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Tables of Contents for Saudi Arabia Enters the Twenty-First Century
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Illustrations
xi
Preface
xv
Acknowledgments
xix
Saudi Strategic Challenges
1
44
Key Potential Threats
2
30
The Challenge from Iran and Iraq
3
1
The Military Threat from Iran
3
1
Iran's Conventional Forces
3
7
Iran's Amphibious Capabilities
10
1
Iran's Focused Threat to Gulf Shipping
11
2
Iran and Asymmetric Wars
13
1
Iran and Weapons of Mass Destruction
14
1
The Military Threat from Iraq
15
1
The Iraqi Army and Key Security Elements
16
1
The Deployment of Iraqi Army and Security Elements
17
4
The Iraqi Air Force
21
1
The Iraqi Navy
22
1
Iraqi Operational Capabilities
22
1
Iraq and the Problem of Sanctions and Equipment Modernization
23
1
The Threat of Invasion
24
1
The Problem of Kuwait
25
4
Iraq's Capabilities in Other Contingencies
29
2
Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction
31
1
Planning for a Full Range of Threats
32
2
The Challenge from the Red Sea
33
1
The Challenge from Israel, Jordan, and Syria
33
1
The Challenge of Saudi and Egyptian Military Relations
34
1
The Challenge from the United States and the West
34
5
The Challenge from the GCC and the Gulf
39
1
The Challenge of Proliferation
40
5
Saudi Military Leadership, Organization, and Manpower
45
26
The Leadership of Saudi Forces
45
2
Organization and Leadership
47
1
Management, Budgeting, and Leadership
48
3
Military Manpower
51
1
Manpower Pool and Manpower Problems
51
11
Past Methods of Reducing Dependence on Foreign Military Manpower
52
1
Current Manpower Quantity and Quality Problem
53
4
Current and Future Saudi Military Manpower Levels
57
3
Current Manpower Management Problems
60
2
Reliance on Western Forces and Reinforcements
62
3
Limits to Islamic and Arab Reinforcements
65
1
Progress in Obtaining Support from the GCC
66
1
Future Reliance on Foreign Manpower and Advisors
67
4
Saudi Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers
71
50
Saudi Military Expenditures
71
15
Different Estimates of Saudi Military Expenditures and Their Burden on the Economy
74
4
Estimating the Burden of Saudi Military Spending
78
1
Export, Economic, and Demographic Impacts
79
6
Finding the Proper Level of Expenditure
85
1
Saudi Arms Imports
86
35
The Volume of Saudi Arms Imports
87
1
Patterns in Saudi Arms Imports, 1973--1990
88
2
The Impact of the Gulf War
90
4
Comparisons of Saudi and Other Gulf Arms Buys
94
1
Sources of Saudi Arms Imports
94
8
The Changing Nature of Saudi Arms Imports
102
4
Corruption, Waste, and Accountability
106
1
Military Imports from the United States
107
8
Creating a Balanced and Sustainable Flow of Arms
115
1
Commissions and Special Fees
116
5
The Saudi Army
121
48
Saudi Combat Unit Strength and Deployments
122
2
The Manpower Issue
124
2
Saudi Army Force Expansion
126
2
The Saudi Army Equipment Buildup and the Need for Improved Standardization and Interoperability
128
2
Saudi Tanks
130
12
The AMX-30
130
1
The M-60A3
131
4
The M-1A2 Upgrade Program
135
3
Supporting the M-1A2 with Additional Armor and Equipment
138
1
The Ongoing Search for Replacements for the AMX-30
139
1
The Problems in Buying Several Types of Main Battle Tank
140
1
Limiting Main Battle Tank Buys and Numbers, as Well as Those of Other Army Equipment, and Relying on Force Effectiveness, Coalition Warfare, and the Air-Land Battle
141
1
Saudi Other Armored Fighting Vehicles (OAFVs)
142
7
Problems in Standardization and Modernization
142
5
The Bradley M-2A2
147
1
Further Purchases and Force Expansion
148
1
Saudi Anti-Tank Weapons
149
1
Saudi Artillery
149
8
Saudi Army Air Defense
157
1
Saudi Army Aviation
158
1
Saudi Sustainment, Infrastructure, and Support
159
1
Saudi Army Readiness and War-Fighting Capabilities
160
9
The Problem of Training
161
1
Battle Management and Command and Control
162
1
Strategic Focus
163
6
The Saudi National Guard
169
14
The Manning of the National Guard
170
1
The Organization of the National Guard
171
1
The Equipment of the National Guard
172
3
The Guard's Support Capabilities
175
1
The Training of the National Guard
176
1
The Readiness and Effectiveness of the National Guard
176
3
Tribal Forces (Fowj)
177
1
Full-Time Forces
178
1
Expansion Options
179
1
Strategic Issues: The Role of the National Guard Relative to the Army
179
4
The Saudi Navy
183
20
Current Saudi Naval Forces
184
7
Saudi Navy Combat and Auxiliary Ship Strength
184
1
Saudi Marine Corps Strength
184
2
Saudi Naval Aviation
186
3
The Saudi Coast Guard
189
2
Saudi Naval Development
191
2
Badr-Class Corvettes and MSC-322 Coastal Mine Sweepers
191
1
Sawari (Mast) I
192
1
The Madina-Class Frigates
192
1
The Sawari II Program
193
1
