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Tables of Contents for University Physics
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
MECHANICS
1
459
CHAPTER 1 Units, Physical Quantities, and Vectors
1
30
1-1 Introduction
1
1
1-2 The Nature of Physics
1
2
1-3 Idealized Models
3
1
1-4 Standards and Units
3
3
1-5 Unit Consistency and Conversions
6
1
1-6 Uncertainty and Significant Figures
7
2
1-7 Estimates and Orders of Magnitude
9
1
1-8 Vectors and Vector Addition
10
3
1-9 Components of Vectors
13
4
1-10 Unit Vectors
17
1
1-11 Products of Vectors
18
5
Summary/Key Terms
23
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
24
7
CHAPTER 2 Motion Along a Straight Line
31
30
2-1 Introduction
31
1
2-2 Displacement, Time, and Average Velocity
31
3
2-3 Instantaneous Velocity
34
3
2-4 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
37
4
2-5 Motion with Constant Acceleration
41
5
2-6 Freely Falling Bodies
46
3
*2-7 Velocity and Position by Integration
49
2
Summary/Key Terms
51
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
52
9
CHAPTER 3 Motion in Two or Three Dimensions
61
31
3-1 Introduction
61
1
3-2 Position and Velocity Vectors
61
3
3-3 The Acceleration Vector
64
4
3-4 Projectile Motion
68
8
3-5 Motion in a Circle
76
2
3-6 Relative Velocity
78
4
Summary/Key Terms
82
2
Questions/Exercises/Problems
84
8
CHAPTER 4 Newton's Laws of Motion
92
28
4-1 Introduction
92
1
4-2 Force and Interactions
93
2
4-3 Newton's First Law
95
4
4-4 Newton's Second Law
99
5
4-5 Mass and Weight
104
3
4-6 Newton's Third Law
107
3
4-7 Using Newton's Laws
110
3
4-8 Free-Body Diagrams Visualized
113
1
Summary/Key Terms
114
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
114
6
CHAPTER 5 Applications of Newton's Laws
120
44
5-1 Introduction
120
1
5-2 Using Newton's First Law: Particles in Equilibrium
120
5
5-3 Using Newton's Second Law: Dynamics of Particles
125
7
5-4 Frictional Forces
132
7
5-5 Dynamics of Circular Motion
139
6
*5-6 The Fundamental Forces of Nature
145
1
5-7 Projectile Motion with Air Resistance: A Case Study in Computer Analysis
146
3
Summary/Key Terms
149
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
149
15
CHAPTER 6 Work and Kinetic Energy
164
30
6-1 Introduction
164
1
6-2 Work
164
4
6-3 Work and Kinetic Energy
168
6
6-4 Work and Energy with Varying Forces
174
5
6-5 Power
179
2
6-6 Automotive Power: A Case Study in Energy Relations
181
3
Summary/Key Terms
184
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
185
9
CHAPTER 7 Potential Energy and Energy Conservation
194
33
7-1 Introduction
194
1
7-2 Gravitational Potential Energy
194
10
7-3 Elastic Potential Energy
204
5
7-4 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
209
4
7-5 Force and Potential Energy
213
3
7-6 Energy Diagrams
216
2
Summary/Key Terms
218
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
218
9
CHAPTER 8 Momentum, Impulse, and Collisions
227
41
8-1 Introduction
227
1
8-2 Momentum and Impulse
227
5
8-3 Conservation of Momentum
232
6
8-4 Inelastic Collisions
238
3
8-5 Elastic Collisions
241
5
8-6 Center of Mass
246
4
*8-7 Rocket Propulsion
250
3
8-8 The Neutrino: A Case Study in Modern Physics
253
3
Summary/Key Terms
256
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
257
11
CHAPTER 9 Rotation of Rigid Bodies
268
26
9-1 Introduction
268
1
9-2 Angular Velocity and Acceleration
268
4
9-3 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration
272
2
9-4 Relating Linear and Angular Kinematics
274
2
9-5 Energy in Rotational Motion
276
5
9-6 Parallel-Axis Theorem
281
1
*9-7 Moment of Inertia Calculations
282
3
Summary/Key Terms
285
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
286
8
CHAPTER 10 Dynamics of Rotational Motion
294
35
10-1 Introduction
294
1
10-2 Torque
294
3
10-3 Torque and Angular Acceleration for a Rigid Body
297
4
10-4 Rigid-Body Rotation about a Moving Axis
301
6
10-5 Work and Power in Rotational Motion
307
2
10-6 Angular Momentum
309
2
10-7 Conservation of Angular Momentum
311
3
