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Tables of Contents for Oracle
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1
12
1.1 The Productivity Challenge
2
1
1.2 Another Silver Bullet?!
3
3
1.3 Successful Information Systems
6
1
1.4 Where Does Oracle Fit?
7
3
1.4.1 Development Tools
8
1
1.4.2 CASE Tools
8
1
1.4.3 Ad-Hoc Query Tools
9
1
1.4.4 Warehouse and Data Mart Tools
9
1
1.4.5 Object-Oriented Development Tools
10
1
1.4.6 Internet Tools
10
1
1.4.7 Network and Connectivity Tools
10
1
1.5 Expectations and Infrastructure
10
3
Part 1: Managing the Implementation
13
138
Chapter 2 Management Strategies
15
26
2.1 The Preparation
16
3
2.2 Why Model Your Business?
19
1
2.3 Roles and Responsibilities
20
7
2.3.1 Building and Maintaining the Business Model
20
1
2.3.2 Defining the Architecture
21
1
2.3.3 Defining and Maintaining Application Databases
22
1
2.3.4 Designing and Building Application Programs
22
1
2.3.5 Assuring the Quality of Application Development
22
3
2.3.6 Assuring the Quality of Data
25
1
2.3.7 Managing the Development of an Application
25
1
2.3.8 Managing and Operating Computer Systems
26
1
2.3.9 Typical Organization Structures
26
1
2.4 Obtaining Budgets
27
1
2.5 Typical Benefit Items
28
2
2.5.1 Cost Reduction--Labor
28
1
2.5.2 Cost Reduction--Timely Information
29
1
2.5.3 New Opportunities
29
1
2.5.4 Informed Control
29
1
2.5.5 Quicker Response to User Requests
29
1
2.5.6 Presenting Your Analysis
30
1
2.6 Methods: Waterfall, RAD, or Object-oriented
30
4
2.7 Business Process Reengineering
34
4
2.7.1 Implementing New Technology
37
1
A Case Study: Widgets, Inc.
38
3
Widgets, Inc. Objectives
39
1
Business Priorities
39
1
Critical Success Factors
39
1
Constraints
40
1
Key Performance Indicators
40
1
Chapter 3 Strategy Techniques
41
42
3.1 Strategic Business Analysis Phase
42
1
3.2 Information Gathering
42
6
3.2.1 Interviewing Techniques
43
2
3.2.2 Group Sessions
45
1
3.2.3 Event Matrix
45
1
3.2.4 UseCase Technique
46
2
3.3 Components of a Business Model
48
1
3.4 Organization Model
49
1
3.5 Business Objects
50
3
3.5.1 What are Objects?
50
2
3.5.2 Finding and Modeling Objects
52
1
3.6 Business Process Flow
53
4
3.7 Modeling the Dynamics
57
5
3.7.1 Events
57
1
3.7.2 Object States and Transitions
58
1
3.7.3 Business Rules
59
3
3.8 Mapping Models into Oracle Designer
62
3
3.8.1 Object Types to Entities
63
1
3.8.2 Processes or Object Interactions
64
1
3.8.3 State Diagrams
64
1
3.9 Formulating Your Strategy
65
1
Case Study: WI Strategy Study
66
17
Documenting the Models
67
1
Notes on Process Models
67
5
Notes on Object Type Models
72
3
Notes on the Purchasing Object Type Diagram
75
3
Notes on the Accounting Object Type Diagram
78
1
Notes on the Personnel Object Type Diagram
78
1
Business Policies
79
2
Widgets IT Strategy
81
1
Executive Summary
81
1
Information Technology Mission
81
1
Systems Architecture
81
2
Technology Architecture
83
1
Planned Benefits and Goals
83
1
Proposed Projects
84
Chapter 4 Analysis Techniques
83
46
4.1 Project Methodology
84
9
4.1.1 RAD Approach
85
1
4.1.2 Waterfall Approach
86
2
4.1.3 Component-Based Development
88
1
4.1.4 Detailed Analysis Phase
88
1
