
461
1
Notes and Questions
462
2
Free Trade Areas and Customs Unions
Introduction
464
5
The Growth of Regionalism
464
1
The Consequences of Regionalism
465
1
Is Bilateralism Bad?
465
2
Paul R. Krugman
Emerging Regional Arrangements: Building Blocks or Stumbling Blocks?
467
2
Robert Z. Lawrence
Notes and Questions
469
1
The Article XXIV Exception
469
18
History of Article XXIV
469
1
World Trade and the Law of GATT 576-77 (1969)
469
2
John H. Jackson
Article XXIV in Practice
471
1
Interim Agreements and ``Reasonable Time''
472
3
``Substantially All Trade''
475
1
European Free Trade Association-Examination of Stockholm Convention
475
2
European Economic Community-Agreement of Association With Malta
477
1
European Economic Community-Association Agreements With African and Malagasy States and Overseas Countries and Territories
478
2
Notes and Questions
480
1
Rules of Origin
481
1
European Free Trade Association-Examination of the Stockholm Convention
482
1
European Communities-Agreements With Portugal
483
1
Setting the Common External Tariff
484
1
The Treaties Establishing the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Commission
484
1
Accession of Portugal and Spain to the European Communities
485
2
Question
487
1
U.S. Participation in Regional Arrangements
487
14
History-Israel and Canada
487
2
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
489
3
Selected Issues
492
1
Constitutional Concerns
493
1
Extraordinary Challenges and the Standard of Review
494
1
In re Live Swine From Canada
494
2
Question
496
1
Rules of Origin Revisited
497
1
Customs Provisions and Rules of Origin Under NAFTA
497
3
Donald Harrison
Kenneth Weigel
Notes and Questions
500
1
The National Treatment Clause
Introduction
501
3
The National Treatment Obligation: The Basic Rule and the Article XX Exception
504
18
Italian Discrimination Against Imported Agricultural Machinery
504
4
United States-Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930
508
9
Notes and Questions
517
5
Disguised Discrimination
522
28
Article III and Internal Taxes
523
1
Japan-Customs Duties, Taxes and Labelling Practices on Imported Wines and Alcoholic Beverages
523
7
Notes and Questions
530
5
Review Problems
535
1
Consumer Protection Measures
535
1
Labeling Requirements
535
2
Advertising Restrictions
537
1
Product Standards and Technical Barriers to Trade
538
1
Report by the Director-General of GATT, The Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations 62-63 (1979)
538
1
Notes and Questions
539
2
Alternative Approaches to Controlling Disguised Discrimination
541
1
Rewe-Zentral AG v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung Fur Brannt-wein (Cassis de Dijon)
542
2
Notes and Questions
544
3
Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co.
547
2
Notes and Questions
549
1
Government Purchases
550
9
Article III and the Exception for Government Purchases
550
1
Problems
550
1
The GATT Agreements on Government Procurement
551
1
The Tokyo Round
551
1
Senate Report No. 96-249
551
3
Notes and Questions
554
2
The Uruguay Round
556
1
Sub-Federal Government Procurement Preferences
557
2
GATT and the Environment
Introduction
559
2
The Relationship of Trade and Environmental Policies Generally
561
14
Trade and the Environment
561
6
From Adjustment to Sustainable Development: The Obstacle of Free Trade
567
5
Herman E. Daly
World Trade Rules and Environmental Policies: Congruence or Conflict?