10-8 Gyroscopes and Precession
314
3
Summary/Key Terms
317
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
318
11
CHAPTER 11 Equilibrium and Elasticity
329
29
11-1 Introduction
329
1
11-2 Conditions for Equilibrium
329
1
11-3 Center of Gravity
330
3
11-4 Solving Rigid-Body Equilibrium Problems
333
4
11-5 Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
337
4
11-6 Bulk Stress and Strain
341
2
11-7 Shear Stress and Strain
343
1
11-8 Elasticity and Plasticity
344
1
Summary/Key Terms
345
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
346
12
CHAPTER 12 Gravitation
358
34
12-1 Introduction
358
1
12-2 Newton's Law of Gravitation
358
4
12-3 Weight
362
2
12-4 Gravitational Potential Energy
364
3
12-5 The Motion of Satellites
367
3
12-6 The Motion of Planets
370
3
*12-7 Spherical Mass Distributions
373
4
*12-8 Apparent Weight and the Earth's Rotation
377
2
12-9 Black Holes: A Case Study in Modern Physics
379
4
Summary/Key Terms
383
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
384
8
CHAPTER 13 Periodic Motion
392
35
13-1 Introduction
392
1
13-2 The Causes of Oscillation
392
2
13-3 Simple Harmonic Motion
394
6
13-4 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
400
4
13-5 Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion
404
3
13-6 The Simple Pendulum
407
2
13-7 The Physical Pendulum
409
2
13-8 Damped Oscillations
411
2
13-9 Forced Oscillations, Resonance, and Chaos
413
3
Summary/Key Terms
416
2
Questions/Exercises/Problems
418
9
CHAPTER 14 Fluid Mechanics
427
33
14-1 Introduction
427
1
14-2 Density
427
1
14-3 Pressure in a Fluid
428
4
14-4 Buoyancy
432
2
14-5 Surface Tension
434
4
14-6 Fluid Flow
438
2
14-7 Bernoulli's Equation
440
4
14-8 Turbulence
444
2
*14-9 Viscosity
446
2
Summary/Key Terms
448
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
449
11
THERMODYNAMICS
460
133
CHAPTER 15 Temperature and Heat
460
39
15-1 Introduction
460
1
15-2 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium
460
2
15-3 Thermometers and Temperature Scales
462
1
15-4 Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale
463
2
15-5 Thermal Expansion
465
5
15-6 Quantity of Heat
470
3
15-7 Calorimetry and Phase Changes
473
5
15-8 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
478
7
15-9 Integrated Circuits: A Case Study in Heat Transfer
485
2
Summary/Key Terms
487
2
Questions/Exercises/Problems
489
10
CHAPTER 16 Thermal Properties of Matter
499
34
16-1 Introduction
499
1
16-2 Equations of State
499
6
16-3 Molecular Properties of Matter
505
2
16-4 Kinetic-Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas
507
6
16-5 Heat Capacities
513
4
*16-6 Molecular Speeds
517
3
16-7 Phases of Matter
520
3
Summary/Key Terms
523
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
524
9
CHAPTER 17 The First Law of Thermodynamics
533
26
17-1 Introduction
533
1
17-2 Thermodynamic Systems
533
1
17-3 Work Done During Volume Changes
534
3
17-4 Paths Between Thermodynamic States
537
2
17-5 Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics
539
4
17-6 Kinds of Thermodynamic Processes
543
2
17-7 Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas
545
1
17-8 Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas
546
3
17-9 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas
549
2
Summary/Key Terms
551
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
552
7
CHAPTER 18 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
559
34
18-1 Introduction
559
1
18-2 Directions of Thermodynamic Processes
559
1
18-3 Heat Engines
560
3
18-4 Internal-Combustion Engines
563
2
18-5 Refrigerators
565
2
18-6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
567
2
18-7 The Carnot Cycle
569
5
*18-8 The Kelvin Temperature Scale
574
1
*18-9 Entropy
574
5
*18-10 Microscopic Interpretation of Entropy
579
3
18-11 Energy Resources: A Case Study in Thermodynamics
582
3
Summary/Key Terms
585
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
586
7
WAVES/ACOUSTICS
593
76
CHAPTER 19 Mechanical Waves
593
27
19-1 Introduction
593