4.1.5 Gathering Information
89
1
4.1.6 Models during Analysis
90
1
4.1.7 Object-oriented Analysis
91
2
4.2 Entity relationship Models
93
6
4.3 Function Hierarchy Diagram
99
2
4.4 Process and Data Flow Models
101
7
4.4.1 The As-is Flow Model
102
3
4.4.2 The Essential Model
105
2
4.4.3 The To-Be Flow Model
107
1
4.5 Normalization
108
1
4.5.1 First Normal Form (1NF)
108
1
4.5.2 Second Normal Form (2NF)
109
1
4.5.3 Third Normal Form (3NF)
109
1
4.5.4 Fourth Normal Form (4NF)
109
1
4.6 Analysis of Business Rules
109
4
4.7 Models for Flexibility
113
1
4.8 Convergent Modeling
113
2
4.8.1 Abstraction to the nth Degree
114
1
4.8.2 Abstraction and Generalization
115
1
4.9 Completeness Checks
115
1
Case Study: Widgets' Sales System
116
13
UseCase Models
117
1
Widgets Sales UseCases
117
1
Order Status Inquiry Flow of Events
118
1
Object Type Model
119
1
Traditional Models
120
9
Chapter 5 Application Architecture
129
22
5.1 The System Environment
130
3
5.2 Desktop and Roaming Requirements
133
3
5.3 Two-or Three-tier Architecture
136
1
5.4 Protocol Choices
136
3
5.5 Choosing the Tools
139
4
5.5.1 Desktop Client
139
1
5.5.2 Roaming Tools
140
1
5.5.3 Web Application Tools
141
1
5.5.4 Reporting Tools
142
1
5.5.5 OLAP Tools
143
1
5.6 Infrastructure Design
143
5
5.6.1 Development Environment
144
2
5.6.2 Rollout Environment
146
1
5.6.3 Administration and Support Environment
147
1
Case Study: WI Sales Application Architecture
148
3
Infrastructure Design
148
1
Environment
149
1
Production Instance Configuration
150
1
Development instance configuration
150
1
Part 2: Designing Oracle Applications
151
100
Chapter 6 Database Design for Performance
153
44
6.1 Real-time, Real Quick, or Human Time
154
2
6.2 Deriving a Design from Object Models
156
3
6.2.1 Third-party Object DBMS
156
1
6.2.2 Oracle8 Implementation
156
2
6.2.3 Object-oriented Tools with Relational Oracle
158
1
6.2.4 Map to Relational Oracle
158
1
6.3 From Models to Database Design
159
5
6.3.1 Object Models to Oracle8 Design
159
4
6.3.2 Entity Relationship Models to Relational Design
163
1
6.4 When to Denormalize?
164
2
6.5 Oracle7 Architecture
166
7
6.5.1 Storage Structure
167
1
6.5.2 Access Methods
168
3
6.5.3 Process Architecture
171
2
6.6 Oracle8 Architecture
173
3
6.6.1 Object Types Storage Structure
174
1
6.6.2 Object Views
175
1
6.6.3 SQL Extensions
175
1
6.7 Physical Design Considerations
176
4
6.7.1 Indexes on Table Columns
177
1
6.7.2 Storage Parameter Definition
178
1
6.7.3 Physical Implementation Considerations
179
1
6.8 The Database Transformer
180
1
6.9 Designing Security
183
3
6.9.1 User Identification
183
1
6.9.2 Database Access
184
1
6.9.3 Function Access
185
1
Case Study: Widgets Sales Database
186
11
The Oracle8 Object Schema
187
4
The Relational Schema Diagram
191
1
Sample Table Definitions
192
5
Chapter 7 Application Design for Performance
197
28
7.1 Performance Considerations
198
2
7.2 Designing Programs
200
6
7.2.1 Deriving Programs from Business Functions
200
3
7.2.2 Designing Programs from Business Rules
203
1
7.2.3 Designing Systems Programs
304
1
7.2.4 The Application Transformer
205
1
7.3 Forms Specification
206
6
7.3.1 Relationships Between Modules
208
1