572
2
John H. Jackson
Notes and Questions
574
1
The Tuna-Dolphin Case
575
13
United States-Restrictions on Imports of Tuna From Mexico
575
9
Notes and Questions
584
4
Problems on the Relationship of GATT and Environmental Measures
588
4
Notes and Questions
591
1
Alternative Approaches to Resolving Conflicts Between Trade and Environmental Policies
592
4
Commission v. Denmark (Beverage Containers)
592
2
Notes and Questions
594
2
Escape Clauses, Safeguards and Adjustment Policies
Introduction: The Policies and History of Safeguard Measures
596
16
The Safeguards Issue-Introduction
596
1
The Policies of Safeguards
597
1
Compensation and Adjustment Costs
598
1
Notes and Questions
599
1
Restoring Competitiveness
600
1
Alan Sykes, Protectionism as a ``Safeguard'': A Positive Analysis of the GATT ``Escape Clause'' With Normative Speculations
600
1
Notes and Questions
601
1
The Safety Valve Hypothesis and the Public Choice Perspective
601
1
Saving Free Trade 23-24 (1986)
601
1
Robert Lawrence
Robert Litan
Alan Sykes, Protectionism as a ``Safeguard'': A Positive Analysis of the GATT ``Escape Clause'' With Normative Speculations
602
1
Notes and Questions
603
1
History of Escape Clauses
604
1
Executive Branch GATT Studies, No. 8, GATT Provisions on Relief From Injurious Imports 124-29 (1973)
604
2
Senate Report No. 93-1298
606
1
U.S. Commission on International Trade and Investment Policy (the Williams Commission), Report 49-50, 62 (1971)
606
1
Administration Analysis of the Proposed Trade Reform Act of 1973
607
2
GATT Focus Newsletter
609
1
Data on U.S. Safeguards Actions
610
1
U.S. Procedures for Obtaining Safeguards Relief: Introduction to the International Trade Commission
610
2
The Prerequisites and Causal Requirements of an Escape Clause Remedy
612
31
Increased Imports
612
1
Stainless Steel and Alloy Tool Steel
612
3
Notes and Questions
615
1
Industry Definition
616
1
Wood Shakes and Shingles
616
2
Fresh Cut Roses
618
1
Certain Cameras
619
2
Notes and Questions
621
1
Serious Injury
622
1
Nonrubber Footwear
623
4
Nonrubber Footwear
627
2
Notes and Questions
629
1
Causation
629
1
Certain Motor Vehicles
630
5
Heavyweight Motorcycles
635
1
Unwrought Copper
636
1
Extruded Rubber Thread
637
1
Certain Cameras
638
1
Wood Shakes and Shingles
638
3
Notes and Questions
641
1
A Note on Market Disruption and Section 406
642
1
Safeguards Remedies
643
17
Presidential Discretion in Escape Clause Cases
643
1
Senate Report No. 93-1298
643
3
Notes and Questions
646
1
The Duration of Relief and Section 203 Reviews
647
1
Western Red Cedar Shakes and Shingles
648
2
Question
650
1
MFN and Selectivity
650
2
Compensation to Exporting Countries
652
1
World Trade and the Law of GATT 565-66 (1969)
652
2
John H. Jackson
Gray Area Measures
654
1
History and Significance
654
1
Injury and Market Disruption From Imports (1971)
654
2
Stanley D. Metzger
A General Equilibrium Analysis of the Welfare and Employment Effects of U.S. Quotas in Textiles, Autos and Steel 129-31, 141-43 (1989)
656
2
David G. Tarr
The GATT Response
658
1
Notes and Questions
659
1
Adjustment Assistance
660
6
U.S. Commission on International Trade and Investment Policy (the Williams Commission), Report 47-49 (1971)
660
1
Adjustment Assistance (1971)
661
1
Stanley D. Metzger
Senate Report No. 93-1298
662
1