1
19-2 Types of Mechanical Waves
593
2
19-3 Periodic Waves
595
1
19-4 Mathematical Description of a Wave
596
6
19-5 Speed of a Transverse Wave
602
4
19-6 Speed of a Longitudinal Wave
606
3
19-7 Sound Waves in Gases
609
1
19-8 Energy in Wave Motion
610
3
Summary/Key Terms
613
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
614
6
CHAPTER 20 Wave Interference and Normal Modes
620
26
20-1 Introduction
620
1
20-2 Boundary Conditions for a String and the Principle of Superposition
620
2
20-3 Standing Waves on a String
622
5
20-4 Normal Modes of a String
627
4
20-5 Longitudinal Standing Waves and Normal Modes
631
5
20-6 Interference of Waves
636
1
20-7 Resonance
637
3
Summary/Key Terms
640
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
641
5
CHAPTER 21 Sound and Hearing
646
23
21-1 Introduction
646
1
21-2 Sound Waves
646
4
21-3 Sound Intensity
650
4
21-4 Beats
654
2
21-5 The Doppler Effect
656
5
*21-6 Shock Waves
661
3
Summary/Key Terms
664
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
664
5
ELECTROMAGNETISM
669
384
CHAPTER 22 Electric Charge and Electric Field
669
35
22-1 Introduction
669
1
22-2 Electric Charge
669
2
22-3 Electric Charge and the Structure of Matter
671
1
22-4 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
672
2
22-5 Coulomb's Law
674
5
22-6 Electric Field and Electric Forces
679
4
22-7 Electric-Field Calculations
683
6
22-8 Electric Field Lines
689
1
22-9 Electric Dipoles
690
4
Summary/Key Terms
694
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
695
9
CHAPTER 23 Gauss's Law
704
27
23-1 Introduction
704
1
23-2 Electric Charge and Electric Flux
704
3
23-3 Calculating Electric Flux
707
4
23-4 Gauss's Law
711
3
23-5 Applications of Gauss's Law
714
5
23-6 Charges on Conductors
719
4
Summary/Key Terms
723
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
724
7
CHAPTER 24 Electric Potential
731
40
24-1 Introduction
731
1
24-2 Electric Potential Energy
731
6
24-3 Electric Potential
737
6
24-4 Calculating Electric Potential
743
3
24-5 Equipotential Surfaces
746
3
24-6 Potential Gradient
749
2
24-7 The Cathode-Ray Tube
751
3
24-8 Calculating Potentials Due to Charged Conductors: A Case Study in Computer Analysis
754
5
Summary/Key Terms
759
2
Questions/Exercises/Problems
761
10
CHAPTER 25 Capacitance and Dielectrics
771
28
25-1 Introduction
771
1
25-2 Capacitors and Capacitance
772
4
25-3 Capacitors in Series and Parallel
776
3
25-4 Energy Storage in Capacitors and Electric-Field Energy
779
3
25-5 Dielectrics
782
5
*25-6 Molecular Model of Induced Charge
787
2
*25-7 Gauss's Law in Dielectrics
789
1
Summary/Key Terms
790
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
791
8
CHAPTER 26 Current, Resistance, and Electromotive Force
799
33
26-1 Introduction
799
1
26-2 Current
799
4
26-3 Resistivity
803
2
26-4 Resistance
805
4
26-5 Electromotive Force and Circuits
809
6
*26-6 Energy and Power in Electric Circuits
815
4
*26-7 Theory of Metallic Conduction
819
2
*26-8 Physiological Effects of Currents
821
2
Summary/Key Terms
823
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
824
8
CHAPTER 27 Direct-Current Circuits
832
33
27-1 Introduction
832
1
27-2 Resistors in Series and Parallel
832
5
27-3 Kirchhoff's Rules
837
5
27-4 Electrical Measuring Instruments
842
4
27-5 Resistance-Capacitance Circuits
846
4
27-6 Power Distribution Systems: A Case Study in Circuit Analysis
850
3
Summary/Key Terms
853
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
854
11
CHAPTER 28 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces
865
38
28-1 Introduction
865
1
28-2 Magnetism
865
2
28-3 Magnetic Field
867
3
28-4 Magnetic Field Lines and Magnetic Flux
870
3
28-5 Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field
873
4
28-6 Applications of Motion of Charged Particles
877
3
28-7 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
880
3
28-8 Force and Torque on a Current Loop
883
5
*28-9 The Direct-Current Motor
888
2
*28-10 The Hall Effect
890
2
Summary/Key Terms
892