7.3.2 Relationships Between Tables in a Module
208
1
7.3.3 Using Constraints in Design
209
1
7.3.4 Properties of Tables in a Module
210
1
7.3.5 GUI Layout
211
1
7.3.6 Interaction Specification
211
1
7.4 Report Specification
212
5
7.5 Procedural Program Specification
217
2
7.6 Reusable Tools Design
219
1
7.7 Project Controls
220
1
7.7.1 Access Security
220
1
7.7.2 Standards and Conventions
220
1
Case Study: Orders Module Design
221
1
Orders Module Specification
222
3
Chapter 8 Database Administration
225
26
8.1 Data and Database Administration
226
1
8.2 Development versus Production DBA
227
4
8.2.1 Supporting Development
227
2
8.2.2 Production DBA
229
2
8.3 Oracle Instance Architecture
231
4
8.3.1 Oracle Server Processes
231
2
8.3.2 Oracle Files
233
1
8.3.3 Memory Structures
234
1
8.4 Database Space Management
235
6
8.4.1 Tablespace Allocation
236
2
8.4.2 Chaining and Fragmentation
238
2
8.4.3 I/O Distribution among Disks
240
1
8.5 Database Monitoring
241
1
8.6 Disaster Recovery Planning
242
2
8.6.1 Service Level Requirements
242
1
8.6.2 Factors Affecting Backup Strategy
242
1
8.6.3 Recovery Scenarios
243
1
8.6.4 Backup Strategies
244
1
8.7 Performance Tuning
244
3
8.7.1 Top 5 Application Tuning Tips
245
1
8.7.2 Top 5 Database Tuning Tips
246
1
8.8 Planning for Rollout
247
1
Case Study: Widgets Database
248
3
Service Levels
248
1
Application Activity Patterns
248
1
Instance Design
249
1
Backup and Recovery Plan
250
1
Part 3: Developing Oracle Applications
251
92
Chapter 9 Interactive Screen Programs
253
30
9.1 Oracle Tools
254
1
9.2 Oracle Forms Components
254
6
9.2.1 Layout Objects
256
1
9.2.2 Data Objects
257
3
9.3 Global Objects
260
6
9.3.1 Business Logic Objects
260
3
9.3.2 Master-Detail Blocks
263
1
9.3.3 Trigger Scope
264
2
9.4 Generating a Module
266
11
9.4.1 Module Definitions
266
3
9.4.2 Customizing Elements
269
3
9.4.3 Incorporating Business Rules Logic
272
1
9.4.4 Reusable Components
273
1
9.4.5 Linking Modules
274
2
9.4.6 Third-party Utilities
276
1
9.5 Building a Common User Interface
277
2
9.6 The Upgrade Issue
279
1
9.7 Development Management Issues
279
1
Widgets Case Study: Orders Form
280
3
Chapter 10 Report Programs
283
18
10.1 Report Development Tools
284
2
10.2 Performance Considerations
286
4
10.3 Report Generator
290
1
10.4 Tabular Reports
290
2
10.5 Form Reports
292
2
10.6 Matrix Reports
294
3
10.7 Embedded Data Reports
297
1
10.8 Development Management Issues
298
3
Chapter 11 Interfaces for Server-side Code
301
20
11.1 Database Objects
302
1
11.2 Integrity Constraints
302
1
11.3 Database Triggers
303
1
11.4 Stored Procedures, Functions, and Packages
304
2
11.5 Using PL/SQL
306
4
11.6 Embedded SQL Interface
310
6
11.6.1 Cursor Handling
314
2
11.6.2 Dynamic SQL
316
1
11.7 Development Management Issues
316
5
Chapter 12 Making Systems Perform
321
22
12.1 How Oracle Chooses Access Paths
322
3
12.2 Unearthing the Optimizer's Plan
325
1
12.3 Do's and Don'ts of SQL
326
4
12.4 How Oracle Manages Database Access
330
4
12.4.1 Shared Pool
331
1
12.4.2 Dictionary Cache
331
1
12.4.3 SQL Cache
331
1
12.4.4 Data (Buffer) Cache
331
1
12.4.5 Redo Log Cache
332
1
12.4.6 Latches
332
1
12.4.7 Locks
332
2
