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Tables of Contents for Neurobiology
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Introduction
3
12
Why Study Neurobiology?
3
1
What Is Neurobiology
4
1
The Levels of Neural Organization
5
3
The Concept of Functional Units
8
1
Understanding Brain Function
9
1
The Plan of This Book
10
5
I MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS
Molecular Neurobiology
15
21
Molecular Biology of the Neuron
16
6
Transcription Factors
22
4
Molecular Technology for Studying Nerve Cells
26
5
Functional Analysis of Expressed Proteins
31
5
Neurons and Glia
36
28
The Cellular Basis of Neurobiology: A Brief History
36
5
The Plasma Membrane
41
5
The Nucleus
46
1
Ribosomes and the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
47
1
Secretion and the Golgi Complex
47
2
Lysosomes
49
1
Mitochondria
49
2
The Cytoskeleton
51
5
Neuroglia and Glial Sheaths
56
4
Differentiation of Axon and Dendrite
60
2
Neuron Terminology
62
2
The Membrane Potential
64
14
Nerve Cells and Their Ions
64
1
The Nernst Potential
65
2
The Membrane Potential
67
4
The Membrane Potential and Metabolism
71
4
The Membrane Pump
75
1
Membrane Transport Mechanisms
75
3
The Action Potential
78
24
The Nerve Impulse: A Brief History
78
1
The Sodium Impulse
79
7
Calcium Channels
86
2
Potassium Channels
88
9
Conduction of the Action Potential
97
2
The Many Functions of the Impulse
99
3
The Synapse
102
30
The Synapse: A Brief History
102
2
Volume Transmission
104
1
Membrane Juxtapositions
104
1
Membrane Junctions
105
2
Chemical Synapses
107
1
Neuromuscular Junction
108
7
Synapses in the Central Nervous System
115
3
Molecular Components of Synaptic Vesicles
118
1
Molecular Components of the Presynaptic Membrane
119
1
Molecular Components of the Postsynaptic Membrane
120
1
Molecular Mechanism of the Synapse
121
3
Two Types of Synapses
124
1
Synapses and Terminals
125
1
Patterns of Synaptic Connections
125
2
Identification of Synaptic Connections
127
1
From Synapses to Circuits
127
5
Synaptic Potentials and Synaptic Integration
132
28
Synaptic Potentials: A Brief History
132
1
Electrical Fields
133
1
Electrical Synapses
133
1
Chemical Synapses
134
2
Isolated Preparations for Studying Central Synapses
136
2
Central Excitatory Synapses
138
4
Central Inhibitory Synapses
142
6
Synaptic Integration
148
1
Ionic Currents
149
1
Conductance-Decrease Synapses
149
1
Integrative Organization of the Nerve Cell
150
10
Second Messengers and Neuromodulators
160
32
Biochemistry of the Synapse: A Brief History
160
1
Second Messenger Systems
161
9
Main Types of Modulatory Synapses
170
9
Dale's Principle
179
1
Neuropeptides
180
6
Time Courses of Action
186
1
Transport of Substances
187
2
Energy Metabolism and 2-Deoxyglucose Mapping
189
3
Developmental Neurobiology
192
37
Brain Development: An Overview
192
4
Cellular Mechanisms
196
4
Neuronal Birth
200
3
Cell Migration
203
4
Cell Growth and Growth Factors
207
3
Cell Differentiation
210
3
Development of the Synapse
213
2
Establishment of Synaptic Connections
215
3
Maturation
218
2
Cell Death
220
1
New Neurons in Old Brains?
221
1
Regeneration and Plasticity
222
7
II SENSORY SYSTEMS
Introduction: From Receptors to Perceptions
229
18
Sensory Modalities
229
3
Sensory Receptors
232
5
Sensory Circuits
237
5
Sensory Perception
242
4
Toward a Molecular Biology of Perception
246
1
Chemical Senses
247
20
The Taste System
247
5
The Olfactory System
252
15
The Somatic Senses
267
27
Human Skin
268
2
Sensory Receptors
270
8
Spinal Cord Circuits
278
6
Ascending Pathways
284
1
Somatosensory Cortex
285
6
Perception of Surface Form and Texture
291
3
Muscle Sense and Kinesthesia
294
16
Crayfish Abdominal Stretch Receptor
296
2
Evolution of Vertebrate Muscle Receptors
298
2
Frog Muscle Spindle
300
1
Mammalian Muscle Receptors
301
5
Joint Receptors
306
1
Ascending Pathways
307
1
The Cortex and Kinesthesia
308
2
The Sense of Balance
310
19
Sense Organs for Balance
310
2
The Labyrinth
312
1
Structure of the Hair Cell
312
3
Mechanism of Transduction
315
2
Ion Channels in the Basolateral Membrane
317
1
Organization of the Sensory Sheet
318
1
Sensory Terminals
319
2
Sensory Signaling
321
1
Central Vesibular Pathways
322
5
The Vestibular System and Weightlessness
327
2
Hearing
329
19
The Nature of Sound
329
1
Lateral Line Organs and Electroreception
330
1
The Ear of Mammals
331
9
Auditory Nerve Fibers