Saudi Naval Infrastructure and C4I Capabilities
193
1
Saudi Navy Force Expansion Plans
194
4
Frigate Programs
194
1
Project Mouette and the Overhaul and Modernization of F-2000S-Class Ships
195
1
Other Modernization and Expansion Options
196
1
Mine Warfare Programs
196
1
Deferring Coastal Submarines
197
1
Deferring Maritime Patrol Aircraft
198
1
Saudi Naval Readiness and War-Fighting Capabilities
198
5
The Saudi Air Force
203
36
The Current Size and Capability of the Saudi Air Force
204
12
Operational History and Force Development
216
4
Shaping the Saudi Air Force: The ``Peace Sun'' Program
216
1
The Saudi Tornado Buy and al-Yamamah Agreement
217
1
The Tornado ADV
218
1
Orders for the Tornado Strike-Attack Fighter, Hawk, and Helicopters
219
1
Saudi Modernization After the Gulf War
220
8
The Search for Offensive Airpower and the F-15S Buy
221
2
More Tornadoes
223
3
Looking Toward the Next Generation: The F-5EII Replacement Problem
226
2
The Readiness and War-Fighting Capabilities of the Saudi Air Force
228
4
The Lessons of the Gulf War
228
2
Saudi Air Force F-15, F-5, Tornado, and E-3A Readiness
230
2
The Saudi Air Force Enters the Twenty-First Century
232
7
Saudi Air Force Capability for Effective Offensive and Joint Warfare
233
1
Saudi Air Force Capability for Joint and Coalition Warfare
234
5
The Saudi Air Defense Force
239
14
The Current Strength of Saudi Land-Based Air Defense Forces
239
5
Improving Saudi Air Defense Battle Management
244
3
The Peace Pulse and Falcon Eye Programs
244
1
The Peace Shield Program
245
2
The Effectiveness of the Saudi Air Defense Force and Options for GCC and Southern Gulf Cooperation
247
6
The Need for Integrated Air Defense at the National and Gulf Level
247
2
Theater Missile Defense?
249
1
The Problem of Readiness and U.S.-Saudi Tensions
250
3
Saudi Paramilitary and Internal Security Forces
253
60
The Saudi Failures That Helped Lead to September 11, 2001
254
4
The Role of the Ministry of the Interior
258
2
The Police and Security Services
260
3
The General Intelligence Directorate
263
1
The Operations of the Saudi Security and Intelligence Services
264
1
Changes in the General Intelligence Directorate
265
4
Saudi Security Procedures
269
3
Problems in Saudi Security Procedures
270
2
Prison Conditions and Numbers of Detainees
272
1
Dealing With Internal Opposition and Terrorism
272
18
Saudi Treatment of Internal Extremist Movements
274
2
Saudi Support of the Taliban and Islamic Extremists Outside Saudi Arabia
276
2
Osama bin Laden as a Case Study
278
5
Putting the Issue in Perspective
283
1
Controlling the Flow of Saudi Funds
284
1
Controlling the Activities of Young Saudis
284
2
Saudi Shi'ites
286
1
Non-Muslims
287
1
Treatment of Foreign Workers
288
1
Treatment of Iraqi Exiles and Prisoners of War
289
1
Border and Coastal Security
290
1
Security and the Role of the Judicial System
291
3
The Operation of the Judicial System in Ordinary Civil Cases
292
1
The Judicial System and Internal Security
293
1
Saudi Enforcement of Islamic Justice
293
1
The Mutawaa'in (Religious Police)
294
2
Enforcement of Islamic Norms, Censorship, and Control of the Media
296
4
Internal Security and Surveillance of Ordinary Citizens
297
1
Internal Security and Control of the Media
298
2
Looking Toward the Future
300
13
Proliferation and Saudi Missile Capabilities
313
66
Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction
314
10
Iraqi Missile Developments and Possible Capabilities
314
3
Recent Iraqi CBRN Developments and Possible Capabilities
317
3
A Current War-Fighting Capability ``Guesstimate''
320
3
Future Risks and Breakout Problems
323
1
Iran and Weapons of Mass Destruction
324
1
The CSS-2
324
4
What Comes Next? Missiles, Missile Defenses, Civil Defense, Counterproliferation, Counterterrorism, and Deterrence
328
2
Appendix 10.1: Iraq's Search for Weapons of Mass Destruction
330
22
Appendix 10.2: Iran's Search for Weapons of Mass Destruction
352
27
Saudi Arabian Security at the Start of the Twenty-First Century
379
12
Saudi Military Development
380
1
Force Transformation and Mission-Oriented Procurement Priorities
380
1
Eliminating the Glitter Factor
381
1
Realistic Limits on Military Spending and Arms Purchases
381
1
Reducing Future Waste
382
1
Reshaping Defense Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Transparency
382
1
Cooperation with Other Southern Gulf States
383
2
The Need for Real-World Progress in Cooperation with Kuwait, Bahrain, and the GCC
383
1
Priorities for Action
384
1
Changing Saudi Arabia's Military Relations with the United States and the West
385
2
The Need for New Forms of U.S. and Saudi Cooperation
386
1
Islamic Extremism and Terrorism
387
1
Arms Sales and Security Assistance
388
3
Bibliography
391
12
Index
403