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
893
10
CHAPTER 29 Sources of Magnetic Field
903
38
29-1 Introduction
903
1
29-2 Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge
903
3
29-3 Magnetic Field of a Current Element
906
2
29-4 Magnetic Field of a Straight Current-Carrying Conductor
908
3
29-5 Force between Parallel Conductors
911
2
29-6 Magnetic Field of a Circular Current Loop
913
2
29-7 Ampere's Law
915
3
29-8 Applications of Ampere's Law
918
4
*29-9 Magnetic Materials
922
5
29-10 Displacement Current
927
3
Summary/Key Terms
930
2
Questions/Exercises/Problems
932
9
CHAPTER 30 Electromagnetic Induction
941
30
30-1 Introduction
941
1
30-2 Induction Experiments
941
2
30-3 Faraday's Law
943
7
30-4 Lenz's Law
950
2
30-5 Motional Electromotive Force
952
3
30-6 Induced Electric Fields
955
2
*30-7 Eddy Currents
957
1
30-8 Maxwell's Equations
958
2
*30-9 Superconductivity: A Case Study in Magnetic Properties
960
3
Summary/Key Terms
963
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
964
7
CHAPTER 31 Inductance
971
26
31-1 Introduction
971
1
31-2 Mutual Inductance
971
3
31-3 Self-Inductance and Inductors
974
2
31-4 Magnetic-Field Energy
976
3
31-5 The R-L Circuit
979
3
31-6 The L-C Circuit
982
5
31-7 The L-R-C Series Circuit
987
2
Summary/Key Terms
989
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
990
7
CHAPTER 32 Alternating Current
997
28
32-1 Introduction
997
1
32-2 Phasors and Alternating Currents
997
2
32-3 Resistance and Reactance
999
5
32-4 The L-R-C Series Circuit
1004
4
32-5 Power in Alternating-Current Circuits
1008
3
32-6 Resonance in Alternating-Current Circuits
1011
3
32-7 Transformers
1014
3
Summary/Key Terms
1017
2
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1019
6
CHAPTER 33 Electromagnetic Waves
1025
28
33-1 Introduction
1025
1
33-2 Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves
1025
3
33-3 Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light
1028
5
33-4 Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Waves
1033
2
33-5 Energy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves
1035
5
*33-6 Electromagnetic Waves in Matter
1040
2
33-7 Standing Electromagnetic Waves
1042
3
33-8 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
1045
1
*33-9 Radiation from an Antenna
1046
2
Summary/Key Terms
1048
2
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1050
3
OPTICS
1053
140
CHAPTER 34 The Nature and Propagation of Light
1053
32
34-1 Introduction
1053
1
34-2 The Nature of Light
1053
2
34-3 Reflection and Refraction
1055
5
34-4 Total Internal Reflection
1060
3
*34-5 Dispersion
1063
1
34-6 Polarization
1064
8
*34-7 Scattering of Light
1072
1
34-8 Huygens' Principle
1073
3
Summary/Key Terms
1076
2
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1078
7
CHAPTER 35 Geometric Optics
1085
33
35-1 Introduction
1085
1
35-2 Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
1085
3
35-3 Reflection at a Spherical Surface
1088
7
35-4 Graphical Methods for Mirrors
1095
2
35-5 Refraction at a Spherical Surface
1097
4
35-6 Thin Lenses
1101
4
35-7 Graphical Methods for Lenses
1105
5
Summary/Key Terms
1110
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1111
7
CHAPTER 36 Optical Instruments
1118
20
36-1 Introduction
1118
1
36-2 Cameras and Projectors
1118
5
36-3 The Eye
1123
3
36-4 The Magnifier
1126
1
36-5 The Microscope
1127
2
36-6 Telescopes
1129
2
*36-7 Lens Aberrations
1131
2
Summary/Key Terms
1133
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1134
4
CHAPTER 37 Interference
1138
27
37-1 Introduction
1138
1
37-2 Interference and Coherent Sources
1138
4
37-3 Two-Source Interference of Light
1142
3
37-4 Intensity in Interference Patterns
1145
4
37-5 Interference in Thin Films
1149
5
37-6 The Michelson Interferometer
1154
2
*37-7 The Photon: A Case Study in Quantum Physics
1156
2
Summary/Key Terms
1158
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1159
6
CHAPTER 38 Diffraction
1165
28
38-1 Introduction
1165
1
38-2 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction
