In my smaller book, “The Absolute Relations of Time and Space,” I gave an abbreviated account of this work and added an appendix showing how the various complicated geometries which are treated of in Einstein's generalized relativity could be obtained by means of a modified measure of interval. However, most relativists have been too busily engaged in praising Einstein to spare the time to go into my work. One result of this has been that, by taking the idea of measurement as the fundamental thing, a very large number, if not the majority, of relativists have fallen into the very serious error of asserting that the length of what they call a “world-line " is a minimum between any two points of it. In my “Theory of Time and Space "I showed (p. 360) that this is not correct. Finding that a number of writers were making this mistake, I wrote a letter which appeared in Nature (February 5, 1920, p. 599) in which I invited attention to this matter and pointed out that in what I called “inertia lines '' the length, so far from being a minimum, was actually a maximum in the mathematical sense; while, in what I called “separation lines” the length was neither a maximum nor a minimum. In this letter I gave actual numerical examples to illustrate these points. I invited attention to the matter again in my “Absolute Relations of Time and Space" (p. 71), published in 1920. In spite of these efforts of mine, I again find this blunder cropping up in works published this year. Now it seems to me that it is a very important point since, in ordinary geometry, there is no such thing as a “longest” line joining two points. The idea would, I think, be apt to cause bewilderment in the mind of a person meeting it for the first time, unless it were properly presented to him. The idea of a “straight line” which was neither a maximum nor a minimum would, I fancy, cause even greater bewilderment, and he would wish to know how such lines were to be defined. In Einstein's generalized relativity, the element of interval is taken as a starting-point, although the idea of an interval in the minds of many writers is so obscure that they ascribe a minimum property to it which it does not possess. Although I have tried so often to impress on relativists that the ordinary method of treating space-time theory is unsatisfactory, I propose to make one more attempt to show that the measurement of intervals is not the simple thing that is so often supposed. Let us consider the simple time-space theory in which the length of an element ds of what I call a “separation line” is given by the formula: ds2 = dx2 + dy2 + dz2 – dt2. Let O be the origin of co-ordinates and let P be any point on the axis of x, at a distance l from O, measured, say, in the positive direction. Let F(x) be any arbitrary differentiable function of x which is continuous and single valued, and which is equal to zero for x = O and for x = l. Now consider the space-time curve the equations of which are: y = t = F(x), 2 = O. It is evident that this curve passes through O and P. But now we have dy=dt, dz=o ds2=dx2 and so on. Thus we have ds=dx, so the length measured along the space-time curve from O to P is equal to the length of O to P measured directly along the axis of x. That is, it i equal to l. Thus a space-time curve the equation of which contain an arbitrary function can have the same length between two points as the direct length measured between those two points. —Nature, Volume 110 [1922]

Product Description: On April 6, 1922, in Paris, Albert Einstein and Henri Bergson publicly debated the nature of time. Einstein considered Bergson's theory of time to be a soft, psychological notion, irreconcilable with the quantitative realities of physics...read more

Product Description: One of the world's most celebrated science writers reveals the origins of Einstein's General Theory―and provides a greater understanding of who Einstein was at the time of this pivotal achievement.In 1915, Albert Einstein presented his masterwork to the Prussian Academy of Sciences―a theory of gravity, matter, space and time: the General Theory of Relativity...read more

Product Description: Suitable for lay readers as well as students, this absorbing survey explores the twentieth-century transition from classical to quantum physics. Author Philip Stehle traces the shift in the scientific worldview from the work of Galileo, Newton, and Darwin to the modern-day achievements of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, and others of their generation...read more

Product Description: Einstein's Jury is the dramatic story of how astronomers in Germany, England, and America competed to test Einstein's developing theory of relativity. Weaving a rich narrative based on extensive archival research, Jeffrey Crelinsten shows how these early scientific debates shaped cultural attitudes we hold today...read more

Product Description: These intimate, candid descriptions of the private life of Albert Einstein come from a series of interviews with Herta Waldow, a housekeeper who lived with Einstein and his wife and daughter from 1927 to 1933 at their residence in Berlin...read more