Note: The Trade Act of 1974 and Recent Amendments
663
2
Questions
665
1
The Regulation of Dumping
Introduction
666
5
Responses to Unfair Acts in International Trade
666
2
The Interface Theory of Economic Relations
668
3
The Problem of Legalization
671
1
Antidumping Laws: The Underlying Policy Issues
671
13
Introduction
671
1
The Policy Debate Over Antidumping Laws
672
1
Antidumping Laws: A Time for Restriction
673
5
William J. Davey
EC Commission, Eleventh Annual Report on the Community's Anti-dumping and Anti-subsidy Activities 11 2.2-2.3 (1993)
678
3
Notes and Questions
681
3
The International Rules on Dumping
684
7
The Evolution of the International Obligations
684
2
The GATT Rules on Dumping
686
1
Notes and Questions
686
4
Dumping and U.S. Free Trade Agreements
690
1
United States Antidumping Law
691
26
Procedural Aspects of U.S. Antidumping Law
692
1
Reform of the Administrative Procedures Used in U.s. Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Cases
692
5
John H. Jackson
William J. Davey
Notes and Questions
697
3
The Substantive Rules: Determinations of Dumping
700
1
Calculating the Dumping Margin
701
1
Stainless Steel Wire Rods From France
701
4
Notes and Questions
705
5
Problems
710
1
Nonmarket Economies and Antidumping Rules
711
1
Notes and Questions
712
1
Anticircumvention Measures
712
2
Injury Determinations
714
3
The Material Injury Test in Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Cases
Introduction
717
3
Notes and Questions
719
1
Industry Definition
720
7
High Capacity Pagers From Japan
720
4
Stainless Steel Flanges From India and Taiwan
724
2
Notes and Questions
726
1
Material Injury and Threat
727
30
Some Controversies in Interpretation
727
1
New Steel Rails From Canada
727
8
Notes and Questions
735
1
Hyundai Pipe Co. v. U.S. International Trade Commission
736
2
Questions
738
1
The Nuts and Bolts of Injury Analysis
738
1
Certain All-Terrain Vehicles From Japan
738
3
Stainless Steel Flanges From India and Taiwan
741
5
Notes and Questions
746
1
Cumulation
747
1
Fundicao Tupy S.A. v. United States
747
1
Notes and Questions
748
1
GATT Law
749
1
Canadian Countervailing Duties on Grain Corn from the United States
749
6
Notes and Questions
755
2
Subsidies and Countervailing Duties
Introduction
757
11
Multilateral Restrictions on Subsidies
758
1
Subsidies in International Trade 5-6 (1984)
758
2
Gary C. Hufbauer
Joanna Shelton Erb
The Regulation of Subsidies Affecting International Trade
760
1
Warren F. Schwartz
Eugene W. Harper, Jr.
Countervailing Measures
761
1
Countervailing Duty Law: An Economic Critique
761
4
Alan O. Sykes
The World Trading System 252-56 (1989)
765
1
John H. Jackson
Lloyd Granet & Warren F. Schwartz, The Meaning of ``Subsidy'' and ``Injury'' in the Countervailing Duty Law
766
1
Charles J. Goetz
Note
767
1
Statistics on the Use of Countervailing Measures
767
1
International Obligations
768
15
The History of GATT Commitments
768
2
GATT Focus Newsletter
770
2
Notes and Questions
772
1
Special Topics
773
1
Income Tax Practices Maintained by France
773
2
Disc-United States Tax Legislation
775
2
Notes
777
1
United States-Countervailing Duties on Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Pork From Canada
777
4
Notes and Questions
781
1
Problem
782
1
United States Countervailing Duty Law
783
32
History
783
3
What Is Countervailable?
