Amazon.com description: Product Description: This is Volume 4 of a set dealing with applications of nonequilibrium thermodynamics and availability theory to (mostly lumped) systems where a certain external control can be applied in order to achieve improved performance. Approaches from nonequilibrium thermodynamics are capable of providing quite realistic performance criteria and bounds for real processes occurring in a finite time. Model systems have been developed which incorporate friction, heat loss, inertial effects, and finite heat conductance for real energy conversion processes. Finite-time thermodynamics, exergy analysis and thermoeconomics seek the best adjustable parameters of various engines (thermal, solar, combustion, acoustic, convection cells and so on), unit operations and unit processes (distillation, evaporation, chemical reactions and so on), and systems of these operations or processes in chemical plants working under definite operational constraints. Optimal paths (or a set of optimal steady-state parameters) and optimal controls (for instance temperatures maximizing chemical efficiency), have been found. The role of optimization approaches and, in particular, optimal control theory, is essential when solving these problems. The optimization results for a few important industrial and ecological systems are given. The book is intended for the use of all chemical, process, industrial, thermodynamic/thermophysical, and design engineers as well as researchers requiring detailed property data.