Note that in this volume and more generally, in this series of books, I make no claim to the de Facto correctness of the contents expressed herein. I provide the disclaimer that although I am Catholic, the material presented herein should not be interpreted in any manner as Catholic Dogmatic Teaching. This volume and the additional volumes in this series are merely based on rationally informed speculation guided by honest attempts at good reasoning on my part, i.e., the author’s, part. Herein PART 48, I offer a possible way around the conundrum of the notion of a spiritual and immortal soul, but yet the extreme causal coupling between even the most advanced cognitive and volitional behavior of human persons in this life. I provide a perhaps more scientifically balanced consideration of the immortality of the human soul from the standpoint of being a Catholic physicist which seems to me much more sensible than the ancient Greek or Scholastic approaches of perhaps dated traditional Catholic theological approaches. Now, the Human Body has automatic functions that are largely avolitional and unconscious which maintain the bodies physiological state of living and functionality. Such functions are heart pumping, blood oxygenation, digestion, and even the ATP and Krebs energy cycles within the bodily cells. Unconscious psychic processes and neutral substrates maintain the integrity of conscious functioning in cognitive, emotional, volitional, and re-collective activities. Perhaps within the substance of the Human Soul and at the level of the Soul’s vegetative life, unconscious spiritually material processes maintain the order and structure of the faculties of the Human Soul, and by corollary, also that of the Souls of bodily extraterrestrial and bodily ultraterrestrial persons. It may even be possible that this spiritual physiology permits continued existence of the human soul by some existential continuous creation principle that is inherent in the soul and which has no existential underpinning except for GOD’s sustaining will, which in such a case, may be the generative causality of a one-time act of will to initially create each soul that comes into existence. Perhaps all GOD has to do, say, or will, is related to the act of initial creation of the Soul and the effects of such an act which then propagate through time to enable the continued existence of the soul by the soul’s selfreinforcing causality. This would allow for the notion that GOD sustains the soul in existence by a one-time creative act while at the same time enabling each Soul to be self-existing in an avolitional and unconscious selfmaintenance manner. The above speculations are plausible to the extent that a symmetry exists between living physical systems and living spiritual systems. Since symmetries abound in physics and physiology, a case can be made for the further investigation of the concepts presented above and below. We will affix the prefix: {(Magnitude):[f(Soul Self Maintenance Spiritual Physiology):[[g(Soul Substance),(Faculties),(Accidents)]]:[h[(Unconscious),(Ultraunconscious),(Subconscious),(Conscious)]]:[[k(ego), (ID), (superego)]]]} to the formulas first presented in PART 15 of this series to denote that magnitude of the self-maintenance principle of each Soul in a formulaic context specific manner.

Product Description: Prespacetime Journal ("PSTJ," http://www.prespacetime.com) is a publication in which physicists, mathematicians and other learned scholars publish their research results and express their views on the origin, nature and mechanism of spacetime and its possible connection to a prespacetime...read more

A really strange concept for enhancing starship propulsion velocities and Lorentz factors would involve some ad-hoc mechanism to convert all material components of a starship including crew members bodies to neutrinos relative to the background reference frame through which the spacecraft travel. Since the ratio of the anticipated invariant mass of neutrinos is on average billions of time less than that of protons and neutrons and millions of times less than that of the electron, somehow converting a spacecraft to neutrino-ium with respect to the background would automatically result in an increase in spacecraft Lorentz factors on the order of a multiplicative factor of 1 million to 10 billion or more. An important step here would include selective suppression of the neutrino conversion mechanism so that atomic and molecular components do not experience relative run away velocities or gamma factors. Otherwise, the difference in particular Lorentz factors would likely lead to a shredding of the spacecraft into atomic and sub-atomic debris. Perhaps a field effect mechanism can cover the spacecraft volume at the levels of resolution of between one nanometer to one femtometer or less. Ideally, the mechanism would have a limit of resolution in space and time equal to the Planck Length and Planck Time scales. Another mechanism would include complete conversion of the spacecraft and its contents to neutrino material which done as previously mentioned is referred to as “neutrinoium”. For the latter scenario, a mechanism would be required under conditions where the space craft would retain its modal identity of interaction with the background while preserving the personal identity of the crew members bodies and personalities. Another mechanism would include a hybrid of relative neutrino conversion and partial conversion of the space-craft and crew to actual neutrino material. An interesting scenario would involve entanglement of all spacecraft molecular, atomic, and sub-atomic constituents to a relative neutrino state, actual neutrino-ium, and/or a combination of the former two mechanisms. Such entanglement may provide a mechanism by which the signal and state distribution of any one or combination of the three subject methods over the entire volume of the spacecraft can be adjusted at the speed of light in the space craft reference frame. A Godsend would include the existence of hidden quantum variables which would provide a deeper mechanism to manipulate the spacecraft wave-functions to enable the subject conversions. The following operator will be inserted into all expressions of linear power terms by implication but merely actually inserted into almost all such expressions for brevity and ease of editing this series of books. Moreover, the operator has values which are context specific and thus may take on and in fact do take on different values in different contexts but within the same overall two formulas presented in this series. The value of the operator for instance in expressions for black body background radiation intakes scales as a function of the fourth power of gamma otherwise provided. In some limited cases, the operator represents two or more instantiations of the mechanism. The values of velocity, and gamma, denoted as such in the two lengthy formulas as well as the fractional velocity of light are values as would be without the neutrino-conversion based mechanisms. The operator is a multiplicative factor and dimension-less and is now presented. {f[(Cont. Spec.)(Neutrino con. of SC relative to the background),(Neutrino con. of actual SC),(Neutrino con. of SC relative to the background & Neutrino con. of actual SC),(Field effect and/or Entanglement mechanism)]}. To see more of the details, consider purchasing this series of books.