786
1
Pure and Alloy Magnesium From Canada
786
1
PPG Industries, Inc. v. United States
786
5
Oil Country Tubular Goods From Austria
791
2
Proposed Regulations
793
2
Questions
795
1
Certain Softwood Lumber Products From Canada
795
5
Notes and Questions
800
1
The Magnitude of the Subsidy
800
1
Proposed Regulations
800
5
Certain Softwood Lumber Products From Canada
805
3
Certain Softwood Lumber Products From Canada
808
2
British Steel Corp. v. United States
810
2
Notes and Questions
812
3
Retaliation Against ``Unfair'' Trade Practices: Section 301 and Related Measures
Introduction
815
2
Section 301 and Related Provisions Under U.S. Law
817
23
Procedures and Some Illustrative Actions Under Section 301
818
2
The Cattle War
820
1
Retaliation Against ``Unreasonable'' Foreign Trade Practices: The New Section 301 and GATT Nullification and Impairment
820
2
Robert E. Hudec
Questions
822
1
EC/Japan Steel Diversion
822
1
Office of the Special Representative for Trade Negotiations
822
1
Questions
823
1
European Specialty Steel Subsidies
823
1
Presidential Determination Under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974
823
1
Question
824
1
The Canadian Broadcasting Case
824
1
Presidential Determination Under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974: Memorandum for the Trade Representative
824
2
Question
826
1
The EC Oilseeds Dispute
826
1
Office of United States Trade Representative
826
2
Question
828
1
The Beef Hormone Dispute
828
1
Office of the United States Trade Representative
828
1
Office of the United States Trade Representative
829
1
Questions
830
1
Further Notes and Questions
830
2
Actions Under Special 301
832
1
Office of the United States Trade Representative
833
1
Notes and Questions
834
1
A Note on Super 301
835
1
Question
836
1
How Well Does Section 301 Work?
836
1
Constructive Unilateral Threats in International Commercial Relations: The Limited Case for Section 301
837
3
Alan O. Sykes
Note
840
1
Retaliation Under EC Law
840
4
Council Regulation (EEC) No 2641/84 on the Strengthening of the Common Commercial Policy With Regard in Particular to Protection Against Illicit Commercial Practices
840
1
Notes and Questions
841
3
Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
Introduction
844
6
Intellectual Property Rights and Policies
844
4
The International Dimension
848
2
The Application of Domestic Law to Foreign Commerce
850
34
Conduct Abroad
851
1
Wells Fargo & Company v. Wells Fargo Express Co.
851
4
Wells Fargo & Co. v. Wells Fargo Express Co.
855
3
Questions
858
1
Subafilms, Ltd. v. MGM-Pathe Communications Co.
858
7
Notes and Questions
865
1
Infringing Imports: The Gray Market Problem
865
1
K-Mart Corp. v. Cartier, Inc.
866
8
Notes and Questions
874
1
Infringing Imports: The Administrative Remedy
874
2
Certain Battery-Powered Ride-on Toy Vehicles and Components Thereof
876
4
Certain Plastic Encapsulated Integrated Circuits
880
3
Notes and Questions
883
1
International Agreements
884
9
History
884
1
The Uruguay Round Negotiations
885
3
Overview of the Trips Agreement
888
1
GATT Focus Newsletter
889
4
International Trade in Services
Introduction
893
11
Trade in Professional Services: An Overview
894
1
Geza Feketekuty
Economic Perspective on Trade in Professional Services
895
3
Jagdish Bhagwati
U.S. National Study on Trade in Services, A Submission by the United States Government to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 37-39 (1982)
898
5
Chamber of Commerce of the United States
903
1
Michael A. Samuels
Notes and Questions
904
1
Legal Principles Governing Trade in Services: The U.S. and European Experience
904
12
The U.S. Commerce Clause
905
1
Lewis v. BT Investment Managers
905
5
Notes and Questions
910
1
The EC Treaty
910
1
Commission v. Germany
910
5
Notes and Questions
915
1
NAFTA and GATS
916
16
International Trade and Investment in Services: A Comparative Analysis of the NAFTA
916
5
Harry G. Broadman
The General Agreement on Trade in Services
921
9
Bernard Hoekman
Notes and Questions
930
2
Discussion Problem-Trade in Insurance Services
932
9
U.S. National Study on Trade in Services, A Submission by the United States Government to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 141-46 (1982)
932
7
Notes and Questions
939
2
Export Controls Under GATT and National Law
Introduction
941
4
Completing the GATT: Toward New International Rules to Govern Export Controls 2-10 (1978)
942
3
C. Fred Bergsten
Note
945
1
International Regulation of Export Controls
945
6
GATT Obligations
945
1
Frieder Roessler, GATT and Access to Supplies
946
1
A Case Study on Export Taxes: The Brazilian Coffee Incident
947
1
U.S. Comptroller General, The International Coffee Agreement
948
2
Notes and Questions
950
1
United States Export Control Law
951
16
The United States Constitution and Export Controls
951
1
Moon v. Freeman
951
7
Note
958
1
United States Export Controls
958
1
Overview of the Export Administration Act
958
2
Notes and Questions
960
1
U.S. Trade Controls for National Security
961
1
U.S. Export Controls for Foreign Policy Purposes
962
2
Notes and Questions
964
1
Short Supply Controls
964
1
Notes and Questions
965
1
Exportation of Hazardous Products and Waste
965
2
The Extraterritorial Application of Trade Controls
967
6
European Communities, Comments on the U.S. Regulations Concerning Trade With the U.S.S.R.