1165
2
38-3 Diffraction from a Single Slit
1167
3
38-4 Intensity in the Single-Slit Pattern
1170
3
38-5 Multiple Slits
1173
3
38-6 The Diffraction Grating
1176
3
38-7 X-Ray Diffraction
1179
3
38-8 Circular Apertures and Resolving Power
1182
3
38-9 Holography
1185
2
Summary/Key Terms
1187
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1188
5
MODERN PHYSICS
1193
260
CHAPTER 39 Relativity
1193
36
39-1 Introduction
1193
1
39-2 Invariance of Physical Laws
1193
3
39-3 Relativity of Simultaneity
1196
2
39-4 Relativity of Time Intervals
1198
4
39-5 Relativity of Length
1202
4
39-6 The Lorentz Transformations
1206
4
*39-7 Spacetime Diagrams
1210
1
*39-8 The Doppler Effect for Electromagnetic Waves
1211
2
39-9 Relativistic Momentum
1213
3
39-10 Relativistic Work and Energy
1216
3
39-11 Newtonian Mechanics and Relativity
1219
2
Summary/Key Terms
1221
2
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1223
6
CHAPTER 40 Photons, Electrons, and Atoms
1229
39
40-1 Introduction
1229
1
40-2 Emission and Absorption of Light
1229
2
40-3 The Photoelectric Effect
1231
5
40-4 Atomic Line Spectra and Energy Levels
1236
5
40-5 The Nuclear Atom
1241
3
40-6 The Bohr Model
1244
5
40-7 The Laser
1249
3
40-8 X-Ray Production and Scattering
1252
4
40-9 Continuous Spectra
1256
3
40-10 Wave-Particle Duality
1259
2
Summary/Key Terms
1261
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1262
6
CHAPTER 41 The Wave Nature of Particles
1268
22
41-1 Introduction
1268
1
41-2 De Broglie Waves
1268
3
41-3 Electron Diffraction
1271
3
41-4 Probability and Uncertainty
1274
4
41-5 The Electron Microscope
1278
3
41-6 Wave Functions
1281
4
Summary/Key Terms
1285
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1286
4
CHAPTER 42 Quantum Mechanics
1290
24
42-1 Introduction
1290
1
42-2 Particle in a Box
1290
4
42-3 The Schrödinger Equation
1294
3
42-4 Potential Wells
1297
4
42-5 Potential Barriers and Tunneling
1301
2
42-6 The Harmonic Oscillator
1303
5
42-7 Three-Dimensional Problems
1308
1
Summary/Key Terms
1309
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1309
5
CHAPTER 43 Atomic Structure
1314
29
43-1 Introduction
1314
1
43-2 The Hydrogen Atom
1314
7
43-4 The Zeeman Effect
1321
4
43-4 Electron Spin
1325
4
43-5 Many-Electron Atoms and the Exclusion Principle
1329
6
43-6 X-Ray Spectra
1335
3
Summary/Key Terms
1338
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1339
4
CHAPTER 44 Molecules and Condensed Matter
1343
32
44-1 Introduction
1343
1
44-2 Types of Molecular Bonds
1343
3
44-3 Molecular Spectra
1346
4
44-4 Structure of Solids
1350
4
44-5 Energy Bands
1354
2
44-6 Free-Electron Model of Metals
1356
4
44-7 Semiconductors
1360
4
44-8 Semiconductor Devices
1364
5
44-9 Superconductivity
1369
1
Summary/Key Terms
1370
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1371
4
CHAPTER 45 Nuclear Physics
1375
38
45-1 Introduction
1375
1
45-2 Properties of Nuclei
1375
4
45-3 Nuclear Binding and Nuclear Structure
1379
6
45-4 Nuclear Stability and Radioactivity
1385
6
45-5 Decay Rates and Half-Lives
1391
3
45-6 Biological Effects of Radiation
1394
3
45-7 Nuclear Reactions
1397
3
45-8 Nuclear Fission
1400
4
45-9 Nuclear Fusion
1404
3
Summary/Key Terms
1407
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1407
6
CHAPTER 46 Particle Physics and Cosmology
1413
40
46-1 Introduction
1413
1
46-2 Fundamental Particles--A History
1413
5
46-3 Particle Accelerators and Detectors
1418
6
46-4 Particles and Interactions
1424
6
46-5 Quarks and the Eightfold Way
1430
4
46-6 The Standard Model and Beyond
1434
2
46-7 The Expanding Universe
1436
5
46-8 The Beginning of Time
1441
8
Summary/Key Terms
1449
1
Questions/Exercises/Problems
1449
4
Appendices
1453
6
A The International System of Units
1453
2
B Useful Mathematical Relations
1455
1
C The Greek Alphabet
1456
1
D Periodic Table of the Elements
1457
1
E Unit Conversion Factors
1458
1
F Numerical Constants
inside back cover
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems
1459
13
Index
1472