A really strange concept for enhancing starship propulsion velocities and Lorentz factors would involve some ad-hoc mechanism to convert all material components of a starship including crew members bodies to neutrinos relative to the background reference frame through which the spacecraft travel. Since the ratio of the anticipated invariant mass of neutrinos is on average billions of time less than that of protons and neutrons and millions of times less than that of the electron, somehow converting a spacecraft to neutrino-ium with respect to the background would automatically result in an increase in spacecraft Lorentz factors on the order of a multiplicative factor of 1 million to 10 billion or more. An important step here would include selective suppression of the neutrino conversion mechanism so that atomic and molecular components do not experience relative run away velocities or gamma factors. Otherwise, the difference in particular Lorentz factors would likely lead to a shredding of the spacecraft into atomic and sub-atomic debris. Perhaps a field effect mechanism can cover the spacecraft volume at the levels of resolution of between one nanometer to one femtometer or less. Ideally, the mechanism would have a limit of resolution in space and time equal to the Planck Length and Planck Time scales. Another mechanism would include complete conversion of the spacecraft and its contents to neutrino material which done as previously mentioned is referred to as “neutrinoium”. For the latter scenario, a mechanism would be required under conditions where the space craft would retain its modal identity of interaction with the background while preserving the personal identity of the crew members bodies and personalities. Another mechanism would include a hybrid of relative neutrino conversion and partial conversion of the space-craft and crew to actual neutrino material. An interesting scenario would involve entanglement of all spacecraft molecular, atomic, and sub-atomic constituents to a relative neutrino state, actual neutrino-ium, and/or a combination of the former two mechanisms. Such entanglement may provide a mechanism by which the signal and state distribution of any one or combination of the three subject methods over the entire volume of the spacecraft can be adjusted at the speed of light in the space craft reference frame. A Godsend would include the existence of hidden quantum variables which would provide a deeper mechanism to manipulate the spacecraft wave-functions to enable the subject conversions. The following operator will be inserted into all expressions of linear power terms by implication but merely actually inserted into almost all such expressions for brevity and ease of editing this series of books. Moreover, the operator has values which are context specific and thus may take on and in fact do take on different values in different contexts but within the same overall two formulas presented in this series. The value of the operator for instance in expressions for black body background radiation intakes scales as a function of the fourth power of gamma otherwise provided. In some limited cases, the operator represents two or more instantiations of the mechanism. The values of velocity, and gamma, denoted as such in the two lengthy formulas as well as the fractional velocity of light are values as would be without the neutrino-conversion based mechanisms. The operator is a multiplicative factor and dimension-less and is now presented. {f[(Cont. Spec.)(Neutrino con. of SC relative to the background),(Neutrino con. of actual SC),(Neutrino con. of SC relative to the background & Neutrino con. of actual SC),(Field effect and/or Entanglement mechanism)]}. To see more of the details, consider purchasing this series of books.

Product Description: Einstein’s Inertial Field presents for the first time anywhere new exact solutions of Einstein’s equation of general relativity. The new solutions confirm Einstein’s long-held belief that the foundations of inertia are already embedded in his theory of gravitation...read more

Product Description: The book is the result of my research work of nearly three decades of youthful life . Albert Einstein ‘s special theory of relativity has lost much of its significance . I am not an antirelativist , as many of the scientists who oppose Einstein’s views are dubbed, as a consequence of , science , transformed in the modern times to something, hardcore like religion...read more

Product Description: Conservation of the circle is the basis for reality, physical and symbolic.

Product Description: Static shares a circle with dynamic (duplicity is the basis for a unit) thus the complementary continuum is real(ity).

In this series of volumes, we present yet additional propulsion modes. The two new modes are part of a more general bipartite mode for which the atomic, nuclear, and hadronic constituents of a light sail spacecraft would be highly magnetized by some unspecified mechanism that causes these three aspects to take on quickly adjustable, non-zero, and highly aligned, magnetic dipole moments so as the induce the spacecraft and sail to become an immediately adjustable high intensity permanent magnet. Any other magnetically dipolarizable spacecraft components or materials of construction such as quarkoniums, higgsiniums, so-called mono-higgsiniums, and the like can also be included in this propulsion mode. The magnetized field would be adjusted so that the spacecraft would be pulled on by the universal background magnetic fields in a gainful manner.

Product Description: James Clerk Maxwell turned the scientific world upside down in the late nineteenth century with his theory of electromagnetism, which predicted that an electromagnetic wave would propagate in vacuum with a constant speed. His prediction was at odds with classical mechanics, and some scientists devised new ideas to reconcile the discrepancy...read more