967
2
Notes and Questions
969
4
Linkages Between International Economic Policy and Other Foreign Policy Goals: National Security, Human Rights and Labor Standards
Introduction
973
10
Overview
973
1
Historical Use of Economic Sanctions
974
1
Economic Sanctions Reconsidered 5-7 (2d ed. 1990)
974
3
Gary Clyde Hufbauer
Jeffrey J. Schott
Kimberly Ann Elliot
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Economic Sanctions
977
1
Gary Clyde Hufbauer et al., Economic Sanctions Reconsidered 92-105 (2d ed. 1990)
977
5
Notes and Questions
982
1
Trade Controls for National Security and Political Purposes
983
7
Introduction
983
1
The GATT Exception for National Security Trade Controls
983
3
Notes and Questions
986
1
The Use of Economic Sanctions for Political Purposes Under International Law
986
2
Notes and Questions
988
1
U.S. National Security and Foreign Policy Controls
988
1
National Security Controls Under Section 232
988
1
Trade and Other Controls Under IEEPA
989
1
Foreign Use of Trade Controls: U.S. Antiboycott Rules
989
1
Human Rights and International Trade Policy: Tension of Conflicting Goals
990
8
International Human Rights Defined
991
2
Notes and Questions
993
1
Linking Trade and Human Rights: The Jackson-Vanik Amendment
993
2
Notes and Questions
995
2
Note on the Jackson-Vanik Amendment
997
1
Labor Standards and International Trade Policy
998
12
Generalized System of Preferences Subcommittee of the Trade Policy Staff Committee, 1992 Gsp Annual Review-Worker Rights Review Summary-Indonesia (Case 007-CP-92, July 1993)
999
7
Notes and Questions
1006
4
Monetary Affairs and Trade Policy
Introduction
1010
16
The Role of Foreign Exchange in Trade
1010
1
Exchange Rate Determination
1011
2
A Guide to Foreign Exchange Markets
1013
3
K. Alec Chrystal
Balance of Payments Measurement and Accounting
1016
1
Charles Pigott, Which Trade Balance?
1016
4
Notes
1020
1
Trade in a System of Floating Rates
1021
1
Exchange Rates and Trade Policy
1021
3
C. Fred Bergsten
John Williamson
Notes and Questions
1024
1
European Monetary Unification
1025
1
Operations of the International Monetary Fund: International Liquidity
1026
10
IMF Facilities
1026
2
Note
1028
1
Conditionality
1028
1
Access to Resources From Fund and Use of Stand-by Arrangements
1028
2
Financial Assistance by the International Monetary Fund: Law and Practice 13-23 (2d ed. 1980)
1030
3
Sir Joseph Gold
IMF Survey: Supplement on the Fund
1033
2
Notes
1035
1
Problems
1035
1
International Regulation of Foreign Exchange Restrictions
1036
15
Obligations Under the IMF Agreement
1036
1
Problem
1036
1
The OECD Liberalisation Codes
1037
1
Private Reliance on the IMF Agreement
1037
1
Banco Do Brasil v. A.C. Israel Commodity Co., Inc.