340
1
Brainstem Auditory Pathways
341
3
Auditory Cortex
344
4
Vision
348
33
Molecular Basis of Photoreception
350
3
Types of Eyes
353
2
Photoreceptors and Phototransduction
355
6
Retinal Circuits
361
9
Central Visual Pathways
370
2
Visual Cortex
372
4
The Neural Basis of Visual Perception
376
5
III MOTOR SYSTEMS
Introduction: The Nature of Motor Function
381
14
Effector Organs
382
2
Skeletal Muscle
384
6
Motor Units
390
1
Motor Unit Types
390
2
The Motor Hierarchy
392
3
Autonomic Functions
395
21
Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System
396
4
Sympathetic Ganglion
400
2
Target Organs
402
1
Gland Cells
402
1
Smooth Muscle
403
8
Cardiac Muscle
411
5
Reflexes and Fixed Motor Responses
416
19
Reflexes: A Brief History
416
2
Fixed-Action Patterns: A Brief History
418
1
Simple Systems in Invertebrates
419
1
The Leech: Skin Reflexes
419
1
Crayfish Escape Response
420
2
Neuromodulation and Behavioral States
422
3
Vertebrate Escape Responses
425
2
Vertebrate Spinal Reflexes
427
2
Specific Types of Reflex Pathways
429
3
Coordination of Reflex Pathways
432
3
Locomotion
435
17
Some Common Principles in Nervous Control of Locomotion
436
3
Swimming
439
4
Walking
443
1
Control of Locomotion of the Cat
444
2
Neural Mechanisms Controlling Locomotor Performance
446
6
Motor Hierarchies
452
26
Command Neurons: A Brief History
453
2
New Concepts of Motor Control from Studies of Simple Systems
455
1
Motor Hierarchies in Vertebrates: A Brief History
456
1
Motor Organization
457
1
Brainstem Centers
458
1
The Control of Walking
459
1
Cerebellum
460
5
Motor Cortex: A Brief History
465
1
The Organization of Motor Cortex
466
4
The Basal Ganglia
470
3
Mosaic Organization of the Striatum
473
5
Manipulation
478
20
Octopus Tentacle
480
1
The Hand
481
11
Voluntary Movements
492
6
Communication and Speech
498
17
Insect Song
499
3
Birdsong
502
3
Mammalian Vocalization
505
2
Human Speech
507
8
IV CENTRAL SYSTEMS
Introduction: The Nature of Central Systems
515
24
Definitions of Central Systems
516
1
Neuroendocrine Circuits
517
2
Neuroimmune Circuits
519
5
Central Systems: Survey of Methods
524
1
Specific Transmitter-Defined Systems
525
7
Central State Circuits
532
5
Transmitters Across phyla
537
2
Biorhythms
539
23
A Brief History
539
1
Circadian Rhythms in Invertebrates
540
4
Circadian Rhythms in Vertebrates
544
5
Waking and Sleeping
549
1
The Electroencephalogram
549
5
Early Studies of Sleep and Arousal
554
2
Neuronal Systems Controlling Sleep and Waking
556
2
Neuronal Mechanisms: A Synthesis
558
2
Sleep Substances
560
2
Visceral Brains: Feeding
562
23
Filter Feeders
563
1
Stomatogastric Nervous System of the Lobster
564
4
Feeding in the Blowfly
568
1
Feeding in Vertebrates
569
1
Feeding in the Infant Rat
570
3
Feeding in the Adult Rat
573
10
Drinking
583
2
Visceral Brains: Mating
585
18
Reproductive Strategies
585
1
Courtship
586
1
Neural Mechanisms
587
1
Sexual Differentiation
588
2
Mechanisms of Steroid Action
590
3
Sexual Dimorphisms
593
2
Brain Mechanisms in Mating
595
5
Variety and Adaptability of Nervous Controls
600
3
Emotion
603
15
A Brief History
604
1
Invertebrates and Lower Vertebrates
605
1
Mammals
606
9
Dermal Muscles
615
1
Emotion and Motivation
616
2
Learning and Memory
618
34
The Nature of Learning and Memory
618
3
Types of Learning and Memory
621
1
Simple Learning
622
1
Habituation
622
2
Sensitization
624
3
Associative Learning
627
1
Classical Conditioning in Aplysia
627
3
Classical Conditioning in the Cerebellum
630
1
Operant Conditioning
630
3
Aversion Learning
633
2
Complex Learning
635
1
Imprinting
636
1
Latent Learning
636
1
Observational Learning
637
1
Memory
637
1
Hippocampus: Anatomy and Synaptic Organization
637
3
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
640
1
Presynaptic or Postsynaptic Locus?
641
3
The Role of Dendritic Spines
644
4
Long-Term Potentiation: A Synthesis
648
1
Behavioral Studies
649
1
Learning and Memory: A Synthesis
650
2
The Cerebral Cortex and Human Behavior
652
33
What Makes us Human?
653
1
Phylogeny of Cerebral Cortex
654
1
Ontogeny of Cerebral Cortex
655
6
Levels of Cortical Organization
661
10
Distributed Cortical Systems
671
14
Appendix A: Study Guides for Selected Topics
685
1
Appendix B: Reference Table for Amino Acids
685
1
Appendix C: Units of Measurement
686
1
Appendix D: Greek Alphabet
686
1
Literature Cited
687
22
Author Index
709
12
Subject Index
721