12.5 Finding Bottlenecks
334
6
12.5.1 Finding and Reducing I/O Bottlenecks
336
1
12.5.2 Investigating Dictionary Cache I/O
337
1
12.5.3 Investigating I/O Due to Fragmentation
337
1
12.5.4 Investigating Buffer Cache I/O
338
1
12.5.5 Investigating Unnecessary I/O
338
1
12.5.6 Finding the Optimal Increase to Data Cache
338
1
12.5.7 Distributing Disk I/O
339
1
12.5.8 Investigating DBWR Efficiency
339
1
12.5.9 Investigating LGWR Efficiency
340
1
12.6 Finding and Reducing Multi-user Contention
340
2
12.6.1 Data Cache Buffers Contention
341
1
12.6.2 Latch Contention
342
1
12.6.3 Redo Allocation Latch Contention
342
1
12.6.4 Redo Copy Latch Contention
342
1
12.7 Development Management Issues
342
1
Part 4: Data Warehouses, Distributed Databases and The World Wide Web
343
84
Chapter 13 Data Warehouse
345
30
13.1 Overview of a Data Warehouse
348
3
13.2 Analyzing Requirements
351
9
13.2.1 How to Gather Requirements
351
3
13.2.2 Techniques for Analyzing Requirements
354
2
13.2.3 Modeling History
356
1
13.2.4 Historical Data
356
2
13.2.5 Historical Business Rules
358
2
13.3 Meta data for a Warehouse
360
3
13.3.1 Physical Meta data
360
2
13.3.2 Transformational Meta Data
362
1
13.3.3 Informational Meta Data
363
1
13.4 Data Warehouse Design
363
6
13.4.1 Project Strategy
364
2
13.4.2 Design Components
366
2
13.4.3 Object-Oriented, Relational, or Multi-Dimensional?
368
1
13.5 Data Warehouse Implementation
369
5
13.5.1 Data Scrubbing and Loading
370
2
13.5.2 Performance Tuning Technologies
372
1
13.5.3 Warehouse Access Tools
373
1
13.5.4 Security
374
1
13.5.5 Disaster Recovery
374
1
Chapter 14 Distributed Databases
375
20
14.1 Overview of Distributed Systems
376
1
14.2 Data Distribution Analysis
377
4
14.2.1 Business Units and Logistics
377
1
14.2.2 Geographic Groups as Business Units
377
1
14.2.3 Geographic Groups Mapped to Locations
378
1
14.2.4 Volume and Traffic Analysis
378
1
14.2.5 Data Partitioning
379
2
14.3 Formulating a Distribution Strategy
381
6
14.3.1 When to Distribute Data?
381
1
14.3.2 Network Issues
382
2
14.3.3 Where Does Net8 Fit?
384
3
14.4 Distributed Database Design
387
5
14.4.1 Implementation Rules of Thumb
389
1
14.4.2 Heterogeneous Environments
390
2
14.5 Data Distribution
392
2
14.5.1 Partitioned Tables
293
1
14.5.2 Data Snapshots
393
1
14.5.3 Data Replication
394
1
14.6 Development Management Issues
394
1
Chapter 15 The World Wide Web
395
32
15.1 The Internet, the Intranet and the Extranet
396
5
15.2 Formulating a WWW Strategy
401
4
15.3 Suitability Analysis
405
2
15.4 Running a Webserver Application
407
1
15.5 Web Application Concepts
408
2
15.6 Implementing Security
410
3
15.6.1 Authentication
411
1
15.6.2 Data Access Security
412
1
15.6.3 Data Security
413
1
15.7 Webserver Generator
413
7
15.7.1 Defining a Webserver Module
414
1
15.7.2 Layout Control
415
2
15.7.3 Generated Web Server Code
417
1
15.7.4 Table API
418
1
15.7.5 Module Component API
418
1
15.7.6 Module Code
419
1
15.7.7 Customizing Generated Code
419
1
15.7.8 Adapting to the Business View
419
1
15.8 Development and Rollout Issues
420
1
Case Study: Order Status Inquiry
421
6
Appendix: Recommended Standards
427
4
Bibliography
431
4
Index
435