1038
3
Banco Frances E Brasileiro S.A. v. Doe
1041
5
Callejo v. Bancomer, S.A.
1046
4
Note
1050
1
Problem
1050
1
Trade Measures for Balance of Payments Reasons
1051
9
GATT and Trade Restrictions for Balance of Payments Reasons
1051
1
Legal Background: The Original GATT Agreement
1051
1
The Use of Payments Measures Under GATT: Policy and Practice
1052
1
Import Quotas, the Balance of Payments and the GATT
1053
2
Isaiah Frank
Republic of Korea-Restrictions on Imports of Beef-Complaint by the United States
1055
2
Notes and Questions
1057
1
Tariff Surcharges and The Uruguay Round Agreement
1058
1
GATT Obligations Relating to Currency Par Values and Exchange Controls
1059
1
Coherence: The Problem of Coordinating Trade and Monetary Policy
1060
2
Managing the Trading System: The WTO and Post Uruguay Round GATT Agenda
1060
2
John H. Jackson
Restrictive Business Practices and International Economic Relations
Introduction
1062
3
The Relationship of Competition and Trade Policies
1065
6
OECD, Competition and Trade Policies: Their Interaction 87, 112-13 (1984)
1066
1
Notes and Questions
1067
4
U.S. Antitrust Laws and International Transactions
1071
19
U.S. Antitrust Enforcement Policy
1071
1
U.S. Department of Justice, Antitrust Enforcement Guidelines for International Operations (1988)
1071
5
Notes and Questions
1076
2
Extraterritorial Enforcement of U.S. Antitrust Laws
1078
1
U.S. Law
1078
1
Hartford Fire Insurance Co. v. California
1078
6
Notes and Questions
1084
2
International Responses to Expansive U.S. Jurisdictional Claims
1086
1
Protection of Trading Interests Act 1980
1086
3
Notes and Questions
1089
1
International Efforts to Control Restrictive Business Practices
1090
18
Overview
1090
1
Alternative Approaches for Implementing Competition Rules: In International Economic Relations
1090
2
John H. Jackson
The ITO and Restrictive Business Practices
1092
2
1976 OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises
1094
1
Notes and Questions
1094
1
United Nations Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules
1095
1
Notes and Questions
1096
1
Draft International Antitrust Code
1097
2
Notes and Questions
1099
1
Conclusion
1100
1
International Competition Policy in a Diverse World: Can One Size Fit All?
1100
7
Diane P. Wood
Notes and Questions
1107
1
Developing Countries and the GATT System
Introduction
1108
1
GATT Rules and Developing Countries
1109
17
GATT Article XVIII
1110
1
Notes and Questions
1111
1
Part IV of GATT
1112
1
Notes and Questions
1112
1
Developing Countries in the Tokyo Round
1113
2
GATT Contracting Parties, Decision of November 28, 1979 on Differential and More Favourable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries
1115
2
1982 Report by the Secretary-General of Unctad, Assessment of the Results of the Multilateral Trade Negotiations
1117
1
Notes and Questions
1118
1
Developing Countries in the Uruguay Round
1118
1
The Uruguay Round and Beyond: The Final Report From the Ford Foundation Supported Project on Developing Countries and the Global Trading System 11-14, 17, 21, 28-29, 31-34 & 36-37 (Coordinated by John Whalley, 1989)
1118
6
Notes and Questions
1124
2
The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)
1126
10
History
1126
1
Report by the Secretary-General of the OECD, The Generalised System of Preferences: Review of the First Decade
1126
4
Notes and Questions
1130
1
The U.S. GSP Scheme
1131
1
Criteria for Inclusion of Countries
1131
1
Criteria for Product Coverage
1132
1
Criteria for Excluding Products from Coverage
1132
2
Criteria for Excluding or Graduating Countries
1134
1
Notes and Questions
1135
1
The New International Economic Order and the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States
1136
4
Nonmarket Economies and State Trading in the WTO/GATT System
Introduction
1139
1
GATT and State Trading
1140
10
The Interface Problem
1140
2
GATT Regulation of State Trading
1142
1
State Trading Enterprises Defined
1142
1
Notes and Questions
1143
1
Article XVII
1143
2
Article II:4
1145
1
Notes and Questions
1146
1
Countertrade
1146
2
Notes and Questions
1148
2
Accession of Nonmarket Economies to the WTO/GATT System
1150
5
GATT and Eastern Europe
1150
1
Poland
1150
1
Romania
1151
1
Hungary
1152
1
Negotiating Chinese Membership
1153
1
Notes and Questions
1153
2
The United States and Communist Countries
1155
5
Notes and Questions
1159
1
Special Sectors in International Trade: Agriculture, Commodities, Textiles, Steel and Aircraft
Introduction
1160
1
Trade in Agricultural Products
1161
23
The Rules for Agricultural Trade in GATT
1161
8
William J. Davey
Notes and Questions
1169
5
Commodities and Commodity Agreements
1174
1
International Rules on Commodity Trade: GATT and UNCTAD
1174
2
Commodity Agreements
1176
1
UNCTAD Proposals for International Economic Reform
1176
2
Gerald M. Meier
The Law and Organisation of International Commodity Agreements 74-75, 249-51 (1982)
1178
2
Kabir-Ur-Uahman Kahn
Note and Questions
1180
2
The Economics of Stabex
1182
2
Gerrit Faber
Notes and Questions
1184
1
Trade in Textiles and Clothing
1184
19
GATT Secretariat Study, Textiles and Clothing in the World Economy 6-8, 74-76, 82-83 (1984)
1184
5
Notes and Questions
1189
1
Keeping Jobs in Fashion: Alternatives to the Euthanasia of the U.s. Apparel Industry 1-6 (1989)
1190
5
Richard Rothstein
Notes and Questions
1195
1
Trade in Steel Products
1195
2
Chairman, Bethlehem Steel Co. and American Iron & Steel Institute
1197
5
Donald H. Trautheim
Notes and Questions
1202
1
Trade in Civil Aircraft
1203
2
Notes and Questions
1204
1
Perspectives and Conclusions: Where to Next?
Introduction
1205
1
How to Define Trade Barriers: A Taxonomic Note
1206
4
Legal Rules or Government Discretion-Which Is Best?
1210
16
Introduction
1210
1
The United States and Legal Procedures: Costs and Benefits Appraised
1211
1
Perspectives on the Jurisprudence of International Trade: Costs and Benefits of Legal Procedures in the United States
1211
5
John H. Jackson
The Role of Trade Law in the Making of Trade Policy
1216
2
Thomas R. Howell
Alan William Wolff
Judicial Review and United States Trade Laws
1218
1
International Dispute Settlement-Rule or Negotiation? Power or Principle?
1219
1
Access for Non-government Entities: Individuals, Firms or Non-governmental Organizations
1219
1
Implementing the Tokyo Round: National Constitutions and International Economic Rules 207-209 (1984)
1219
4
John H. Jackson
Jean-Victor Louis
Mitsuo Matsushioa
International Trade and the ``Rule of Law''
1223
3
Phillip R. Trimble
Managing International Economic Interdependence a Variety of Techniques
1226
3
The World Trading System
1226
3
John H. Jackson
What's Next and Beyond? The Problem of Regulating International Economic Behavior in an Interdependent World
1229
4
Reflections on Problems of Regulating International Economic Behavior
1229
1
Alternative Approaches for Implementing Competition Rules: In International Economic Relations
1229
3
John H. Jackson
Conclusions
1232
1
The Uruguay Round and the Future of World Trade
1232
1
John H. Jackson
Index
1233